Effect of side-wings on draught: The case of Ethiopian ard plough (maresha)

Aikins, 2007, Performance evaluation of an ox-drawn ridging plough in a soil-bin, J. Sci. Technol., 27, 120 Al-Janobi, 1997, Development of a soil bin test facility for soil tillage tool interaction studies, Res. Bull., 72, 5 Anon., 1969. Progress Report No. 1. Implement Research Section. Publication No. 32. Chilalo Agricultural Development Unit (CADU), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Anon., 1970. Progress Report No. 2. Implement Research Section. Publication No. 52. Chilalo Agricultural Development Unit (CADU), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Anon., 1971. Progress Report No. 3. Implement Research Section. Publication No. 79. Chilalo Agricultural Development Unit (CADU), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Anon., 1981. Relief and rehabilitation activities and programmes. In: Submitted to the United Nations Conference on Least Developed Counties. Relief and Rehabilitation Commission (RRC), AddisAbaba, Ethiopia. Astatke, A. Research on the draught animal power systems in Ethiopia. <http://www.fao.org/Wairdocs/ILRI/x5483B/x5483b1c.htm>. Astatke, A., Jabar, M., Mohamed-Saleem, M.A., Erkossa, T., 2002. Development and testing of low cost animal drawn minimum tillage implements: experience on Vertisols in Ethiopia. Agricultural Mechanization in Asia, Africa, and Latine Amlerica. vol. 33, No. 2. Astatke, 1982 Astatke, A., Matthews, M.D.P., 1984. Cultivation Research in the Highlands Programme of ILCA. Addis Ababa. Awad-Allah, M.A., Mahgoub, H.M., Abo-Elnor, M.E., Shahin, M.A., 2009. Experimental investigation of the effect of vibration during tillage process of multi shank plow blade. In: 13th International Conference on Aerospace Sciences & Aviation Technology, ASAT- 13, Paper: ASAT-13-CT-33May 26–28, 2009, Military Technical College, Kobry Elkobbah, Cairo, Egypt. Balaton, J., 1971. Study of the draught of subsoilers. Translation TT 74-53143, ARS, USDA and NSF Washington D.C. Benard, 2010, Effects of bionic non-smooth surface on reducing soil resistance to disc plowing, Sci. China Technol. Sci., 53, 2960, 10.1007/s11431-010-4128-8 Berhane, 1979, vol. 1 Bravo, E.L., Suárez, M.H., Cueto, O.G., Tijskens, E., Ramon, H. 2012. Revista Ciencias Técnicas Agropecuarias, ISSN-1010-2760, RNPS-0111, vol. 21, no. 4, octubre-diciembre, pp. 5–11. Canaday, E., 1959. Imperial Ethiopian College of Agriculture and Mechanical. Carman, K., Dogan, H., 2000. The determination of performance draught force for different tillage tools. In: Proceeding of the National Congress on Agricultural Mechanization. Erzurum, Turkey, pp: 102–108. Chamen, 2003, Prevention strategies for field traffic-induced subsoil compaction: a review. Part 2. Equipment and field practices, Soil Till. Res., 73, 161, 10.1016/S0167-1987(03)00108-9 Clyde, 1936, Measurement of forces on soil tillage tools, J. Agric. Eng., 17, 1 Deckers, J.A., Nachtergaele, F.O., Spaargaren, O.C. (Eds.), 1998. World Reference Base for soil Resources. Dedouis, A.P., 2007. An Investigation into the Design of Precision Weeding Mechanisms for Inter and Intra-Row Weed Control (Ph.D. thesis). Cransfield University School of Applied Sciences. Durairaj, 2002, Soil reaction of selected bullock drawn plows in two extreme soils, Madras Agric., 89, 414 Durant, D.M., Perumpral, J.V., Desai, C.S., 1980. Soil-bin test facility for tillage tool interaction stides. In: Proceedings. Winter Meeting. American Society of Civil Engineeers. Engineering Mechanics Division. vol. 108, issues 4–6. Gebregziabher, 2006, Animal drawn tillage, the Ethiopian ard plow – Maresha: a review, Soil Till. Res., 89, 129, 10.1016/j.still.2005.08.010 Gebresenbet, 1995, Optimization of animal drawn tillage implements: Part I, performances of a curved tillage implement, J. Agric. Eng. Res., 62, 173, 10.1006/jaer.1995.1075 Gebresenbet, G., Gibbon, D., Astatke, A., 1997a. Draught Animal Power: Lesson from past research and development activities in Ethiopia and indicators for the future needs. 