Effect of dietary inclusion level of distillers dried grains with solubles on layer performance, egg characteristics, and consumer acceptability

Renewable Fuels Association. 2008. Industry resources: Co-products. Historic distillers grains production from U.S. ethanol biorefineries. http://www.ethanolrfa.org/industry/resources/coproducts/ Accessed Apr. 6, 2009. Batal, 2006, True metabolizable energy and amino acid digestibility of distillers dried grains with solubles, J. Appl. Poult. Res., 15, 89, 10.1093/japr/15.1.89 Parsons, 1983, Distillers dried grains with solubles as a protein source for the chick, Poult. Sci., 62, 2445, 10.3382/ps.0622445 Fastinger, 2006, Amino acid availability and true metabolizable energy content of corn distillers dried grains with solubles in adult cecectomized roosters, Poult. Sci., 85, 1212, 10.1093/ps/85.7.1212 Rosentrater, 2006, Some physical properties of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), Appl. Eng. Agric., 22, 589, 10.13031/2013.21212 Weather and day length history for the area, during the dates the molt and study were being conducted, was obtained from Weather Underground (http://www.wunderground.com) using the history option for the Golden Triangle Region of Mississippi. Mississippi State University and the poultry research farm are wholly contained in this region. NRC, 1994 Peebles, 2004 Instron 5544 Universal testing machine, Instron, Norwood, MA. Model CR-200 chromameter, Minolta Camera Co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan. Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage, 1978 Technical Services and Supplies Ltd., Chessingham Park, Dunnington, York, UK Data in this experiment were evaluated by ANOVA in a randomized complete block design, with each group of 5 pens representing an experimental unit. Data were tested for 2-way interactions (DDGS level × week). Data were analyzed by the GLM procedure of SAS (Version 9.3, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC), and DDGS treatment effects (P ≤ 0.05) were separated by Fisher’s protected LSD test option of SAS at α ≤ 0.05. Each panel consisted of students, staff, and faculty at Mississippi State University. Participants were recruited by e-mail correspondence sent on the day of the test with information regarding panel details, and by asking people passing by the vicinity of the test (word of mouth) if they would be interested in participating in the test. Eggs from each treatment were cooked individually in frying pans (15-cm-diameter Non-Stick Cookware, Farberware, Needham, MA) in the form of an omelet and then cut into 8 uniform pieces (2.5 × 3.0 cm). Eggs were cooked on a medium burner level for approximately 1 min on each side until slight browning occurred on each side of the omelet. Omelet pieces were then kept warm (60 to 70°C) in an 8-quart chafer dish (Polar Ware Co., Kiel, WI) until panelists evaluated the samples. Samples were stored in chafer dishes for only approximately 10 to 15 min to prevent them from drying out. Panelists were asked to evaluate the control sample first and then determine how different (in terms of flavor), the other 3 coded samples were from the control sample by rating this difference on a scale from 0 to 4, where 0 = no difference, 1 = slight difference, 2 = moderate difference, 3 = large difference, and 4 = very large difference. Meilgaard, 2007, Affective tests., 63 A randomized complete block design (replications and panelists as blocks) with 2 replications was used to test the treatment effects (P ≤ 0.10) of diet on the ability of panelists to perceive a difference from the control, the overall acceptability, and the acceptability of texture and flavor (Statistical Analysis Software, Version 9.3, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Fisher’s protected LSD test was used to separate treatment means when significant differences (α ≤ 0.05) occurred. Bovans, 2006 Roberts, 2007, Effects of dietary fiber and reduced crude protein on nitrogen balance and egg production in laying hens, Poult. Sci., 86, 1716, 10.1093/ps/86.8.1716 Matterson, 1965, Corn distillers dried grains with solubles in rations for high-producing hens, Poult. Sci., 45, 147, 10.3382/ps.0450147 Lumpkins, 2005, Use of distillers dried grains plus solubles in laying hen diets, J. Appl. Poult. Res., 14, 25, 10.1093/japr/14.1.25 Pineda, 2008, Maximum dietary content of corn dried distiller’s grains with solubles in diets for laying hens. Effects on nitrogen balance, manure excretion, egg production, and egg quality., 2009 Jensen, 1978, Interior egg quality: Improvement by distillers feeds and trace elements, Poult. Sci., 57, 648, 10.3382/ps.0570648 Lilburn, 1984, Evaluation of corn fermentation solubles as a feed ingredient for laying hens, Poult. Sci., 63, 542, 10.3382/ps.0630542