Effect of varicoceles on spermatogenesis

Thoma, 2013, Prevalence of infertility in the United States as estimated by the current duration approach and a traditional constructed approach, Fertil. Steril., 99, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.11.037 Jarvi, 2015, The workup and management of azoospermic males, Can. Urol. Assoc. J., 9, 229, 10.5489/cuaj.3209 Skoog, 1997, The adolescent varicocele: what’s new with an old problem in young patients?, Pediatrics, 100, 112, 10.1542/peds.100.1.112 Marte, 2018, The history of varicocele: from antiquity to the modern ERA, Int. Braz. J. Urol., 44, 563, 10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2017.0386 Noske, 1999, Varicocele–a historical perspective, World J. Urol., 17, 151, 10.1007/s003450050123 Eisenberg, 2011, Varicocele-induced infertility: newer insights into its pathophysiology, Indian J. Urol., 27, 58, 10.4103/0970-1591.78428 Levinger, 2007, Is varicocele prevalence increasing with age?, Andrologia, 39, 77, 10.1111/j.1439-0272.2007.00766.x Naughton, 2001, Pathophysiology of varicoceles in male infertility, Hum. Reprod. Update, 7, 473, 10.1093/humupd/7.5.473 Witt, 1993, Varicocele: a progressive or static lesion?, Urology, 42, 541, 10.1016/0090-4295(93)90268-F Damsgaard, 2016, Varicocele is associated with impaired semen quality and reproductive hormone levels: a study of 7035 healthy young men from six European countries, Eur. Urol., 70, 1019, 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.06.044 Cho, 2016, Novel insights into the pathophysiology of varicocele and its association with reactive oxygen species and sperm DNA fragmentation, Asian J. Androl., 18, 186, 10.4103/1008-682X.170441 S.W. Leslie, H. Sajjad, L.E. Siref, Varicocele, StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL), 2020. Kantartzi, 2007, Male infertility and varicocele: myths and reality, Hippokratia, 11, 99 El-Saeity, 2006, Scrotal varicocele, exclude a renal tumour. Is this evidence based?, Clin. Radiol., 61, 593, 10.1016/j.crad.2006.02.011 Mokhtari, 2008, Comparison of prevalence of varicocele in first-degree relatives of patients with varicocele and male kidney donors, Urology, 71, 666, 10.1016/j.urology.2007.11.116 Raman, 2005, Inheritance of varicoceles, Urology, 65, 1186, 10.1016/j.urology.2004.12.057 Bach, 2016, Varicocele – a case for early intervention, F1000Res, 5, 1792, 10.12688/f1000research.7179.1 Wang, 2007, transient scrotal hyperthermia and levonorgestrel enhance testosterone-induced spermatogenesis suppression in men through increased germ cell apoptosis, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 92, 3292, 10.1210/jc.2007-0367 Masliukaite, 2016, Establishing reference values for age-related spermatogonial quantity in prepubertal human testes: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Fertil. Steril., 106, 1652, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.09.002 Dabaja, 2014, Medical treatment of male infertility, Transl. Androl. Urol., 3, 9 Miller, 2017, Steroidogenesis: unanswered questions, Trends Endocrinol. Metab., 28, 771, 10.1016/j.tem.2017.09.002 Smith, 2014, The regulation of spermatogenesis by androgens, Semin. Cell Dev. Biol., 30, 2, 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.02.012 Maddocks, 1993, Intratesticular hormone levels and the route of secretion of hormones from the testis of the rat, guinea pig, monkey and human, Int. J. Androl., 16, 272, 10.1111/j.1365-2605.1993.tb01191.x Zirkin, 1989, Maintenance of advanced spermatogenic cells in the adult rat testis: quantitative relationship to testosterone concentration within the testis, Endocrinology, 124, 3043, 10.1210/endo-124-6-3043 Kopera, 2010, Sertoli-germ cell junctions in the testis: a review of recent data, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci., 365, 1593, 10.1098/rstb.2009.0251 Holdcraft, 2004, Androgen receptor function is required in Sertoli cells for the terminal differentiation of haploid spermatids, Development, 131, 459, 10.1242/dev.00957 Misell, 2006, A stable isotope-mass spectrometric method for measuring human spermatogenesis kinetics in vivo, J. Urol., 175, 242, 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)00053-4 Neto, 2016, Spermatogenesis