13/14 IRDCurrents. Current issues in international rural developments. Gebresenbet, 1997, Optimization of animal drawn tillage implement systems: Part 2, development of a reversible plow and a ridger, J. Agric. Eng. Res., 67, 299, 10.1006/jaer.1997.0173 Gebresenbet, 1997, Comparative analysis of the field performances of a reversible animal drawn prototype and conventional mouldboard ploughs pulled by a single donkey, Soil Till. Res., 40, 169, 10.1016/S0167-1987(96)01071-9 Gebreslasie, M., Gebregziabher, S., Mouazen, A.M., De Baerdemaeker, J., Deckers, J., Nyssen, J., Hubert, V., 2004. Soil-tillage tool interaction for the vertisols of the Ethiopian highlands: a review (Poster). In: Proceeding of the European Agricultural Engineering AgEng Leuven 2004. Conference, 12–16 September, Leuven, Belgium, pp. 830–831. Georgison, 2010 Gete, Z., 1999. Application and adaptation of WEPP to the traditional farming system of the Ethiopian highlands. In: Paper Presented at the Conference of the International Soil Conservation Organisation, Lafayette. Geza, 1999, Harnessing techniques and work performance of draught horse in Ethiopia, 326 Godwin, 1980, The design and operation of a simple low cost soil bin, J. Agric. Eng. Res., 25, 99, 10.1016/0021-8634(80)90051-7 Goe, M.R., 1987. Animal Traction on Small Holder Farms in the Ethiopian Highlands (Ph.D. thesis). Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA. Goe, 1999, Influence of slope and stone cover on tillage operations in the Ethiopian highlands, Soil Till. Res., 49, 289, 10.1016/S0167-1987(98)00183-4 Goe, M.R., Astatke, A., 1989. Development of draught animal power systems in Ethiopia. In: Paper Presented at the Second ACIAR International Workshop on Draught Animal Power, 3–6 July, Bogor, Indonesia. Hamza, 2005, Soil compaction in cropping systems. A review of the nature, causes and possible solutions, Soil Till. Res., 82, 121, 10.1016/j.still.2004.08.009 Hann, 1998, Force measurements on driven discs, J. Agric. Eng. Res., 69, 149, 10.1006/jaer.1997.0241 Ibrahmi, 2015, Study the effect of tool geometry and operational conditions on mouldboard plough forces and energy requirement: Part 2. Experimental validation with soil bin test, Comput. Electron. Agric., 117, 268, 10.1016/j.compag.2015.08.004 Lindner, 1974, Zur technologie und okonomie der tiefockerung verdichteter boden mit dem anbautieflockerer B371, Arch. Acker-u-Ptlanzenbau u Bodenkd., 18, 629 Loukanov, 2005, Draught requirements of enamel coated animal drawn mouldboard plough, Res. Agric. Eng., 51, 56, 10.17221/4903-RAE Mahadi, M.R., 2005. Development of a Soil Bin Test Facility for Soil Dynamics Study (Master thesis). Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Canada. Mamman, 2005, Draught performance of a range of model chisel furrowers, Agric. Eng. Int. CIGR J. Manuwa, S.I., 2002. Development of an Equipment of Soil Tillage Dynamics and Evaluation of Tillage Parameters (unpublished Ph.D thesis). Department of Agricultural Engineering, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria. Manuwa, 2009, Performance evaluation of tillage tines operating under different depths in a sandy clay loam soil, Soil Till. Res., 103, 399, 10.1016/j.still.2008.12.004 Manuwa, 2007, Draught and soil disturbance of model tillage tines under varying soil parameters, Agric. Eng. Int. CIGR J. Manuwa, 2010, Development of overhead gantry as complementary equipment to indoor soil bin facility, Res. J. Appl. Sci., 5, 92, 10.3923/rjasci.2010.92.95 Marakoglu, 2009, Effects of design parameters of a cultivator share on draught force and soil loosening in a soil bin, J. Agron., 8, 21, 10.3923/ja.2009.21.26 Mardani, 2010, Studies on a long soil bin for soil-tool interaction, Cercetări Agronomice în Moldova, 142 McKyes, 1985, 217 Mouazen, 1999, Tillage tool design by the finite element method: Part 2. Experimental validation of the finite element results with soil bin test, J. Agric. Eng. Res., 72, 53, 10.1006/jaer.1998.0344 Mouazen, 1998, A review of the finite element modelling techniques of soil tillage, Math. Comput. Simul., 48, 23, 10.1016/S0378-4754(98)00152-9 Mouazen, 2007, Improving animal drawn tillage system in Ethiopian highlands, Soil Till. Res., 95, 218, 10.1016/j.still.2007.01.003 Niyamapa, 2000, Force and pressure distribution under vibratory tillage tool, J. Terramech., 37, 139, 10.1016/S0022-4898(00)00004-5 Niyamapa, 2000, Soil disturbance and force mechanics of vibrating tillage tool, J. Terramech., 37, 151, 10.1016/S0022-4898(00)00005-7 Nyssen, 2011, The use of the marasha ard plough for conservation agriculture in northern Ethiopia, Agron. Sustain. Dev., 31, 287, 10.1051/agro/2010014 Onwualu, A.P., Watts, K.C., 1989. Development of a soil bin test facility. ASAE Paper No. 89-1106, ASAE, St Joseph: Michigan. Pathak, B.S., 1988. Survey of Agricultural Implements and Crop