Effect of Child-Relevant Cognitions on Mother's Mood: The Moderating Effect of Child-Trait Conceptions
Tóm tắt
A large literature suggests that cognition inclose relationships influences interpersonal processesand outcomes. The present study sought to extend thisarea of inquiry by investigating whether valenced cognitions about a target-child influencesmother's mood, whether preexisting trait conceptions ofthe child moderates this effect, and whethercognition-induced mood alters subsequent traitconceptions of the target. Eightymothers listed and wroteabout positive or negative characteristics of theirchildren. Regardless of child-trait conceptions,activating positive information elevated mothers' mood. In contrast, activating negative informationlowered mood only in mothers with relatively negativechild-trait conceptions. Mood induced by the cognitiveactivation procedure also independently contributed to postactivation child-trait conceptions ofthe child. Results suggest that negative traitconceptions of a child may create a cognitive contextthat makes parents vulnerable to negative affectivereactions to child behavior.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Andersen, S. M., & Cole, S. W. (1990). ”Do I know you? ”: The role of significant others in general social perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 384–399.
Andersen, S. M., Glassman, N. S., Chen, S., & Cole, S. W. (1995). Transference in social perception: The role of chronic accessibility in significant-other representations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 41–57.
Anderson, C. A., & Hammen, C. L. (1993). Psychosocial outcomes of children of unipolar depressed, bipolar, medically ill, and normal women: A longitudinal study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 448–454.
Banaji, M. R., & Prentice , D. A. (1994). The self in social contexts. Annual Review of Psychology, 45, 297–332.
Berschid, E. (1994). Interpersonal relationships. Annual Review of Psychology, 45, 79–129.
Brewin, C. R., & Furnham, A. (1986). Attributional versus preattributional variables in self-esteem and depression: A comparison and test of learned helplessness theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 1013–1020.
Brody, G. H., & Forehand, R. (1986). Maternal perceptions of child maladjustment as a function of the combined influence of child behavior and maternal depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 237–240.
Brown, J. D., & Dutton, K. A. (1995). The thrill of victory, the complexity of defeat: Self-esteem and peoples' emotional re actions to success and failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 712–722.
Brown, J. D., & Mankowski, T. A. (1993). Self-esteem, mood, and se lf-evaluation: Changes in mood and the way you see you. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 421–430.
Bugental, D. B., & Cortez, V. L. (1988). Physiological reactivity to responsive and unresponsive children as moderated by perceived control. Child Development, 59, 686–693.
Bugental, D. D. (1992). Affective and cognitive processes within threat-oriented family systems. In I. E. Sigel, A. B. McGillicuddy-DeLisi, & J. J. Goodnow, (Eds.), Parental Belief systems2nd ed., (pp. 219–248). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Bugental, D. D., Blue, J., Cortez, B., Fleck, K., Kopeikin, H., Lewis, J. C., & Lyon, J. (1993). Social cognitions as organizers of autonomic and affective response s to social challenge. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 6494–103.
Bugental, D. D., Blue, J., & Lewis, J. (1990). Care giver Beliefs and dysphoric affect to difficult children. Developmental Psychology, 26, 631–638.
Burge, D., & Hammen, C. (1991). Maternal communication: Predictors of outcome at follow-up in a sample of children at high and low risk for depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 174–180.
Carlston, D. E., & Skowronski, J. J. (1994). Savings in the relearning of trait information as evidence for spontaneous inference generation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 840–856.
Chiariello, M. A., & Overschel, H. O. (1995). Patterns of parent-child communication: Relationship to depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 15, 395–407.
Clark, M. S., Helgeson, V. S., Mickelson, K., & Pataki, S. P. (1994). Some cognitive structures and processes relevant to relationship functioning. In R. S. Wyer & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition(Vol. 2, pp. 189–238). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Clore, G. L., Schwarz, J., & Conway, M. (1994). Affective causes and consequences of social information processing. In R. S. Wyer & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition(Vol. 1, pp. 323–17). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Delongis, A., Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1988). The impact of daily stress on health and mood: Psychological and social resources as mediators. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 486–495.
Dix, T. (1991). The affective organization of parenting: Adaptive and maladaptive processes. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 3–25.
Dix, T., & Grusec, J. (1985). Parent Attribution processes in the socialization of children. In I. E. Sigel (Ed.), Parental Belief Systems(pp. 201–233). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Downey, G., & Coyne, J. C. (1990). Children of depressed parents: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 50–76.
Dumas, J. E., & Serketich, W. J. (1994). Maternal depressive symptomatology and child maladjustment: A comparison of three process models. Behavior Therapy, 25, 161–181.
Erel, O., & Burman, B. (1995). Interrelatedness of marital relations and parent-child relations: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 118, 108–132.
Fiedler, K., Asbeck, J, & Nicke l, S. (1991). Mood and constructive memory effects on social judgment. Cognition and Emotion, 5, 363–378.
Fiske, S. T. (1995). Social cognition. In A. Tesser (Ed.), Advanced social psychology.New York: McGraw-Hill.
Fletcher, G. J. O., & Fincham F. D. (1991). Cognition in close relationships.Hillsdale, JN: Erlbaum.
Forgas, J. P. (1995). Mood and judgment: The affect infusion mode l (AIM). Psychological Bulletin, 117, 39–66.
