Ediacaran integrative stratigraphy and timescale of China

Science China Earth Sciences - Tập 62 Số 1 - Trang 7-24 - 2019
Chuanming Zhou1, Xunlai Yuan2, Shuhai Xiao3, Zhe Chen2, Hong Hua4
1CAS Key Laboratory of Economic Stratigraphy and Palaeogeography, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Palaeoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
2State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Palaeoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
3Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
4State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Adam Z R, Skidmore M L, Mogk D W, Butterfield N J. 2017. A Laurentian record of the earliest fossil eukaryotes. Geology, 45: 387–390

An Z, Jiang G, Tong J, Tian L, Ye Q, Song H, Song H. 2015. Stratigraphic position of the Ediacaran Miaohe biota and its constrains on the age of the upper Doushantuo δ 13C anomaly in the Yangtze Gorges area, South China. Precambrian Res, 271: 243–253

Anderson R P, Macdonald F A, Jones D S, McMahon S, Briggs D E G. 2017. Doushantuo-type microfossils from latest Ediacaran phosphorites of northern Mongolia. Geology, 45: 1079–1082

Cai Y, Hua H, Zhuravlev A Y, Gámez Vintaned J A, Ivantsov A Y. 2011. Discussion of ‘First finds of problematic Ediacaran fossil Gaojiashania in Siberia and its origin’. Geol Mag, 148: 329–333

Cai Y, Xiao S, Hua H, Yuan X. 2015. New material of the biomineralizing tubular fossil Sinotubulites from the late Ediacaran Dengying Formation, South China. Precambrian Res, 261: 12–24

Chen M, Wang Y. 1977. Tubular animal fossils in the middle Dengying Formation, Upper Sinian, East Yangtze Gorge (in Chinese). Chin Sci Bull, 22: 219–221

Chen Z, Zhou C, Meyer M, Xiang K, Schiffbauer J D, Yuan X, Xiao S. 2013. Trace fossil evidence for Ediacaran bilaterian animals with complex behaviors. Precambrian Res, 224: 690–701

Chen Z, Zhou C, Xiao S, Wang W, Guan C, Hua H, Yuan X. 2014. New Ediacara fossils preserved in marine limestone and their ecological implications. Sci Rep, 4: 4180

Cloud P, Glaessner M F. 1982. The Ediacarian Period and System: Metazoa inherit the Earth. Science, 217: 783–792

Condon D, Zhu M, Bowring S, Wang W, Yang A, Jin Y. 2005. U-Pb ages from the Neoproterozoic Doushantuo Formation, China. Science, 308: 95–98

Cortijo I, Martí Mus M, Jensen S, Palacios T. 2015. Late Ediacaran skeletal body fossil assemblage from the Navalpino anticline, central Spain. Precambrian Res, 267: 186–195

Cui H, Kaufman A J, Xiao S, Zhou C, Liu X M. 2017. Was the Ediacaran Shuram Excursion a globally synchronized early diagenetic event? Insights from methane-derived authigenic carbonates in the uppermost Doushantuo Formation, South China. Chem Geol, 450: 59–80

Darroch S A F, Boag T H, Racicot R A, Tweedt S, Mason S J, Erwin D H, Laflamme M. 2016. A mixed Ediacaran-metazoan assemblage from the Zaris Sub-basin, Namibia. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol, 459: 198–208

Ding L, Li Y, Hu X, Xiao Y, Su C, Huang J. 1996. Sinian Miaohe Biota (in Chinese). Beijing: Geological Publishing House. 1–221

Glaessner M F. 1966. Precambrian palaeontology. Earth-Sci Rev, 1: 29–50

Grabau A W. 1922. The Sinian System. Bull Geol Soc China, 1: 44–88

Gradstein F M, Ogg J G, Smith A G, Bleeker W, Lourens L J. 2004. A new Geologic Time Scale, with special reference to Precambrian and Neogene. Episodes, 27: 83–100

Grey K. 2005. Ediacaran palynology of Australia. Mem Ass Australasian Palaeont, 31: 1–439

Grotzinger J P, Fike D A, Fischer W W. 2011. Enigmatic origin of the largest-known carbon isotope excursion in Earth’s history. Nat Geosci, 4: 285–292

Harland W B, Armstrong R L, Cox A V, Craig L E, Smith A G, Smith D G. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1–263

