Effect of temperature and pH on the early stages of interaction of compatible partners of the lichen Cladonia rangiferina (Cladoniaceae)
Tóm tắt
Reindeer lichens (such as Cladonia rangiferina) are important winter forage for caribou and reindeer and are widely distributed in northern ecosystems. Widespread lichen communities may be explained by dispersal from thallus fragments or by fungal ascospores interacting with algal cells. Since three early stages of interactions between symbionts of the lichen C. rangiferina have already been established, this study investigated the effect of three temperatures (5, 20, and 35 °C) and pH levels (4.5, 6.5, and 8.5) on the early interaction of C. rangiferina by quantifying morphological differences for three fungal (internode length, number of lateral branches, number of appressoria) and one algal (cell diameter) characters using Scanning Electron Microscopy. The results showed that the fungal characters were significantly altered by the extreme temperatures (5 and 35 °C) and the pH level produced differences in the fungal characters at pH 8.5. The alga was more tolerant of the wide temperature range than the fungus while the fungus was more tolerant of pH changes than the alga. An interaction effect by temperature and pH on the symbiont characters was also observed. The study raises questions regarding the range of conditions tolerated by other species of lichens and their symbionts.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Adams MS (1971) Temperature response of carbon dioxide exchange of Cladonia rangiferina from the Wisconsin pine barrens, and comparison with an Alpine population. Am Midl Nat 86:224–227
Ahmadjian V (1987) Coevolution in lichens. Ann N Y Acad Sci 503:307–315
Ahmadjian V (1993) The lichen symbiosis. Nord J Bot 14(5):588
Ahmadjian V, Russell LA, Hildreth KC (1980) Artificial reestablishment of lichens. I. Morphological interactions between the phycobionts of different lichens and the mycobionts Cladonia cristatella and Lecanora chrysoleuca. Mycologia 72:73–89
Athukorala SNP, Piercey-Normore MD (2014) Recognition- and defenserelated gene expression at 3 resynthesis stages in lichen symbionts. Can J Microbiol. doi:10.1139/cjm-2014-0470
Athukorala SNP, Huebner E, Piercey-Normore MD (2014) Identification and comparison of the 3 early stages of resynthesis for the lichen Cladonia rangiferina. Can J Microbiol 60:41–52
Bačkor M, Hudák J, Repčák M, Ziegler W, Bačkorová M (1998) The influence of pH and lichen metabolites (vulpinic acid and (+) usinic acid) on the growth of the lichen photobiont Trebouxia irregularis. Lichenologist 30:577–582
Bliss LC, Hadley EB (1964) Photosynthesis and respiration of alpine lichens. Am J Bot 51:870–874
Bornside GH, Cleverdon RC, Kulp WL (1952) Effect of ultraviolet radiation on production of urease by Proteus vulgaris and Proteus mirabilis. J Bacteriol 64:63–68
Bronstein JL (2001) The exploitation of mutualisms. Ecol Lett 4:277–287
Bubrick P, Frensdorff A, Galun M (1985) Selectivity in the lichen symbiosis. In: Brown DH (ed) Lichen physiology and cell biology. Plenum, New York, pp 319–334
Casano LM, del Campo EM, Garcia-Breijo FJ, Reig-Armiῆana J, Gasulla F, Del Hoyo A, Guera A, Barreno E (2011) Two Trebouxia algae with different physiological performances are ever-present in lichen thalli of Ramalina farinacea. Coexistence versus competition? Environ Microbiol 13:806–818
Cushman JH, Addicott JF (1991) Conditional interactions in ant-plant-herbivore mutualisms. In: Huxley CR, Cutler DF (eds) Ant-plant interactions. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 92–103
Cushman JH, Whitham TG (1989) Conditional mutualism in a membracid-ant association: temporal, age-specific, and density dependent effects. Ecology 70:1040–1047
Erisir M, Erce E, Yilmaz S, Ozan S (2005) Evaluation of optimal conditions for arginase activity in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Vet Med Czech 50:69–76
Ewald PW (2004) Evolution of virulence. Infect Dis Clin North Am 18:1–15
Galun M, Garty J (1988) Soredia formation of compatible and incompatible lichen symbionts. In: Cannerini SS, Bonfante-Fasolo P, Gianinazzi-Pearson V (eds) Cell to cell signals in plant, animals and microbial symbiosis, vol H17. Springer, Berlin, pp 207–217
Gargas A, DePriest PT, Grube M, Tehler A (1995) Multiple origins of lichen symbioses in fungi suggested by SSU rDNA phylogeny. Science 268:1492–1495
Grant AJ, ReÂmond M, People J, Hinde R (1997) Effects of host-tissue homogenate of the scleractinian coral Plesiastrea versipora on glycerol metabolism in isolated symbiotic dinoflagellates. Mar Biol 128:665–670
Grant A, People J, Rémond M, Franklan S, Hinde R (2013) How a host cell signalling molecule modifies carbon metabolism in symbionts of the coral Plesiastrea versipora. FEBS J 280:2085–2096
