Effect of the COVID-19 quarantine on metabolic control in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes

Brazendale, 2017, Understanding differences between summer vs. school obesogenic behaviors of children: the structured days hypothesis, Int J Behav Nutr Phys Activity, 14, 100, 10.1186/s12966-017-0555-2 Wang, 2020, Mitigate the effects of home confinement on children during the COVID-19 outbreak, Lancet, 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30547-X Macmillan, 2014, A systematic review of physical activity and sedentary behavior intervention studies in youth with type 1 diabetes: study characteristics, intervention design, and efficacy, Pediatric Diabetes, 10.1111/pedi.12060 13. Children and adolescents: standards of medical care in diabetes—2019. Diabetes Care. 2019; 42(Suppl. 1):S148–64. doi:10.2337/dc19-S013. Wisting, 2017, Eating patterns in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: associations with metabolic control, insulin omission, and eating disorder pathology, Appetite, 114, 226, 10.1016/j.appet.2017.03.035 Mader, 2020, Personal experiences with coronavirus disease 2019 and diabetes: the time for telemedicine is now, J Diabetes Sci Technol, 14, 752, 10.1177/1932296820930289 Calton, 2020, Telemedicine in the time of coronavirus, J Pain Symp Manage, 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.03.019 Marshall, 1969, Variations in pattern of pubertal changes in girls, Arch Dis Childhood, 44, 291, 10.1136/adc.44.235.291 Neyzi, 2008, Türk Çocuklarında Vücut Ağırlığı, Boy Uzunluğu, Baş Çevresi ve Vücut Kitle Indeksi Referans Değerleri DiMeglio, 2018, ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: glycemic control targets and glucose monitoring for children, adolescents, and young adults with diabetes, Pediatric Diabetes, 19, 105, 10.1111/pedi.12737 13. Children and adolescents: standards of medical care in diabetes-2020. Diabetes Care. 2020. doi:10.2337/dc20-S013. Ministry of Turkey Health, 2016 Nutrition information system. https://bebis.com.tr/. Kowalski, 1997, Validation of the physical activity questionnaire for older children, Pediatric Exercise Sci Ze, 2014, İlköğretim öğrencileri için fiziksel aktivite soru formunun türk toplumuna uyarlanması: geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Elektronik Dergisi, 7, 109 Dovc, 2014, Improved metabolic control in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes: a nationwide prospective 12-year time trends analysis, Diabetes Technol Therap, 16, 33, 10.1089/dia.2013.0182 Gerstl, 2008, Metabolic control as reflected by HbA1c in children, adolescents and young adults with type-1 diabetes mellitus: combined longitudinal analysis including 27,035 patients from 207 centers in Germany and Austria during the last decade, Eur J Pediatrics, 167, 447, 10.1007/s00431-007-0586-9 Gökşen, 2013, Diabetes care, glycemic control, complications, and concomitant autoimmune diseases in children with type 1 diabetes in Turkey: a multicenter study, J Clin Res Pediatric Endocrinol, 5, 20, 10.4274/Jcrpe.893 Alassaf, 2019, Impact of socioeconomic characteristics on metabolic control in children with type 1 diabetes in a developing country, J Clin Res Pediatric Endocrinol, 11, 358, 10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2019.2019.0014 Plamper, 2017, Interaction of pubertal development and metabolic control in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus, J Diabetes Res, 2017, 1, 10.1155/2017/8615769 Barchetta, 2020, Effects of work status changes and perceived stress on glycaemic control in individuals with type 1 diabetes during COVID-19 lockdown in Italy, Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 170, 108513, 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108513 Maddaloni, 2020, Effects of COVID-19 lockdown on glucose control: continuous glucose monitoring data from people with diabetes on intensive insulin therapy, Diabetes Care, 43, e86, 10.2337/dc20-0954 Tornese, 2020, Glycemic control in type 1 diabetes mellitus during COVID-19 quarantine and the role of in-home physical activity, Diabetes Technol Therap, 22, 462, 10.1089/dia.2020.0169 Christoforidis, 2020, Coronavirus lockdown effect on type 1 diabetes management on children wearing insulin pump equipped with continuous glucose monitoring system, Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 166, 108307, 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108307 Bonora, 2020, Glycaemic control among people with type 1 diabetes during lockdown for the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in Italy, Diabetes Therapy, 11, 1369, 10.1007/s13300-020-00829-7 Schiaffini, 2020, School and pre-school children with type 1 diabetes during Covid-19 quarantine: the synergic effect of parental care and technology, Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 166, 108302, 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108302 Ahola, 2019, Meal timing, meal frequency, and breakfast skipping in adult individuals with type 1 diabetes – associations with glycaemic control, Sci Rep, 9, 20063, 10.1038/s41598-019-56541-5 Virtanen, 1992, Metabolic control and diet in Finnish diabetic adolescents, Acta Paediatr, 81, 239, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1992.tb12212.x Øverby, 2008, Sweets, snacking habits, and skipping meals in children and adolescents on intensive insulin treatment, Pediatric Diabetes, 9, 393, 10.1111/j.1399-5448.2008.00381.x Ogata, 2019, Association between breakfast skipping and postprandial hyperglycaemia after lunch in healthy young individuals, Br J Nutr, 122, 431, 10.1017/S0007114519001235 Beraki, 2014, Increase in physical activity is associated with lower HbA1c levels in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: results from a cross-sectional study based on the Swedish pediatric diabetes quality registry (SWEDIABKIDS), Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 105, 119, 10.1016/j.diabres.2014.01.029 Bentlage, 2020, Practical recommendations for maintaining active lifestyle during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic literature review, Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17, 6265, 10.3390/ijerph17176265 6. Glycemic targets: standards of medical care in diabetes—2020. Diabetes Care. 2020; 43(Suppl. 1):S66–76. doi:10.2337/dc20-S006.