Harland W B, Rudwick M S. 1964. The great Infra-Cambrian ice age. Sci Amer, 211: 28–36

Harland W B. 1964. Critical evidence for a great infra-Cambrian glaciation. Geol Rundsch, 54: 45–61

Hawkins A D, Xiao S, Jiang G, Wang X, Shi X. 2017. New biostratigraphic and chemostratigraphic data from the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation in intra-shelf and upper slope facies of the Yangtze platform: Implications for biozonation of acanthomorphic acritarchs in South China. Precambrian Res, 300: 28–39

He X B, Xu B, Yuan Z Y. 2007. C-isotope composition and correlation of the Upper Neoproterozoic in Keping area, Xinjiang (in Chinese). Chin Sci Bull, 52: 504–511

Hu G, Zhao T, Zhou Y. 2014. Depositional age, provenance and tectonic setting of the Proterozoic Ruyang Group, southern margin of the North China Craton. Precambrian Res, 246: 296–318

Hua H, Chen Z, Yuan X. 2007. The advent of mineralized skeletons in Neoproterozoic Metazoa—New fossil evidence from the Gaojiashan Fauna. Geol J, 42: 263–279

Hua H, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Wang J. 2001. Assemblage zones of Gaojiashan biota and their characteristic. J Stratigr, 25: 10–17

Javaux E, Knoll A H, Walter M R. 2001. Morphological and ecological complexity in early eukaryotic Ecosystems. Nature, 412: 66–69

Jenkins R J F. 1981. The concept of an ′Ediacaran Period′ and its stratigraphic significance in Australia. T Roy Soc South Aust, 105: 179–194

Jiang G, Kaufman A J, Christie-Blick N, Zhang S, Wu H. 2007. Carbon isotope variability across the Ediacaran Yangtze platform in South China: Implications for a large surface-to-deep ocean δ 13C gradient. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 261: 303–320

Joshi H, Tiwari M. 2016. Tianzhushania spinosa and other large acanthomorphic acritarchs of Ediacaran Period from the Infrakrol Formation, Lesser Himalaya, India. Precambrian Res, 286: 325–336

Kao C S, Hsiung Y H, Kao P. 1934. Preliminary notes on Sinian stratigraphy of North China. Bull Geol Soc China, 13: 243–288

Knoll A, Walter M, Narbonne G, Christie-Blick N. 2006. The Ediacaran Period: A new addition to the geologic time scale. Lethaia, 39: 13–30

Knoll A H. 1992. Microfossils in metasedimentary cherts of the Scotia Group, Prins Karls Forland, western Svalbard. Palaeontology, 35: 751–774

Lambert I B, Walter M R, Wenlong Z, Songnian L, Guogan M. 1987. Palaeoenvironment and carbon isotope stratigraphy of Upper Proterozoic carbonates of the Yangtze Platform. Nature, 325: 140–142

Lan Z, Li X, Chen Z Q, Li Q, Hofmann A, Zhang Y, Zhong Y, Liu Y, Tang G, Ling X, Li J. 2014. Diagenetic xenotime age constraints on the Sanjiaotang Formation, Luoyu Group, southern margin of the North China Craton: Implications for regional stratigraphic correlation and early evolution of eukaryotes. Precambrian Res, 251: 21–32

Lee J S, Chao. Y T. 1924. Geology of the Gorge district of the Yangtze from Ichang to Tzekuei with special reference to development of the Gorges. Bull Geol Soc China, 3: 351–392

Liu H. 1991. The Sinian System in China (in Chinese). Beijing: Science Press. 1–388

Liu P, Chen S, Zhu M, Li M, Yin C, Shang X. 2014a. High-resolution biostratigraphic and chemostratigraphic data from the Chenjiayuanzi section of the Doushantuo Formation in the Yangtze Gorges area, South China: Implication for subdivision and global correlation of the Ediacaran System. Precambrian Res, 249: 199–214

Liu P, Xiao S, Yin C, Chen S, Zhou C, Li M. 2014b. Ediacaran acanthomorphic acritarchs and other microfossils from chert nodules of the upper Doushantuo Formation in the Yangtze Gorges area, South China. J Paleontol, 88: 1–139

Liu P, Yin C, Chen S, Li M, Gao L, Tang F. 2012. Discussion on the Chronostratigraphic Subdivision of the Ediacaran (Sinian) in the Yangtze Gorges Area, South China. Acta Geol Sin, 86: 849–866