Goodnow, J. J., & Collins, W. A. (1990). Development according to parents: The nature, sources, and consequences of parents' ideas.Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 4–27.
Heinberg, L. J., & Thompson, J. K. (1995). Body image and televised images of thinness and attractiveness: A controlled laboratory investigation. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 14, 325–338.
Higgins, E. T. (1989). Knowledge accessibility and activation: Subjectivity and suffering from unconscious sources. In J. S. Uleman & J. A. Bargh (Eds.), Unintended thought(pp. 75–123). New York: Guilford Press.
Jouriles, E. N., Murphy, C. M., & O'Leary, K. D. (1989). Effects of maternal mood on mother-son interaction patterns. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 17, 513–525.
Kaslow, N. J., Deering, C. G., & Racusin, G. R. (1994). Depressed children and their families. Clinical Psychology Review, 14, 39–59.
Lewicki, T., Hill, T., & Czyzewska, M. (1992). Nonconscious acquisition of information. American Psychologist, 47, 796–801.
Lewin, L., Hops, H., Aubuschon, A., & Budinger, T. (1989). Predictors of maternal satisfaction regarding clinic-referred children: Methodological considerations. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 17, 159–163.
Lyubomirsky, S., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1995). Effects of se lf-focused rumination on negative thinking and interpersonal problem solving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 176–190.
Miller, S. A. (1995). Parents' attributions for their children's behavior. Child Development, 66, 1557–1584.
Murray, S. L., Holmes, J. G., & Griffin, D. W. (1996). The benefits of positive illusions: Idealization and the construction of satisfaction in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 79–98.
National Advisory Mental Health Council. (1996). Basic behavioral science research for mental health: Family processes and social networks. American Psychologist, 51, 622–630.
Park, B. (1986). A method for studying the development of impressions of real people. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 907–917.
Pratto, F. & John, O. P. (1991). Automatic vigilance: The attention-grabbing power of negative social information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 380–391.
Reed, D. L., & Sacco, W. P. (1993). Positive and negative self-schema and the duration of induced mood.Paper presented at the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association, Toronto, Canada.
Reeder, G. D., & Coovert, M. D. (1986). Revising an impression of morality. Social Cognition, 4, 1–17.
Richters, J. E. (1992). Depressed mothers as informants about their children: A critical review of the evidence for distortion. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 485–499.
Rothbart, M., & Park, B. (1986). On the confirmability and disconfirmability of trait concepts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 131–142.
Sacco, W. P., & Beck, A. T. (1995). Cognitive theory and therapy. In E. Edward Beckham & W. R. Leber (Eds.), Handbook of depression: Treatment, assessment and research(2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
Sacco, W. P. (in press). A Social-cognitive mode l of interpersonal processes in depression. To appear in T. E. Joiner and J. C. Coyne (Eds.) Recent Advances in Interpersonal Approaches to Depression.American Psychological Association.
Sacco, W. P., Dumont, C. P., & Dow, M. G. (1993). Attributional, perceptual, and affective responses to depressed and nondepressed marital partners: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 10-76–1082.
Sacco, W. P., Johnson, S. A., & Tenzer, S. A. (1993). Parent perceptions, affective reactions, and depression in children. Paper presented at the 101st Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Toronto, Canada.
Sacco, W. P., & Murray, D. (1997). Mother-child relationship satisfaction: The role of attributions and trait conceptions. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 16,24–42.
Sarason, B. R., Pierce, G. R., Bannerman, A., & Sarason, I. G. (1993). Investigating the antecedents of perceived social support: Parents' views of and behavior toward their children. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1071–1085.
Scott, C. K., Fuhrman, R. W., & Wyer, R. S. (1991). Information processing in close relationships. In G. J. O. Fletcher & F. D. Fincham (Eds.), Cognition in close relationships(pp. 37–68). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Sherman, J. W., & Klein, S. B. (1994). Development and representation of personality impressions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 972–983.
Sherwood, J. J. (1965). Self-identity and referent others. Sociometry, 28, 66–81.
Sigel, I. E., McGillicuddy-DeLisi, A. V., & Goodnow, J. J. (1992). Parental belief systems: The psychological consequences for children(2nd ed). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Smith, S. M., & Petty, R. E. (1995). Personality moderators of mood congruency effects on cognition: The role of self-esteem and negative mood regulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 1092–1107.
Srull, T. K., & Wyer, R. S. (1989). Person, memory and judgment. Psychological Review, 96, 58–83.
Steele, C. M., Spencer, S. J., & Lynch, M. (1993). Self-image and dissonance: The role of affirmational resources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 885–896.
Taylor, S. E., & Brown, J. D. (1988). Illusion and well-being: A social psychological perspective on mental health. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 193–210.
Taylor, S. E. (1991). Asymmetrical effects of positive and negative events: The mobilization-minimization hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 67–85.
Whiffen, V. E. (1990). Maternal depressed mood and perceptions of child temperament. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 151, 329–339.
Wyer, R. S., & Carlston, D. E. (1994). The cognitive representation of persons and events. In R. S. Wyer & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition(Vol. 2, pp. 41–98). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Ybarra, O., & Stephan W. G. (1996). Misanthropic person memory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 691–700.