Effect of empathy trait on attention to various facial expressions: evidence from N170 and late positive potential (LPP)
Tóm tắt
The present study sought to clarify the relationship between empathy trait and attention responses to happy, angry, surprised, afraid, and sad facial expressions. As indices of attention, we recorded event-related potentials (ERP) and focused on N170 and late positive potential (LPP) components. Twenty-two participants (12 males, 10 females) discriminated facial expressions (happy, angry, surprised, afraid, and sad) from emotionally neutral faces under an oddball paradigm. The empathy trait of participants was measured using the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI, J Pers Soc Psychol 44:113–126, 1983). Participants with higher IRI scores showed: 1) more negative amplitude of N170 (140 to 200 ms) in the right posterior temporal area elicited by happy, angry, surprised, and afraid faces; 2) more positive amplitude of early LPP (300 to 600 ms) in the parietal area elicited in response to angry and afraid faces; and 3) more positive amplitude of late LPP (600 to 800 ms) in the frontal area elicited in response to happy, angry, surprised, afraid, and sad faces, compared to participants with lower IRI scores. These results suggest that individuals with high empathy pay attention to various facial expressions more than those with low empathy, from very-early stage (reflected in N170) to late-stage (reflected in LPP) processing of faces.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Gazzaniga M: Human: The Science Behind What Makes us Unique. 2008, New York: HarperCollins Publisher
Carr L, Iacoboni M, Dubeau MC, Mazziotta JC, Lenzi GL: Neural mechanisms of empathy in humans: a relay from neural systems for imitation to limbic areas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003, 100: 5497-5502.
Leslie KR, Johnson-Frey SH, Grafton ST: Functional imaging of face and hand imitation: towards a motor theory of empathy. Neuroimage. 2004, 21: 601-607.
Schulte-Rüther M, Markowitsch HJ, Fink GR, Piefke M: Mirror neuron and theory of mind mechanisms involved in face-to-face interactions: a functional magnetic resonance imaging approach to empathy. J Cogn Neurosci. 2007, 19: 1354-1372.
Choi D, Watanuki S: Effect of empathy trait on attention to faces: an event-related potential (ERP) study. J Physiol Anthropol. 2014, 33: 4-
Soria Bauser D, Thoma P, Suchan B: Turn to me: electrophysiological correlates of frontal vs. averted view face and body processing are associated with trait empathy. Front Integr Neurosci. 2012, 6: 106-
Jabbi M, Swart M, Keysers C: Empathy for positive and negative emotions in the gustatory cortex. Neuroimage. 2007, 34: 1744-1753.
Chakrabarti B, Bullmore E, Baron-Cohen S: Empathizing with basic emotions: common and discrete neural substrates. Soc Neurosci. 2006, 1: 364-384.
Cuthbert BN, Schupp HT, Bradley MM, Birbaumer N, Lang PJ: Brain potentials in affective picture processing: covariation with autonomic arousal and affective report. Biol Psychol. 2000, 52: 95-111.
Weinberg A, Ferri J, Hajcak G: Interactions between attention and emotion: insights from the late positive potential. Handbook of Cognition and Emotion. Edited by: Robinson MD, Watkins ER, Harmon-Jones E. 2013, New York: Guilford Press, 35-54.
Lang P, Bradley MM, Cuthbert BN: Motivated attention: Affect, activation, and action. Attention and Orienting: Sensory and Motivational Processes. Edited by: Lang PJ, Simons RF, Balaban MT. 1997, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 97-136.
Olofsson JK, Nordin S, Sequeira H, Polich J: Affective picture processing: an integrative review of ERP findings. Biol Psychol. 2008, 77: 247-265.
Schupp HT, Cuthbert BN, Bradley MM, Cacioppo JT, Ito T, Lang PJ: Affective picture processing: the late positive potential is modulated by motivational relevance. Psychophysiology. 2000, 37: 257-261.
Weinberg A, Hilgard J, Bartholow BD, Hajcak G: Emotional targets: evaluative categorization as a function of context and content. Int J Psychophysiol. 2012, 84: 149-154.
Weinberg A, Hajcak G: The late positive potential predicts subsequent interference with target processing. J Cogn Neurosci. 2011, 23: 2994-3007.
Hajcak G, MacNamara A, Olvet DM: Event-related potentials, emotion, and emotion regulation: an integrative review. Dev Neuropsychol. 2010, 35: 129-155.
Hajcak G, Weinberg A, MacNamara A, Foti D: ERPs and the study of emotion. Oxford Handbook of Event-related Potential Components. Edited by: Luck SJ, Kappenman ES. 2012, New York: Oxford University Press, 441-474.
Bentin S, Allison T, Puce A, Perez E, McCarthy G: Electrophysiological studies of face perception in humans. J Cogn Neurosci. 1996, 8: 551-565.