Liu P, Yin C, Chen S, Tang F, Gao L. 2013. The biostratigraphic succession of acanthomorphic acritarchs of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation in the Yangtze Gorges area, South China and its biostratigraphic correlation with Australia. Precambrian Res, 225: 29–43

Liu P, Yin C, Gao L, Tang F, Chen S. 2009. New material of microfossils from the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation in the Zhangcunping area, Yichang, Hubei Province and its zircon SHRIMP U-Pb age. Chin Sci Bull, 54: 1058–1064

Liu P, Yin C, Tang F. 2016. Research progress in the Ediacaran biostratigraphy of South China (in Chinese). In: Sun S, Wang T, eds. The Mesoand Neoproterozoic Geology and Oil Resources in Eastern China. Beijing: Science Press. 89–103

Lu M, Zhu M, Zhang J, Shields-Zhou G, Li G, Zhao F, Zhao X, Zhao M. 2013. The DOUNCE event at the top of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation, South China: Broad stratigraphic occurrence and non-diagenetic origin. Precambrian Res, 225: 86–109

McFadden K A, Xiao S, Zhou C, Kowalewski M. 2009. Quantitative evaluation of the biostratigraphic distribution of acanthomorphic acritarchs in the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation in the Yangtze Gorges area, South China. Precambrian Res, 173: 170–190

Moczydłowska M, Nagovitsin K E. 2012. Ediacaran radiation of organicwalled microbiota recorded in the Ura Formation, Patom Uplift, East Siberia. Precambrian Res, 198-199: 1–24

Narbonne G M, Xiao S, Shields G A, Gehling J G. 2012. The Ediacaran Period. In: Gradstein F M, Ogg J G, Schmitz M D, Ogg G M, eds. The Geologic Time Scale. Boston: Elsevier. 413–435

National Commission on Stratigraphy of China. 1983. Note of meeting on the late Precambrian classification and nomenclature (in Chinese). J Stratigr, 7: 28–29

National Commission on Stratigraphy of China. 2001. China Regional Chronostratigraphic (Geochronologic) Scale (1) (in Chinese). J Stratigr, 25(Suppl): 359

National Commission on Stratigraphy of China. 2014. The Stratigraphic Chart of China (in Chinese). Beijing: Geological Publishing House. 1

Ouyang Q, Guan C, Zhou C, Xiao S. 2017. Acanthomorphic acritarchs of the Doushantuo Formation from an upper slope section in northwestern Hunan Province, South China, with implications for early-middle Ediacaran biostratigraphy. Precambrian Res, 298: 512–529

Ouyang Q, Zhou C, Guan C, Wang W. 2015. New microfossils from the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation in the Yangtze Gorges area, South China, and their biostratigraphic implications (in Chinese). Acta Palaeontol Sin, 54: 207–229

Peng S, Wang X, Xiao S, Tong J, Hua H, Zhu M, Zhao Y. 2012. A call to replace the Chronostratigraphic unit Sinian System (Period) with the global Ediacaran System (Period) (in Chinese). J Stratigr, 36: 55–59

Plumb K A. 1991. New Precambrian time scale. Episodes, 14: 139–140

Pu J P, Bowring S A, Ramezani J, Myrow P, Raub T D, Landing E, Mills A, Hodgin E, Macdonald F A. 2016. Dodging snowballs: Geochronology of the Gaskiers glaciation and the first appearance of the Ediacaran biota. Geology, 44: 955–958

Shen B, Xiao S, Dong L, Zhou C, Liu J. 2007. Problematic macrofossils from Ediacaran successions in the North China and Chaidam blocks: Implications for their evolutionary roots and biostratigraphic significance. J Paleontology, 81: 1396–1411

Shen B, Xiao S, Zhou C, Kaufman A J, Yuan X. 2010. Carbon and sulfur isotope chemostratigraphy of the Neoproterozoic Quanji Group of the Chaidam Basin, NW China: Basin stratification in the aftermath of an Ediacaran glaciation postdating the Shuram event? Precambrian Res, 177: 241–252

Smith E F, Nelson L L, Strange M A, Eyster A E, Rowland S M, Schrag D P, Macdonald F A. 2016. The end of the Ediacaran: Two new exceptionally preserved body fossil assemblages from Mount Dunfee, Nevada, USA. Geology, 44: 911–914