in humans and its affecting factors, Semin. Cell Dev. Biol., 59, 10, 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.04.009 O'Donnell, 2014, Mechanisms of spermiogenesis and spermiation and how they are disturbed, Spermatogenesis, 4 van Der Horst, 1999, The maturation of sperm motility in the epididymis and vas deferens of the vervet monkey, Cercopithecus aethiops, Int. J. Androl., 22, 197, 10.1046/j.1365-2605.1999.00171.x Vasan, 2011, Semen analysis and sperm function tests: how much to test?, Indian J. Urol., 27, 41, 10.4103/0970-1591.78424 Cooper, 2010, World Health Organization reference values for human semen characteristics, Hum. Reprod. Update, 16, 231, 10.1093/humupd/dmp048 The influence of varicocele on parameters of fertility in a large group of men presenting to infertility clinics. World Health Organization, Fertil. Steril., 57, 1992, p. 1289–1293. Pasqualotto, 2005, Semen profile, testicular volume, and hormonal levels in infertile patients with varicoceles compared with fertile men with and without varicoceles, Fertil. Steril., 83, 74, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.06.047 Zargooshi, 2007, Sperm count and sperm motility in incidental high-grade varicocele, Fertil. Steril., 88, 1470, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.01.016 Pastuszak, 2015, Varicocele and testicular function, Asian J. Androl., 17, 659, 10.4103/1008-682X.153539 Report on varicocele and infertility, Fertil. Steril., 90, 2008, pp. S247–S249. Shridharani, 2012, Varicocelectomy in the treatment of testicular pain: a review, Curr. Opin. Urol., 22, 499, 10.1097/MOU.0b013e328358f69f Jungwirth, 2012, European Association of Urology guidelines on male infertility: the 2012 update, Eur. Urol., 62, 324, 10.1016/j.eururo.2012.04.048 Baazeem, 2011, Varicocele and male factor infertility treatment: a new meta-analysis and review of the role of varicocele repair, Eur. Urol., 60, 796, 10.1016/j.eururo.2011.06.018 Madgar, 1995, Controlled trial of high spermatic vein ligation for varicocele in infertile men, Fertil. Steril., 63, 120, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)57306-3 Abdel-Meguid, 2011, Does varicocele repair improve male infertility? An evidence-based perspective from a randomized, controlled trial, Eur. Urol., 59, 455, 10.1016/j.eururo.2010.12.008 Kim, 2013, Impact of surgical varicocele repair on pregnancy rate in subfertile men with clinical varicocele and impaired semen quality: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials, Korean J. Urol., 54, 703, 10.4111/kju.2013.54.10.703 Nieschlag, 1998, Update on treatment of varicocele: counselling as effective as occlusion of the vena spermatica, Hum. Reprod., 13, 2147, 10.1093/humrep/13.8.2147 Kirby, 2016, Undergoing varicocele repair before assisted reproduction improves pregnancy rate and live birth rate in azoospermic and oligospermic men with a varicocele: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Fertil. Steril., 106, 1338, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.07.1093 Pizzino, 2017, Oxidative stress: harms and benefits for human health, Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev., 2017, 1 Buttke, 1994, Oxidative stress as a mediator of apoptosis, Immunol. Today, 15, 7, 10.1016/0167-5699(94)90018-3 Aitken, 2015, Are sperm capacitation and apoptosis the opposite ends of a continuum driven by oxidative stress?, Asian J. Androl., 17, 633, 10.4103/1008-682X.153850 Aitken, 2014, Oxidative stress and male reproductive health, Asian J. Androl., 16, 31, 10.4103/1008-682X.122203 Shiraishi, 2007, Effects of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, a marker of oxidative stress, on spermatogenesis and expression of p53 protein in male infertility, J. Urol., 178, 1012, 10.1016/j.juro.2007.05.027 Köksal, 2000, The role of reactive oxygen species in testicular dysfunction associated with varicocele, BJU Int., 86, 549, 10.1046/j.1464-410X.2000.00755.x Shiraishi, 2005, Increased expression of Leydig cell haem oxygenase-1 preserves spermatogenesis in varicocele, Hum. Reprod., 20, 2608, 10.1093/humrep/dei063 Nishiyama, 1998, Decreased expression of cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (CIRP) in male germ cells at elevated