Hájek J, Barták M, Dubová J (2006) Inhibition of photosynthetic processes in foliose lichens induced by temperature and osmotic stress. Biol Plantarium 50:624–634
Hallingbäck T, Kellner O (1992) Effects of simulated nitrogen rich and acid rain on the nitrogen-fixing lichen Peltigera aphthosa (L.) Willd. New Phytol 120:99–103
Harrison PM, Walton DWH, Rothery P (1986) The effects of temperature and moisture on dark respiration on the foliose lichen Umbilicaria Antarctica. New Phytol 103:443–455
Honegger R, Peter M, Seherrer S (1996) Drought-induced structural alterations at the mycobiont-photobiont interface in a range of foliose macrolichens. Protoplasma 190:221–232
Jahns HM (1993) Culture experiments with lichens. Plant System Evol 187:145–174
Joneson S, Lutzoni F (2009) Compatibility and thigmotropism in the lichen symbiosis: a reappraisal. Symbiosis 47:109–115
Kon Y, Kashiwadani H, Masada M, Tamura G (1993) Artificial syntheses of mycobionts of Usnea confusa ssp. kitamiensis and Usnea orientalis with their natural and nonnatural phycobiont. J Jpn Bot 68:129–137
Kong F, Hu W, Sang W, Wang L (2002) Effects of sulphur dioxide on the relationship between symbionts in lichen. J Appl Ecol 13:151–155
Lallemant R, Bernard T (1977) Obtention de cultures pure des mycosymbiotes du Lobaria laetevirens (Light.) Zahlbr.et du Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm.: le role des gonides. Rev Bryol Lichenol 43:303–308
Marmor L, Randlane T (2007) Effects of road traffic on bark pH and epiphytic lichens in Tallinn. Folia Cryotog Estonica Fasc 43:13–27
Meeßen J, Ott S (2013) Recognition mechanisms during the pre-contact state of lichens: I. Mycobiont-photobiont interactions of the mycobiont of Fulgensia bracteata. Symbiosis 59:121–130
Meeßen J, Eppenstein S, Ott S (2013) Recognition mechanisms during the precontact state of lichens: II. Influence of algal exudates and ribitol on the response of the mycobiont of Fulgensia bracteata. Symbiosis 59:131–143
Muggia L, Baloch E, Stabentheiner E, Grube M, Wedin M (2011) Photobiont association and genetic diversity of the optionally lichenized fungus Schizoxylon albescens. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 75:255–272
Ott S (1987) Sexual reproduction and developmental adaptations in Xanthoria parietina. Nordic J Bot 7:219–228
Öztürk S, Oran S (2011) Investigations on the bark pH and epiphytic lichen diversity of Quercus taxa found in Marmara Region. J App Biol Sci 5:27–33
Paustian K, Schnürer J (1987a) Fungal growth response to carbon and nitrogen limitation. A theoretical model. Soil Biol Biochem 19:613–620
Paustian K, Schnürer J (1987b) Fungal growth response to carbon and nitrogen limitation. Application of a model to laboratory and field data. Soil Biol Biochem 19:621–629
Pisani T, Paoli L, Gaggi C, Pirintsos SA, Loppi S (2007) Effects of high temperature on epiphytic lichens: issues for consideration in a changing climate scenario. Plant Biosyst 141:164–169
Sachs JL, Simms EL (2006) Pathways to mutualism breakdown. Trends Ecol Evol 21:585–592
Schaper T, Ott S (2003) Photobiont selectivity and interspecific interactions in lichen communities. Culture Experiments with the mycobiont Fulgensia bracteata. Plant Biol 5:1–10
St John TV, Coleman DC, Reid CCP (1983) Growth and spatial distribution of nutrient-absorbing organs: selective exploitation of soil heterogeneity. Plant Soil 71:487–493
Stocker-Wörgötter E (1995) Experimental cultivation of lichens and lichen symbionts. Can J Bot 73S:579–589
Stocker-Wörgötter E, Turk R (1991) Artificial resynthesis of thalli of the cyanobacterial lichen Peltigera praetextata under laboratory conditions. Lichenologist 23:127–138
Sutton DC, Hoegh-Guldberg O (1990) Host-zooxanthella interaction in four temperate marine invertebrate symbioses: assessment of effect of host extracts on symbionts. Biol Bull 178:175–186
Thomas MB, Blanford S (2003) Thermal biology in insect-parasite interactions. Trends Ecol Evol 18:344–350
Thompson JN (1988) Coevolution and alternative hypotheses on insect/plant interactions. Ecology 69:893–895
Thompson JN (1994) The coevolutionary process. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Thompson JN (2005) The geographic mosaic of coevolution. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Thrall PH, Hochberg ME, Burdon JJ, Bever JD (2006) Coevolution of symbiotic mutualists and parasites in a community context. Trends Ecol Evol 22:120–126
Upchurch RG, Ramirez ME (2011) Effects of temperature during soybean seed development on defense-related gene expression and fungal pathogen accumulation. Biotechnol Lett 33:2397–2404
Wolinska J, King KC (2009) Environment can alter selection in host-parasite interactions. Trends Parasitol 25:236–244