Sokolov B S. 1952. On the age of the old sedimentary cover of the Russian Platform (in Russian). Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, 5: 21–31

Su W, Li H, Xu L, Jia S, Geng J, Zhou H, Wang Z, Pu H. 2012. Luoyu and Ruyang Group at the south margin of the North China craton (NCC) should belong in the Mesoproterozoic Changchengian System: Direct constraints from the LA-MC-ICPMS U-Pb age of the tuffite in the Luoyukou Formation, Ruzhou, Henan, China (in Chinese). Geol Surv Res, 35: 96–108

Tang F, Bengtson S, Wang Y, Wang X, Yin C. 2011. Eoandromeda and the origin of Ctenophora. Evol Dev, 13: 408–414

Tang F, Yin C, Bengtson S, Liu P, Wang Z, Gao L. 2008. Octoradiate Spiral Organisms in the Ediacaran of South China. Acta Geol Sin, 82: 27–34

Tang Q, Pang K, Xiao S, Yuan X, Ou Z, Wan B. 2013. Organic-walled microfossils from the early Neoproterozoic Liulaobei Formation in the Huainan region of North China and their biostratigraphic significance. Precambrian Res, 236: 157–181

Tang Q, Pang K, Yuan X, Wan B, Xiao S. 2015. Organic-walled microfossils from the Tonian Gouhou Formation, Huaibei region, North China Craton, and their biostratigraphic implications. Precambrian Res, 266: 296–318

Tarhan L G, Hughes N C, Myrow P M, Bhargava O N, Ahluwalia A D, Kudryavtsev A B. 2014. Precambrian-Cambrian boundary interval occurrence and form of the enigmatic tubular body fossil Shaanxilithes ningqiangensis from the Lesser Himalaya of India. Palaeontology, 57: 283–298

Vidal G. 1990. Giant acanthomorph acritarchs from the upper Proterozoic in southern Norway. Palaeontology, 33: 287–298

Wang W, Guan C, Zhou C, Peng Y, Pratt L M, Chen X, Chen L, Chen Z, Yuan X, Xiao S. 2017a. Integrated carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen isotope chemostratigraphy of the Ediacaran Lantian Formation in South China: Spatial gradient, ocean redox oscillation, and fossil distribution. Geobiology, 15: 552–571

Wang W, Zhou C, Guan C, Yuan X, Chen Z, Wan B. 2014. An integrated carbon, oxygen, and strontium isotopic studies of the Lantian Formation in South China with implications for the Shuram anomaly. Chem Geol, 373: 10–26

Wang X, Chen X, Wang C, Chen L. 2001. Basal boundary and its inner chronostratigraphic subdivision of the Sinian System in China (in Chinese). J Stratigr, 25(Suppl): 370–376

Wang Z, Wang J, Suess E, Wang G, Chen C, Xiao S. 2017b. Silicified glendonites in the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation (South China) and their potential paleoclimatic implications. Geology, 45: 115–118

Wen B, Evans D A D, Li Y X, Wang Z, Liu C. 2015. Newly discovered Neoproterozoic diamictite and cap carbonate (DCC) couplet in Tarim Craton, NW China: Stratigraphy, geochemistry, and paleoenvironment. Precambrian Res, 271: 278–294

Willman S, Moczydłowska M. 2008. Ediacaran acritarch biota from the Giles 1 drillhole, Officer Basin, Australia, and its potential for biostratigraphic correlation. Precambrian Res, 162: 498–530

Wood R A, Zhuravlev A Y, Sukhov S S, Zhu M, Zhao F. 2017. Demise of Ediacaran dolomitic seas marks widespread biomineralization on the Siberian Platform. Geology, 45: 27–30

Xiao S, Bao H, Wang H, Kaufman A J, Zhou C, Li G, Yuan X, Ling H. 2004. The Neoproterozoic Quruqtagh Group in eastern Chinese Tianshan: Evidence for a post-Marinoan glaciation. Precambrian Res, 130: 1–26

Xiao S, Bykova N, Kovalick A, Gill B C. 2017. Stable carbon isotopes of sedimentary kerogens and carbonaceous macrofossils from the Ediacaran Miaohe Member in South China: Implications for stratigraphic correlation and sources of sedimentary organic carbon. Precambrian Res, 302: 171–179