Production Techniques. Research Report 1/1988. Institute of Agricultural Research, Ethiopia. Plouffe, C., Lague, C., Tessier, S., Richard, M., McLaughlin, N., 1999a. Validations of moldboard plow simulation with FEM on a heavy clay soil. ASAE Paper No. 98-1065. ASAE, St. Joseph. Plouffe, C., Lague, C., Tessier, S., Richard, M., McLaughlin, N., 1999b. Moldboard plow performance in a clay soil: simulation and experiment. ASAE Paper No. 98-1066. ASAE, St. Joseph, MI. Potter, 1993, Physical and chemical properties of a vertisol with continuous controlled traffic, no till management, Trans. ASAE., 36, 95, 10.13031/2013.28319 Qaisrani, A.R., 1993. The Effects of Modified and Unsmoothed Surfaces on the Draught of Bulldozing Plates and Mouldboard Plows (Ph.D. Dissertation). Jilin University of Technology, Changchun, China. Qaisrani, 1992, Modified and unsmoothed surfaces – a means to reduce plowing resistance, Agric. Eng. J., 1, 115 Qaisrani, 2010, Soil adhesion preventing mechanism of bionic bulldozing plates and mouldboard plows, Adv. Nat. Sci., 3, 100 Qian, 1999, Using characteristics of burrowing animals to reduce soil–tool Adhesion, Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng., 42, 1549, 10.13031/2013.13319 Radford, 2000, Changes in the properties of a Vertisol and responses of wheat after compaction with harvester traffic, Soil Till. Res., 54, 155, 10.1016/S0167-1987(00)00091-X Ranta, O., Drocas, I., Stanila, S., Molnar, A., and Marian, O., 2009. Influence of disc kinematic regime used in no tillage technology, on germinative bed cone index. Bulletin UASVM Agriculture. 66 (1)/2009. Print ISSN 1843-5246; Electronic ISSN 1843-5386. Raper, 2005, Force requirements and soil disruption of straight and bentleg subsoilers for conservation tillage system, Appl. Eng. Agric. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng., 21, 787, 10.13031/2013.19704 Reeder, 2002, Controlled traffic, 233 Rosa, U.A., 1997. Performance of Narrow Tillage Tools with Inertial and Strain Rate Effects (Ph.D. thesis). Department of Agricultural and Bioresource Engineering, University of Saskatchewan. Rosa, 2008, Soil bin monorail for high-speed testing of narrow tillage tools, Biosyst. Eng., 99, 444, 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2007.11.010 Sahu, 2006, Draught prediction of agricultural implements using reference tillage tools in sandy clay loam soil, Biosyst. Eng., 94, 275, 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2006.01.015 Schulte, 1974, Untersuchungen zur entwicklung effektiver Gerate und werkzeuge mit geringem zugkraftbedarf zur tieflockerung und gleichzeitigen einbringung bodenverbessernder materialien, Arch. Acker-u-Pflanzenbau u Bodenkd., 18, 617 Siemens, 1964, Soil bin and model studies on tillage tests and traction devices, J. Terrramech., 1, 56, 10.1016/0022-4898(64)90065-5 Smith, 1973, Deanston subsoiZplough Spoor, 2006, Alleviation of soil compaction: requirements, equipment and techniques, Soil Use Manage., 22, 113, 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2006.00015.x Spoor, 1978, An experimental investigation into the deep loosening of soil by rigid tines, J. Agric. Eng. Res., 23, 243, 10.1016/0021-8634(78)90099-9 Stafford, 1979, The performance of a rigid tine in relation to soil properties and speed, J. Agric. Eng. Res., 24, 41, 10.1016/0021-8634(79)90059-3 Starkey, 1988 Suminitrado, D.C., Koike, M., Konaka, T., Yuzawa, A., Kurioshi, I., 1988. A mathematical model to predict the trajectory of soil motion on a mouldboard plow surface. In: Proceedings of the 2nd Asia-Pacific Conference of the International Society for Terrain Vehicle System, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 195–204. Trousse, 1959, Deep tillage in Hawaii: 1. Subsoiling, Soil Sci., 88, 150, 10.1097/00010694-195988030-00006 UNDP report, 2000, Plowing for progress: Ethiopia. Sharing innovation experience, Sci. Technol., 1, 209 Vozka, P., 2007. Comparison of Alternative Tillage Systems (M.Sc. thesis). Cransfield University, School of Applied Sciences, National Soil Resources Institute. Wismer, R.D., 1984. Soil bin facilities: characteristics and utilization. In: Proc. 8th International Conference, International Society for Terrainvehicle Systems, 6, 10 August, Cambridge, England. vol. III, pp. 1201–1216. Zaugg, H., 1992. Improving the supply and distribution of farm implements in Ethiopia: some experience and constraints. ATNESA Workshop 18–23, Lusaka, Zambia.