Effects of Fine Content on Undrained Shear Response of Sand–Clay Mixture

Ishihara K (1993) Liquefaction and flow failure during earthquakes. Géotechnique 43:351–451. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1993.43.3.351

Lade PV, Yamamuro JA (1997) Effects of nonplastic fines on static liquefaction of sands. Canad Geotech J 34:918–928. https://doi.org/10.1139/t97-052

Benahmed N, Nguyen TK, Hicher PY, Nicolas M (2015) An experimental investigation into the effects of low plastic fines content on the behaviour of sand/silt mixtures. Eur J Environ Civil Eng 19:109–128

Boulanger RW, Idriss IM (2006) Liquefaction susceptibility criteria for silts and clays. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 132:1413–1426. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132:11(1413)

Thevanayagam S, Mohan S (2000) Intergranular state variables and stress–strain behaviour of silty sands. Géotechnique 50:1–23. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2000.50.1.1

Lo SR, Rahman MM, Bobei D (2010) Limited flow characteristics of sand with fines under cyclic loading. Geomech Geoengin 5:15–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/17486020903452709

Mitchell J, Soga K (1976) Fundamentals of soil behaviour. Wiley, New York

Monkul MM, Ozden G (2007) Compressional behavior of clayey sand and transition fines content. Eng Geol 89:195–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2006.10.001

Thevanayagam S (1998) Effect of fines and confining stress on undrained shear strength of silty sands. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 124:479–491. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1998)124:6(479)

Leong WK, Chu J (2002) Effect of undrained creep on instability behaviour of loose sand. Canad Geotech J 39:1399–1405. https://doi.org/10.1139/t02-076

Pitman TD, Robertson PK, Sego DC (1994) Influence of fines on the collapse of loose sands. Canad Geotech J 31:728–739. https://doi.org/10.1139/t94-084

Lade PV, Liggio CD, Yamamuro JA (1998) Effects of non-plastic fines on minimum and maximum void ratios of sand. Geotech Test J 21:336–347. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ11373J

Salgado R, Bandini P, Karim A (2000) Shear strength and stiffness of silty sand. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 126:451–462. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2000)126:5(451)

Lupini JF, Skinner AE, Vaughan PR (1981) The drained residual strength of cohesive soils. Géotechnique 31:181–213. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1981.31.2.181

Georgiannou VN, Burland JB, Hight DW (1990) The undrained behaviour of clayey sands in triaxial compression and extension. Géotechnique 40:431–449. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1990.40.3.431

Kenny TC (1977) Residual strengths of mineral mixtures. In: Proceedings 9th International Conference on soil mechanics and foundation engineering, pp 155–160

Skempton AW (1985) Residual strength of clays in landslides, folded strata and the laboratory. Géotechnique 35:3–18. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1985.35.1.3

Vallejo LE, Mawby R (2000) Porosity influence on the shear strength of granular material-clay mixtures. Eng Geol 58:125–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(00)00051-X

Hsiao DH, Phan VTA (2016) Evaluation of static and dynamic properties of sand-fines mixtures through the state and equivalent state parameters. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 84:134–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2016.02.006

Zuo L, Baudet BA (2015) Determination of the transitional fines content of sand-non plastic fines mixtures. Soils Found 55:213–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2014.12.017

ASTM (2017) Standard practice for classification of soils for engineering purposes (unified soil classification system). ASTM Stand Guid. https://doi.org/10.1520/D2487-17

JISA (2009) 1224 Test method for minimum and maximum densities of sands. Japanese Standards Association, Tokyo

Kuerbis R, Negussey D, Vaid YP (1988) The effect of gradation and fines content on the undrained loading response of sand. National Library of Canada, Ottawa, pp 330–345

ASTM (2011) D3080/D3080M-11*** Standard test method for direct shear test of soils under consolidated drained conditions. ASTM Int. https://doi.org/10.1520/D3080

Cubrinovski M, Ishihara K (2002) Maximum and minimum void ratio characteristics of sands. Soils Found 42:65–78. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.42.6_65

Thermann K, Gau C, Tiedemann J (2006) Shear strength parameters from direct shear tests - influencing factors and their significance. The Geological Society of London 484:1–12