Xiao S, Droser M, Gehling J G, Hughes I V, Wan B, Chen Z, Yuan X. 2013. Affirming life aquatic for the Ediacara biota in China and Australia. Geology, 41: 1095–1098

Xiao S, Knoll A H, Kaufman A J, Yin L, Zhang Y. 1997. Neoproterozoic fossils in Mesoproterozoic rocks? Chemostratigraphic resolution of a biostratigraphic conundrum from the North China Platform. Precambrian Res, 84: 197–220

Xiao S, Laflamme M. 2009. On the eve of animal radiation: phylogeny, ecology and evolution of the Ediacara biota. Trends Ecol Evol, 24: 31–40

Xiao S, Muscente A D, Chen L, Zhou C, Schiffbauer J D, Wood A D, Polys N F, Yuan X. 2014a. The Weng’an biota and the Ediacaran radiation of multicellular eukaryotes. Nat Sci Rev, 1: 498–520

Xiao S, Narbonne G M, Zhou C, Laflamme M, Grazhdankin D V, Moczydlowska-Vidal M, Cui H. 2016. Towards an Ediacaran Time Scale: Problems, protocols, and prospects. Episodes, 39: 540–555

Xiao S, Yuan X, Steiner M, Knoll A H. 2002. Macroscopic carbonaceous compressions in a terminal Proterozoic shale: A systematic reassessment of the Miaohe biota, south China. J Paleont, 76: 347–376

Xiao S, Zhou C, Liu P, Wang D, Yuan X. 2014b. Phosphatized acanthomorphic acritarchs and related microfossils from the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation at Weng’an (South China) and their implications for biostratigraphic correlation. J Paleont, 88: 1–67

Xing Y, Gao Z, Wang Z, Gao L, Yin C. 1996. Stratigraphical Lexicon of China: Neoproterozoic (in Chinese). Beijing: Geological Publishing House. 1–117

Xing Y. 1988. Chronostratigraphic units (in Chinese). In: Zhao Z, Xing X, Ding Q, Liu G, Zhao Y, Zhang S, Meng X, Yin C, Ning B, Han P, eds. The Sinian System of Hubei. Wuhan: China University of Geosciences Press. 59–67

Xu B, Xiao S, Zou H, Chen Y, Li Z, Song B, Liu D, Zhou C, Yuan X. 2009. SHRIMP zircon U-Pb age constraints on Neoproterozoic Quruqtagh diamictites in NW China. Precambrian Res, 168: 247–258

Xue Y, Cao R, Tang T, Yin L, Yu C, Yang J. 2001. The Sinian stratigraphic sequence of the Yangtze region and correlation to the late Precambrian strata of North China. J Stratigr, 25: 207–216

Yang C, Li X H, Zhu M, Condon D J. 2017. SIMS U-Pb zircon geochronological constraints on upper Ediacaran stratigraphic correlations, South China. Geol Mag, 154: 1202–1216

Yang J, Sun W, Wang Z, Xue Y, Tao X. 1999. Variations in Sr and C isotopes and Ce anomalies in successions from China: Evidence for the oxygenation of Neoproterozoic seawater? Precambrian Res, 93: 215–233

Ye Q, Tong J, An Z, Hu J, Tian L, Guan K, Xiao S. 2017. A systematic description of new macrofossil material from the upper Ediacaran Miaohe Member in South China. J Systatic Palaeont, doi: 10.1080/ 14772019.2017.1404499

Yin C, Liu P, Awramik S M, Chen S, Tang F, Gao L, Wang Z, Riedman L A. 2011. Acanthomorph biostratigraphic succession of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation in the east Yangtze Gorges, South China. Acta Geol Sin, 85: 283–295

Yin C, Liu P, Chen S, Tang F, Gao L, Wang Z. 2009. Acritarch biostratigraphic succession of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation in the Yangtze Gorges (in Chinese). Acta Palaeontol Sin, 48: 146–154

Yin L, Li Z. 1978. Precambrian microfossils of Southwest China, with reference to their stratigraphic significance (in Chinese). Mem Nanjing Inst Geol Palaeont Aca Sin, 10: 41–108

Yin L, Zhu M, Knoll A H, Yuan X, Zhang J, Hu J. 2007. Doushantuo embryos preserved inside diapause egg cysts. Nature, 446: 661–663