Campanella S, Hanoteau C, Dépy D, Rossion B, Bruyer R, Crommelinck M, Guérit JM: Right N170 modulation in a face discrimination task: an account for categorical perception of familiar faces. Psychophysiology. 2000, 37: 796-806.
Eimer M, Holmes A: An ERP study on the time course of emotional face processing. Neuroreport. 2002, 13: 427-431.
Holmes A, Vuilleumier P, Eimer M: The processing of emotional facial expression is gated by spatial attention: evidence from event-related brain potentials. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res. 2003, 16: 174-184.
Taylor MJ, McCarthy G, Saliba E, Degiovanni E: ERP evidence of developmental changes in processing of faces. Clin Neurophysiol. 1999, 110: 910-915.
Davis MH: Measuring individual differences in empathy: evidence for a multidimensional approach. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1983, 44: 113-126.
Hooker CI, Verosky SC, Germine LT, Knight RT, D’Esposito M: Mentalizing about emotion and its relationship to empathy. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2008, 3: 204-217.
Singer T, Seymour B, O’Doherty J, Kaube H, Dolan RJ, Frith CD: Empathy for pain involves the affective but not the sensory components of pain. Science. 2004, 303: 1157-1161.
Krämer UM, Mohammadi B, Doñamayor N, Samii A, Münte TF: Emotional and cognitive aspects of empathy and their relation to social cognition - an fMRI-study. Brain Res. 2010, 1311: 110-120.
Ekman P, Friesen WV: Constants across cultures in the face and emotion. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1971, 17: 124-129.
Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S: The Empathy Quotient (EQ). An investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord. 2004, 34: 163-175.
Decety J, Jackson PL: The functional architecture of human empathy. Behav Cogn Neurosci Rev. 2004, 3: 71-100.
Zaki J, Ochsner KN: The neuroscience of empathy: progress, pitfalls and promise. Nat Neurosci. 2012, 15: 675-680.
Sakurai S: The relationship between empathy and helping behavior in college students. Bulletin. 1998, 37: 149-154. (in Japanese with English abstract)
Lundqvist D, Flykt A, Öhman A: The Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces - KDEF, CD ROM from Department of Clinical Neuroscience. 1998, Karolinska Institutet: Psychology section, 91-630-7164-9
Towle VL, Bolaños J, Suarez D, Tan K, Grzeszczuk R, Levin DN, Cakmur R, Frank SA, Spire JP: The spatial location of EEG electrodes: locating the best-fitting sphere relative to cortical anatomy. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1993, 86: 1-6.
Luo W, Feng W, He W, Wang NY, Luo YJ: Three stages of facial expression processing: ERP study with rapid serial visual presentation. Neuroimage. 2010, 49: 1857-1867.
Zhang D, Luo W, Luo Y: Single-trial ERP analysis reveals facial expression category in a three-stage scheme. Brain Res. 2013, 1512: 78-88.
Eimer M, Holmes A, McGlone FP: The role of spatial attention in the processing of facial expression: an ERP study of rapid brain responses to six basic emotions. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 2003, 3: 97-110.
Herrmann MJ, Aranda D, Ellgring H, Mueller TJ, Strik WK, Heidrich A, Fallgatter AJ: Face-specific event-related potential in humans is independent from facial expression. Int J Psychophysiol. 2002, 45: 241-244.
Amrhein C, Mühlberger A, Pauli P, Wiedemann G: Modulation of event-related brain potentials during affective picture processing: a complement to startle reflex and skin conductance response?. Int J Psychophysiol. 2004, 54: 231-240.
Hauswald A, Schulz H, Iordanov T, Kissler J: ERP dynamics underlying successful directed forgetting of neutral but not negative pictures. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2011, 6: 450-459.
Leutgeb V, Schäfer A, Köchel A, Schienle A: Exposure therapy leads to enhanced late frontal positivity in 8- to 13-year-old spider phobic girls. Biol Psychol. 2012, 90: 97-104.
Spreckelmeyer KN, Kutas M, Urbach TP, Altenmüller E, Münte TF: Combined perception of emotion in pictures and musical sounds. Brain Res. 2006, 1070: 160-170.
Kim H, Somerville LH, Johnstone T, Alexander A, Whalen PJ: Inverse amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex responses to surprised faces. Neuroreport. 2003, 14: 2317-2322.
Neta M, Norris CJ, Whalen PJ: Corrugator muscle responses are associated with individual differences in positivity-negativity bias. Emotion. 2009, 9: 640-648.
Neta M, Davis FC, Whalen PJ: Valence resolution of ambiguous facial expressions using an emotional oddball task. Emotion. 2011, 11: 1425-1433.