Ectopic Germinal Centres with B and T Cells and Follicular Dendritic Cell Networks in Urethral Stricture Tissue: Possible Avenue for Immunological Treatments

Anger, 2011, Trends in stricture management among male Medicare beneficiaries: underuse of urethroplasty?, Urology, 77, 481, 10.1016/j.urology.2010.05.055 Mundy, 2011, Urethral strictures, BJU Int, 107, 6, 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.09800.x Santucci, 2007, Male urethral stricture disease, J Urol, 177, 1667, 10.1016/j.juro.2007.01.041 Huang, 2020, The roles of immune cells in the pathogenesis of fibrosis, Int J Mol Sci, 21, 5203, 10.3390/ijms21155203 Cavalcanti, 2007, A morphometric analysis of bulbar urethral strictures, BJU Int, 100, 397, 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.06904.x Zhang, 2008, Increased expression of connective tissue growth factor in patients with urethral stricture, Tohoku J Exp Med, 215, 199, 10.1620/tjem.215.199 Cooper, 1965, Delineation of the thymic and bursal lymphoid systems in the chicken, Nature, 205, 143, 10.1038/205143a0 Schwickert, 2011, A dynamic T cell-limited checkpoint regulates affinity-dependent B cell entry into the germinal center, J Exp Med, 208, 1243, 10.1084/jem.20102477 Zotos, 2012, Determining germinal centre B cell fate, Trends Immunol, 33, 281, 10.1016/j.it.2012.04.003 Sato, 2020, Developmental stages of tertiary lymphoid tissue reflect local injury and inflammation in mouse and human kidneys, Kidney Int, 98, 448, 10.1016/j.kint.2020.02.023 Gatto, 2010, The germinal center reaction, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 126, 898, 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.09.007 Ekerhult, 2018, Sclerosis as a predictive factor for failure after bulbar urethroplasty: a prospective single-centre study, Scand J Urol, 52, 302, 10.1080/21681805.2018.1505945 Ekerhult, 2013, Low risk of sexual dysfunction after transection and nontransection urethroplasty for bulbar urethral stricture, J Urol, 190, 635, 10.1016/j.juro.2013.02.075 Sangkum, 2015, Collagenase Clostridium histolyticum (Xiaflex) for the treatment of urethral stricture disease in a rat model of urethral fibrosis, Urology, 86, 10.1016/j.urology.2015.06.013 Sangkum, 2015, Transforming growth factor-beta1 induced urethral fibrosis in a rat model, J Urol, 194, 820, 10.1016/j.juro.2015.02.014 El-Sakka, 1997, An animal model of Peyronie’s-like condition associated with an increase of transforming growth factor beta mRNA and protein expression, J Urol, 158, 2284, 10.1016/S0022-5347(01)68236-3 Border, 1995, Fibrosis linked to TGF-beta in yet another disease, J Clin Invest, 96, 655, 10.1172/JCI118107 Delaney, 2016, Type I IFNs regulate inflammation, vasculopathy, and fibrosis in chronic cutaneous graft-versus-host disease, J Immunol, 197, 42, 10.4049/jimmunol.1502190 Castiglione, 2016, Adipose-derived stem cells counteract urethral stricture formation in rats, Eur Urol, 70, 1032, 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.04.022 Milenkovic, 2019, The mechanisms and potential of stem cell therapy for penile fibrosis, Nat Rev Urol, 16, 79, 10.1038/s41585-018-0109-7 Gul, 2016, Modified platelet-rich plasma with transforming growth factor β1 neutralization antibody injection may reduce recurrence rate of urethral stricture, Med Hypotheses, 97, 1, 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.10.007 Farrell, 2017, Internal urethrotomy with intralesional mitomycin C: an effective option for endoscopic management of recurrent bulbar and bulbomembranous urethral strictures, Urology, 110, 223, 10.1016/j.urology.2017.07.017 Gupta, 2018, Efficacy of oral steroids after optical internal urethrotomy in reducing recurrence of urethral strictures, Turk J Urol, 44, 42, 10.5152/tud.2017.66564 Mann, 2020, A drug-coated balloon treatment for urethral stricture disease: two-year results from the ROBUST I study, Can Urol Assoc J, 14, 187 Zhang, 2012, Re: Histological evidence of urethral involvement in male patients with genital lichen sclerosus: a preliminary report: G. Barbagli, F. Mirri, M. Gallucci, S. Sansalone, G. Romano and M. Lazzeri J Urol 2011;185:2171–6, J Urol, 187, 1512, 10.1016/j.juro.2011.12.005 Grimes, 2019, Histopathology of anterior urethral strictures: toward a better understanding of stricture pathophysiology, J Urol, 202, 748, 10.1097/JU.0000000000000340