temperature, Am. J. Pathol., 152, 289 Kilinc, 2004, p53 expression and apoptosis in varicocele in the rat testis, J. Urol., 172, 2475, 10.1097/01.ju.0000138471.35553.ce Chang, 2010, Experimental varicocele induces p53-dependent germ cell apoptosis through activation of γ-H2AX, Urol. Int., 85, 216, 10.1159/000316356 Radi, 2014, Apoptosis and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases, J. Alzheimers Dis., 42, S125, 10.3233/JAD-132738 Sinha, 2013, Oxidative stress: the mitochondria-dependent and mitochondria-independent pathways of apoptosis, Arch. Toxicol., 87, 1157, 10.1007/s00204-013-1034-4 Sinha Hikim, 2003, Deciphering the pathways of germ cell apoptosis in the testis, J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 85, 175, 10.1016/S0960-0760(03)00193-6 Ferlin, 2010, Heat shock protein and heat shock factor expression in sperm: relation to oligozoospermia and varicocele, J. Urol., 183, 1248, 10.1016/j.juro.2009.11.009 Ogi, 1999, Expression of heat shock proteins in developing and degenerating rat testes, Arch. Androl., 43, 163, 10.1080/014850199262454 Chan, 2013, Differential spermatozoal protein expression profiles in men with varicocele compared to control subjects: upregulation of heat shock proteins 70 and 90 in varicocele, Urology, 81, 1379, 10.1016/j.urology.2013.01.031 Widlak, 2017, The role of heat shock factors in mammalian spermatogenesis, Adv. Anat. Embryol. Cell Biol., 222, 45, 10.1007/978-3-319-51409-3_3 Xia, 2012, Cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (CIRP) regulates target mRNA stabilization in the mouse testis, FEBS Lett., 586, 3299, 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.07.004 Jankovic Velickovic, 2014, Hypoxia and spermatogenesis, Int. Urol. Nephrol., 46, 887, 10.1007/s11255-013-0601-1 Gat, 2005, Varicocele, hypoxia and male infertility. Fluid Mechanics analysis of the impaired testicular venous drainage system, Hum. Reprod., 20, 2614, 10.1093/humrep/dei089 Lee, 2006, Increased expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha in the internal spermatic vein of patients with varicocele, J. Urol., 175, 1045, 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)00417-9 Nallella, 2004, Relationship of interleukin-6 with semen characteristics and oxidative stress in patients with varicocele, Urology, 64, 1010, 10.1016/j.urology.2004.05.045 Roque, 2018, Effect of varicocele repair on sperm DNA fragmentation: a review, Int. Urol. Nephrol., 50, 583, 10.1007/s11255-018-1839-4 Jung, 2016, Treatment of leukocytospermia in male infertility: a systematic review, World J. Mens Health, 34, 165, 10.5534/wjmh.2016.34.3.165 Schlegel, 1991, Antibiotics: potential hazards to male fertility, Fertil. Steril., 55, 235, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)54108-9 Sharma, 2001, Relationship between seminal white blood cell counts and oxidative stress in men treated at an infertility clinic, J. Androl., 22, 575 Pentyala, 2007, Current perspectives on pyospermia: a review, Asian J. Androl., 9, 593, 10.1111/j.1745-7262.2007.00251.x Ayala, 2014, Lipid peroxidation: production, metabolism, and signaling mechanisms of malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev., 2014, 1, 10.1155/2014/360438 Hassanin, 2018, A global view of the pathophysiology of varicocele, Andrology, 6, 654, 10.1111/andr.12511 Benoff, 2005, Deletions in L-type calcium channel alpha1 subunit testicular transcripts correlate with testicular cadmium and apoptosis in infertile men with varicoceles, Fertil. Steril., 83, 622, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.07.976 Benoff, 1997, A potential role for cadmium in the etiology of varicocele-associated infertility, Fertil. Steril., 67, 336, 10.1016/S0015-0282(97)81921-8 Ozawa, 2002, Leydig cell-derived heme oxygenase-1 regulates apoptosis of premeiotic germ cells in response to stress, J. Clin. Investig., 109, 457, 10.1172/JCI0213190 Koksal, 2007, Varicocele-induced testicular dysfunction may be associated with disruption of blood-testis barrier, Arch. Androl., 53, 43, 10.1080/01485010600822606 Dym, 1970, The blood-testis barrier in the rat and the physiological compartmentation of the seminiferous epithelium, Biol. Reprod., 3, 308, 10.1093/biolreprod/3.3.308 Wu, 