Effect of Dual CO2 Technologies on the Properties of Mortars with Slag Cement
Tóm tắt
This research study aimed to investigate the effects of combining CO2 liquid and CO2 gas on the properties of mortars, both with and without slag cement. The study involved eight different mixtures, varying in slag cement content (0% and 30%), water source (normal water (NW) or carbonated water (CW)), and water-to-binder ratios (w/b) of 0.45 and 0.55. Two curing types were employed: normal or conventional curing (NC) and 24-h CO2 curing (CC). Strength and durability measurements at 7 and 28 days as well as flowability assessments were conducted following ASTM standards. The results revealed that using CW in NC samples generally increased early strength by 2–12% at 7 days. However, this improvement did not translate into enhanced long-term strength at 28 days, as the studied mixtures experienced an average decrease between 2 and 5%. Additionally, combining CC and CW showed significant enhancements in both strength and durability for slag cement mortars. These enhancements ranged from 3 to 8% compared to the reference samples. It is worth noting that combining multiple CO2 approaches did not consistently produce a synergistic effect. Therefore, it is recommended to avoid employing more than one CO2 technology in concrete materials, especially when dealing with high w/b. These findings suggest that using CW can be beneficial when prioritizing early strength over long-term strength, such as in precast concrete plants. Furthermore, the combination of CC and CW offers the potential for producing slag cement mortars with performance comparable to those containing 100% ordinary Portland cement (OPC).
Tài liệu tham khảo
Godbold JA, Calosi P (2013) Ocean acidification and climate change: advances in ecology and evolution. Phil Trans R Soc B Biol Sci 368:20120448. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0448
Habert G, Ouellet-Plamondon C (2016) Recent update on the environmental impact of geopolymers. RILEM Tech Lett 1:17. https://doi.org/10.21809/rilemtechlett.v1.6
Li Y, Liu Y, Gong X, Nie Z, Cui S, Wang Z, Chen W (2016) Environmental impact analysis of blast furnace slag applied to ordinary Portland cement production. J Clean Prod 120:221–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.12.071
Kosmatka SH, Wilson ML (2016) Design and control of concrete mixtures, 16th edn. Portland Cement Association, Ontario
Bijen J (1996) Benefits of slag and fly ash. Constr Build Mater 10:309–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/0950-0618(95)00014-3
Dixit A, Du H, Pang SD (2021) Carbon capture in ultra-high performance concrete using pressurized CO2 curing. Constr Build Mater 288:123076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123076
Rostami V, Shao Y, Boyd AJ (2012) Carbonation curing versus steam curing for precast concrete production. J Mater Civ Eng 24:1221–1229. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000462
Yang KH, Seo EA, Tae SH (2014) Carbonation and CO2 uptake of concrete. Environ Impact Assess Rev 46:43–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2014.01.004
Moro C, Francioso V, Velay-Lizancos M (2021) Modification of CO2 capture and pore structure of hardened cement paste made with nano-TiO2 addition: Influence of water-to-cement ratio and CO2 exposure age. Constr Build Mater 275:122131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.122131
Moro C, Francioso V, Velay-Lizancos M (2021) Impact of nano-TiO2 addition on the reduction of net CO2 emissions of cement pastes after CO2 curing. Cem Concr Compos 123:104160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2021.104160
Pade C, Guimaraes M (2007) The CO2 uptake of concrete in a 100 year perspective. Cem Concr Res 37:1348–1356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.06.009
Morandeau A, Thiry M, Dangla P (2014) Investigation of the carbonation mechanism of CH and C–S–H in terms of kinetics, microstructure changes and moisture properties. Cem Concr Res 56:153–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.11.015
Thiery M, Villain G, Dangla P, Platret G (2007) Investigation of the carbonation front shape on cementitious materials: effects of the chemical kinetics. Cem Concr Res 37:1047–1058. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.04.002
Rostami V, Shao Y, Boyd AJ, He Z (2012) Microstructure of cement paste subject to early carbonation curing. Cem Concr Res 42:186–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.09.010
Zhang D, Ghouleh Z, Shao Y (2017) Review on carbonation curing of cement-based materials. J CO2 Util 21:119–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2017.07.003
Chen T, Bai M, Gao X (2021) Carbonation curing of cement mortars incorporating carbonated fly ash for performance improvement and CO2 sequestration. J CO2 Util 51:101633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2021.101633
Wang J, Xu H, Xu D, Du P, Zhou Z, Yuan L, Cheng X (2019) Accelerated carbonation of hardened cement pastes: influence of porosity. Constr Build Mater 225:159–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.088
Siddique S, Naqi A, Jang JG (2020) Influence of water to cement ratio on CO2 uptake capacity of belite-rich cement upon exposure to carbonation curing. Cem Concr Compos 111:103616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2020.103616
Zhang D, Shao Y (2016) Effect of early carbonation curing on chloride penetration and weathering carbonation in concrete. Constr Build Mater 123:516–526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.07.041
