Ecosystems not optimized: a reply

Calow, P., 1992. Can ecosystems be healthy? Critical consideration of concepts. J. Aquatic Ecosystem Health. 1: 1–5 Hilden, M. & D. J. Rapport, 1993. Four centuries of cumulative cultural impact on a Finnish river and its estuary: an ecosystem health approach (in ms.). Rapport, D. J., 1989a. What constitutes ecosystem health? Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 33: 120–132. Rapport, D. J., 1989b. Symptoms of pathology in the Gulf of Bothnia (Baltic Sea): ecosystem response to stress from human activity. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 37: 33–49. Rapport, D. J., 1991. Myths in the foundations of ecology and economics. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 44: 185–202. Rapport, D. J., 1992. Defining the practice of clinical ecology. In R. Costanza, G. Norton & B. Haskell (eds), Ecosystem Health: New Goals for Environmental Management. pp. 144–156. Island Press, Washington, D.C. Rapport, D. J., H. A. Regier & T. C. Hutchinson, 1985. Ecosystem behaviour under stress. Am. Nat. 125: 617–640.