1993, Expression of E-cadherin in immature rat and mouse testis and in rat Sertoli cell cultures, Biol. Reprod., 49, 1353, 10.1095/biolreprod49.6.1353 Barbonetti, 2019, Prevalence of anti-sperm antibodies and relationship of degree of sperm auto-immunization to semen parameters and post-coital test outcome: a retrospective analysis of over 10 000 men, Hum. Reprod., 34, 834, 10.1093/humrep/dez030 Cui, 2015, Antisperm antibodies in infertile men and their effect on semen parameters: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Clin. Chim. Acta, 444, 29, 10.1016/j.cca.2015.01.033 Telli, 2015, Does varicocelectomy affect DNA fragmentation in infertile patients?, Indian J. Urol., 31, 116, 10.4103/0970-1591.152811 Agarwal, 2017, The Society for Translational Medicine: clinical practice guidelines for sperm DNA fragmentation testing in male infertility, Transl. Androl. Urol., 6, S720, 10.21037/tau.2017.08.06 Sawyer, 2001, Relative susceptibilities of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA to damage induced by hydrogen peroxide in two mouse germ cell lines, Redox Rep., 6, 182, 10.1179/135100001101536157 De Iuliis, 2009, DNA damage in human spermatozoa is highly correlated with the efficiency of chromatin remodeling and the formation of 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine, a marker of oxidative stress, Biol. Reprod., 81, 517, 10.1095/biolreprod.109.076836 Shiraishi, 2010, Elevated scrotal temperature, but not varicocele grade, reflects testicular oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis, World J. Urol., 28, 359, 10.1007/s00345-009-0462-5 Schlegel, 2011, Alternate indications for varicocele repair: non-obstructive azoospermia, pain, androgen deficiency and progressive testicular dysfunction, Fertil. Steril., 96, 1288, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.10.033 Mulhall, 2018, Evaluation and management of testosterone deficiency: AUA guideline, J. Urol., 200, 423, 10.1016/j.juro.2018.03.115 Tanrikut, 2011, Varicocele as a risk factor for androgen deficiency and effect of repair, BJU Int., 108, 1480, 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.10030.x Steckel, 1993, Relationship between varicocele size and response to varicocelectomy, J. Urol., 149, 769, 10.1016/S0022-5347(17)36203-1 Hayden, 2016, Testosterone and varicocele, Urol. Clin. N. Am., 43, 223, 10.1016/j.ucl.2016.01.009 Zohdy, 2011, Impact of varicocelectomy on gonadal and erectile functions in men with hypogonadism and infertility, J. Sex. Med., 8, 885, 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.01974.x Li, 2012, Effect of surgical repair on testosterone production in infertile men with varicocele: a meta-analysis, Int. J. Urol., 19, 149, 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2011.02890.x Sirvent, 1990, Leydig cell in idiopathic varicocele, Eur. Urol., 17, 257, 10.1159/000464051 Francavilla, 1986, Quantitative evaluation of Leydig cells in testicular biopsies of men with varicocele, Arch. Androl., 16, 111, 10.3109/01485018608986929 Weiss, 1978, Quantitation of Leydig cells in testicular biopsies of oligospermic men with varicocele, Fertil. Steril., 30, 305, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)43517-X Weiss, 1979, Leydig cell density and function and their relation to gonadotropins in infertile oligospermic men with varicocele, Isr. J. Med. Sci., 15, 556 Rajfer, 1987, Inhibition of testicular testosterone biosynthesis following experimental varicocele in rats, Biol. Reprod., 36, 933, 10.1095/biolreprod36.4.933 Etriby, 1967, Testicular changes in subfertile males with varicocele, Fertil. Steril., 18, 666, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)36428-7 Wang, 1991, Study of bilateral histology and meiotic analysis in men undergoing varicocele ligation, Fertil. Steril., 55, 152, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)54075-8 Hienz, 1980, Histological findings in testes with varicocele during childhood and their therapeutic consequences, Eur. J. Pediatr., 133, 139, 10.1007/BF00441582 Paick, 2019, Varicocele and testicular pain: a review, World J. Mens Health, 37, 4, 10.5534/wjmh.170010 Mehta, 2013, Microsurgical varicocelectomy: a review, Asian J. Androl., 15, 56, 10.1038/aja.2012.98