Chen T, Gao X (2020) Use of carbonation curing to improve mechanical strength and durability of pervious concrete. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 8:3872–3884. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b07348
Young JF, Berger RL, Breese J (1974) Accelerated curing of compacted calcium silicate mortars on exposure to CO2. J Am Ceram Soc 57:394–397. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1974.tb11420.x
Klemm WA, Berger RL (1972) Accelerated curing of cementitious systems by carbon dioxide. Cem Concr Res 2:567–576. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(72)90111-1
Yi Z, Wang T, Guo R (2020) Sustainable building material from CO2 mineralization slag: aggregate for concretes and effect of CO2 curing. J CO2 Util 40:101196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2020.101196
Zajac M, Lechevallier A, Durdzinski P, Bullerjahn F, Skibsted J (2020) CO2 mineralisation of Portland cement: towards understanding the mechanisms of enforced carbonation. J CO2 Util 38:398–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2020.02.015
Meng D, Unluer C, Yang E-H, Qian S (2022) Carbon sequestration and utilization in cement-based materials and potential impacts on durability of structural concrete. Constr Build Mater 361:129610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129610
Monkman S, Hanmore A, Thomas M (2022) Sustainability and durability of concrete produced with CO2 beneficiated reclaimed water. Mater Struct 55:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-022-02012-9
Zajac M, Skibsted J, Durdzinski P, Bullerjahn F, Skocek J (2020) Kinetics of enforced carbonation of cement paste. Cem Concr Res 131:106013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2020.106013
Suescum-Morales D, Fernandez-Rodriguez JM, Jimenez JR (2022) Use of carbonated water to improve the mechanical properties and reduce the carbon footprint of cement-based materials with recycled aggregates. J CO2 Util 57:101886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2022.101886
Suescum-Morales D, Jimenez JR, Fernandez-Rodriguez JM (2022) Use of carbonated water as kneading in mortars made with recycled aggregates. Materials 15:4876. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15144876
Ho HJ, Iizuka A, Shibata E, Tomita H, Takano K, Endo T (2020) CO2 utilization via direct aqueous carbonation of synthesized concrete fines under atmospheric pressure. ACS Omega 5:15877–15890. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c00985
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (2020) ASTM C150/C150M—Standard specification for Portland cement. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, 2020. https://compass.astm.org/document/?contentCode=ASTM%7CC0150_C0150M-22%7Cen-US. Accessed 25 June 2023.
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (2022) ASTM C989/C989M—Standard specification for slag cement for use in concrete and mortars. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, 2022. https://compass.astm.org/document/?contentCode=ASTM%7CC0989_C0989M-22%7Cen-US. Accessed 25 June 2023.
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (2018) ASTM C33/C33M—Standard specification for concrete aggregates. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, 2018. https://compass.astm.org/document/?contentCode=ASTM%7CC0033_C0033M-18%7Cen-US. Accessed 25 June 2023.
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (2014) ASTM C136/C136M—Standard test method for sieve analysis of fine and coarse aggregates. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, 2014. https://compass.astm.org/document/?contentCode=ASTM%7CC0136_C0136M-19%7Cen-US. Accessed 25 June 2023.
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (2022) ASTM C31/C31M—Standard practice for making and curing concrete test specimens in the field. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, 2022. https://compass.astm.org/document/?contentCode=ASTM%7CC0031_C0031M-22%7Cen-US. Accessed 25 June 2023.
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (2023) ASTM C230/C230M—Standard specification for flow table for use in tests of hydraulic cement. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, 2023. https://compass.astm.org/document/?contentCode=ASTM%7CC0230_C0230M-23%7Cen-US. Accessed 25 June 2023.
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (2021) ASTM C348—Standard test method for flexural strength of concrete. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, 2021. https://compass.astm.org/document/?contentCode=ASTM%7CC0348-21%7Cen-US. Accessed 25 June 2023.
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (2018) ASTM C349—Standard test method for compressive strength of hydraulic-cement mortars (using portions of prisms broken in flexure). ASTM International, West Conshohocken, 2018. https://compass.astm.org/document/?contentCode=ASTM%7CC0349-18%7Cen-US. Accessed 25 June 2023.
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASTHO) (2015) AASHTO T 358: Surface resistivity indication of concrete’s ability to resist chloride ion penetration. https://store.transportation.org/Item/PublicationDetail?ID=4893. Accessed 25 June 2023.
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (2021) ASTM C642—Standard test method for density, absorption, and voids in hardened concrete. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, 2021. https://compass.astm.org/document/?contentCode=ASTM%7CC0642-21%7Cen-US. Accessed 25 June 2023.
Tracz T, Zdeb T (2019) Effect of hydration and carbonation progress on the porosity and permeability of cement pastes. Materials 12:192. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12010192