Effect of speed and gradient on plantar force when running on an AlterG® treadmill
Tóm tắt
Anti-gravity treadmills are used to decrease musculoskeletal loading during treadmill running often in return to play rehabilitation programs. The effect different gradients (uphill/downhill running) have on kinetics and spatiotemporal parameters when using an AlterG® treadmill is unclear with previous research focused on level running only. Ten well-trained healthy male running athletes ran on the AlterG® treadmill at varying combinations of bodyweight support (60, 80, and 100% BW), speed (12 km/hr., 15 km/hr., 18 km/hr., 21 km/hr., and 24 km/hr), and gradients (− 15% decline, − 10, − 5, 0, + 5, + 10 + 15% incline), representing a total of 78 conditions performed in random order. Maximum plantar force and contact time were recorded using a wireless in-shoe force sensor insole system. Regression analysis showed a linear relationship for maximum plantar force with bodyweight support and running speeds for level running (p < 0.0001, adj. R2 = 0.604). The linear relationship, however, does not hold for negative gradients at speeds 12 & 15 km/h, with a relative ‘dip’ in maximum plantar force across all assisted bodyweight settings. Maximum plantar force peaks are larger with faster running and smaller with more AlterG® assisted bodyweight support (athlete unweighing). Gradient made little difference except for a downhill grade of − 5% decreasing force peaks as compared to level or uphill running.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Blanchard S, Glasgow P. A theoretical model to describe progressions and regressions for exercise rehabilitation. Physical Therapy in Sport. 2014;15(3):131–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2014.05.001.
Glasgow P, Phillips N, Bleakley C. Optimal loading: key variables and mechanisms. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49(5):278–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-094443.
Warden SJ, Davis IS, Fredericson M. Management and prevention of bone stress injuries in long-distance runners. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2014;44(10):749–65.
Bleakley CM, Glasgow P, MacAuley DC. PRICE needs updating, should we call the POLICE? Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(4):220–1. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2011-090297.
Khan KM, Scott A. Mechanotherapy: how physical therapists’ prescription of exercise promotes tissue repair. Br J Sports Med. 2009;43(4):247–52. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2008.054239.
Saxena A, Granot A. Use of an anti-gravity treadmill in the rehabilitation of the operated achilles tendon: a pilot study. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2011;50(5):558–61. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jfas.2011.04.045.
Taberner M, van Dyk N, Allen T, Richter C, Howarth C, Scott S, Cohen DD. Physical preparation and return to sport of the football player with a tibia-fibula fracture: applying the ‘control-chaos continuum’. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2019;5:1.
Tenforde AS, Watanabe LM, Moreno TJ, Fredericson M. Use of an antigravity treadmill for rehabilitation of a pelvic stress injury. PM&R. 2012;4(8):629–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2012.02.003.
Grabowski AM, Kram R. Effects of velocity and weight support on ground reaction forces and metabolic power during running. J Appl Biomech. 2008;24(3):288–97. https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.24.3.288.
Smoliga JM, Wirfel LA, Paul D, Doarnberger M, Ford KR. Effects of unweighting and speed on in-shoe regional loading during running on a lower body positive pressure treadmill. J Biomech. 2015;48(10):1950–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.04.009.
Thomson A, Einarsson E, Witvrouw E, Whiteley R. Running speed increases plantar load more than per cent body weight on an AlterG® treadmill. J Sports Sci. 2017;35(3):277–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1163401.
Burns GT, Deneweth Zendler J, Zernicke RF. Validation of a wireless shoe insole for ground reaction force measurement. J Sports Sci. 2019;37(10):1129–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1545515.
Seiberl W, Jensen E, Merker J, Leitel M, Schwirtz A. Accuracy and precision of loadsol® insole force-sensors for the quantification of ground reaction force-based biomechanical running parameters. Eur J Sport Sci. 2018;18(8):1100–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2018.1477993.
Peebles AT, Renner KE, Miller TK, Moskal JT, Queen RM. Associations between distance and loading symmetry during return to sport hop testing. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2019;51(4):624–9. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001830.
Peebles AT, Maguire LA, Renner KE, Queen RM. Validity and repeatability of single-sensor loadsol insoles during landing. Sensors. 2018;18(12):4082. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18124082.
Vernillo G, Giandolini M, Edwards WB, Morin JB, Samozino P, Horvais N, Millet GY. Biomechanics and physiology of uphill and downhill running. Sports Med. 2017;47(4):615–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0605-y.
Gaber MM. Scientific data mining and knowledge discovery: Springer; 2009.
Cohen J. Quantitative methods in psychology: a power primer. Psychol Bull. 1992;112:1155–9.
Sawilowsky SS. New effect size rules of thumb. J Mod Appl Stat Methods. 2009;8(2):26.
Raffalt PC, Hovgaard-Hansen L, Jensen BR. Running on a lower-body positive pressure treadmill: VO2max, respiratory response, and vertical ground reaction force. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2013;84(2):213–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2013.784721.
Dorn TW, Schache AG, Pandy MG. Muscular strategy shift in human running: dependence of running speed on hip and ankle muscle performance. J Exp Biol. 2012;215(11):1944–56. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.064527.
Gottschall JS, Kram R. Ground reaction forces during downhill and uphill running. J Biomech. 2005;38(3):445–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2004.04.023.
Telhan G, Franz JR, Dicharry J, Wilder RP, Riley PO, Kerrigan DC. Lower limb joint kinetics during moderately sloped running. J Athl Train. 2010;45(1):16–21. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-45.1.16.
Farina KA, Wright AA, Ford KR, Wirfel LA, Smoliga JM. Physiological and biomechanical responses to running on lower body positive pressure treadmills in healthy populations. Sports Med. 2017;47(2):261–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0581-2.
Hansen C, Einarson E, Thomson A, Whiteley R, Witvrouw E. Hamstring and calf muscle activation as a function of bodyweight support during treadmill running in ACL reconstructed athletes. Gait Posture. 2017;58:154–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.07.120.
Ueberschär O, Fleckenstein D, Wüstenfeld JC, Warschun F, Falz R, Wolfarth B. Running on the hypogravity treadmill AlterG® does not reduce the magnitude of peak tibial impact accelerations. Sports Orthop Traumatol. 2019;35(4):423–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orthtr.2019.10.001.
Matijevich ES, Branscombe LM, Scott LR, Zelik KE. Ground reaction force metrics are not strongly correlated with tibial bone load when running across speeds and slopes: Implications for science, sport and wearable tech. PLoS One. 2019;14:1.
Hong Y, Wang L, Li JX, Zhou JH. Comparison of plantar loads during treadmill and overground running. J Sci Med Sport. 2012;15(6):554–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2012.01.004.