Yuan X, Chen Z, Xiao S, Zhou C, Hua H. 2011. An early Ediacaran assemblage of macroscopic and morphologically differentiated eukaryotes. Nature, 470: 390–393

Yuan X, Wan B, Guan C, Chen Z, Zhou C, Xiao S, Wang W, Pang K, Tang Q, Hua H. 2016. The Lantian Biota (in Chinese). Shanghai: Shanghai Scientific & Technical Publishers. 1–138

Yuan X, Xiao S, Yin L, Knoll A, Zhou C, Mu X. 2002. Doushantuo Fossils: Life on the Eve of Animal Radiation (in Chinese). Hefei: China University of Science and Technology Press. 1–171

Zang W, Walter M R. 1992. Late Proterozoic and Early Cambrian microfossils and biostratigraphy, northern Anhui and Jiangsu, central-eastern China. Precambrian Res, 57: 243–323

Zhang Y, Yin L, Xiao S, Knoll A H. 1998. Permineralized fossils from the terminal Proterozoic Doushantuo Formation, South China. Paleont Soc Mem, 50: 1–52

Zhang Z, Hua H, Zhang Z. 2015. Problematic Ediacaran fossil Shaanxilithes from the Jiucheng Member of Wangjiawan section in Jinning, Yunnan Province (in Chinese). Acta Palaeont Sin, 54: 12–28

Zhao Y, He M, Chen M, Peng J, Yu M, Wang Y, Yang R, Wang P, Zhang Z. 2004. Discovery of a Miaohe-type biota from the Neoproterozoic Doushantuo Formation in Jiangkou County, Guizhou Province, China. Chin Sci Bull, 49: 2224–2228

Zhou C, Guan C, Cui H, Ouyang Q, Wang W. 2016. Methane-derived authigenic carbonate from the lower Doushantuo Formation of South China: Implications for seawater sulfate concentration and global carbon cycle in the early Ediacaran ocean. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol, 461: 145–155

Zhou C, Li X H, Xiao S, Lan Z, Ouyang Q, Guan C, Chen Z. 2017. A new SIMS zircon U-Pb date from the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation: Age constraint on the Weng’an biota. Geol Mag, 154: 1193–1201

Zhou C, Xiao S, Wang W, Guan C, Ouyang Q, Chen Z. 2017. The stratigraphic complexity of the middle Ediacaran carbon isotopic record in the Yangtze Gorges area, South China, and its implications for the age and chemostratigraphic significance of the Shuram excursion. Precambrian Res, 288: 23–38

Zhou C, Xiao S. 2007. Ediacaran δ 13C chemostratigraphy of South China. Chem Geol, 237: 89–108

Zhou C, Xie G, McFadden K, Xiao S, Yuan X. 2007. The diversification and extinction of Doushantuo-Pertatataka acritarchs in South China: Causes and biostratigraphic significance. Geol J, 42: 229–262

Zhou C, Yuan X, Xiao S. 2002. Phosphatized biotas from the Neoproterozoic Doushantuo Formation on the Yangtze Platform. Chin Sci Bull, 47: 1918–1924

Zhu M, Gehling J G, Xiao S, Zhao Y, Droser M L. 2008. Eight-armed Ediacara fossil preserved in contrasting taphonomic windows from China and Australia. Geology, 36: 867–870

Zhu M, Lu M, Zhang J, Zhao F, Li G, Aihua Y, Zhao X, Zhao M. 2013. Carbon isotope chemostratigraphy and sedimentary facies evolution of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation in western Hubei, South China. Precambrian Res, 225: 7–28

Zhu M, Zhang J, Yang A, Li G, Zhao F, Lv M, Yin Z. 2016. Neoproterozoic stratigraphy, distribution of source-reservoir-cap rocks, and sedimentary environment in South China (in Chinese). In: Sun S, Wang T, eds. The Meso- and Neoproterozoic Geology and Oil resources in Eastern China. Beijing: Science Press. 107–135

Zhu M, Zhang J, Yang A. 2007. Integrated Ediacaran (Sinian) chronostratigraphy of South China. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol, 254: 7–61

Zhuravlev A Y, Vintaned J A G, Ivantsov A Y. 2009. First finds of problematic Ediacaran fossil Gaojiashania in Siberia and its origin. Geol Mag, 146: 775–780