Ecosystem services from forest restoration: thinking ahead
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Adger WN, Agrawal S, Mirza MMQ et al (2007) Assessment of adaptation practices, options, constraints and capacity. In: Parry ML, Canziani OF, Palutikof JP, van der Linden PJ, Hanson CE (eds) Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of working group II to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 717–743
Aerts R, Honnay O (2011) Forest restoration, biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. BMC Ecol 11–29. doi: 10.1186/1472-6785-11-29
Barrow E, Clarke J, Grundy I et al (2002) Analysis of stakeholder power and responsibilities in community involvement in forest management in eastern and southern Africa. Forest and social perspectives in conservation (9). NRR-IUCN Eastern Africa Programme, Nairobi
Bass S, Nussbaum R, Speechly H, Morrison E (1996) Paper farming: the role of plantations in the sustainable paper cycle. The International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), London
Beringer T, Lucht W, Schaohoff S (2011) Bioenergy production potential of global biomass plantations under environmental and agricultural constraints. GCB Bioenergy 3:299–312
Blaser J, Sabogal C (2002) Management strategies for degraded landscapes. Draft guidelines for the restoration of degraded primary forests, the management of secondary forests and the rehabilitation of degraded forest land in tropical regions. Draft report prepared on behalf of ITTO as basis for deliberations of the Expert Panel, Bern
Brown C (2000) The global outlook for future wood supply from forest plantations. Global forest products outlook study working paper series. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome
Butchart SHM, Walpole M, Collen B et al (2010) Global biodiversity: indicators of recent declines. Science 328:1164–1168
Cairns J, Heckman JR (1996) Restoration ecology: the state of an emerging field. Annu Rev Energy Environ 21:167–189
Campbell A, Kapos V, Scharlemann JPC et al (2009) Review of the literature on the links between biodiversity and climate change: impacts, adaptation and mitigation, technical series 42. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal
Canadell JG, Raupach MR (2008) Managing forests for climate change mitigation. Science 320:1456–1457
Chazdon RL (2008) Beyond deforestation: restoring forests and ecosystem services on degraded lands. Science 320:1458–1460
Cherubini F, Hammer Strømman A (2011) Life cycle assessment of bioenergy systems. State of the art and future challenges. Bioresour Technol 102:437–451
Chomitz KM (2007) At loggerheads? Agricultural expansion, poverty reduction, and environment in the tropical forests. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank, Washington
Chum H, Faaij A, Moreira J et al (2011) Bioenergy. In: Edenhofer O, Pichs-Madruga R, Sokona Y, Seyboth K, Matschoss P, Kadner S, Zwickel T, Eickemeier P, Hansen G, Schlömer S, von Stechow C (eds) IPCC special report on renewable energy sources and climate change mitigation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 209–332
Ciccarese L, Brown S, Schlamadinger B (2005) Carbon sequestration through restoration of temperate and boreal forests. In: Stunturf J, Madsen P (eds) restoration of temperate and boreal forests. CRC Press/Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, pp 111–120
Dare M, Schirmer J, Vanclay F (2011) Does forest certification enhance community engagement in Australian plantation management? For Policy and Econ 13:328–337
De Pourc K, Thomas E, Van Damme P (2009) Indigenous community-based forestry in the Bolivian lowlands: some basic challenges for certification. Int For Rev 11:12–26
Diaz S, Hector A, Wardle DA (2009) Incorporating biodiversity in climate change mitigation initiatives. In: Naeem S, Bunker DE, Hector A (eds) Biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, and human wellbeing—an ecological and economic perspective. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 149–166
EEA—European Environment Agency (2011) Greenhouse gas emission trends and projections in Europe 2011. Tracking progress towards Kyoto and 2020 targets. EEA report no 4/2011. Publications Office of the European Union,Luxembourg. http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/ghg-trends-and-projections-2011 . Accessed 30 Apr 2012
Engel S, Pagiola S, Wunder S (2008) Designing payments for environmental services in theory and practice: an overview of the issues. Ecol Econ 65:663–674
Fagan KC, Pywell RF, Bullock JM, Marrs H (2008) Do restored calcareous grasslands on former arable fields resemble ancient targets? The effect of time, methods and environment on outcomes. J Appl Ecol 4:1293–1303
FAO (2005) Microfinance and forest-based small-scale enterprises. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome
FAO (2009) State of the world’s forests 2009. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome
FAO (2010) Global forest resources assessment. Main report, forestry paper 163. Food and Agriculture Organization to the United Nations, Rome
FAO (2011) State of the world’s forests 2011. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome
Fargione J, Hill J, Tilman D, Polasky S, Hawthorne P (2008) Land clearing and the biofuel carbon debt. Science 319:1235–1238
Ganz DJ, Durst PB (2003) Assisted natural regeneration: an overview. In: Dugan PC, Durst PB, Ganz DJ, McKenzie PJ (eds) Advancing assisted natural regeneration (ANR) in Asia and the Pacific. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, pp 1–4
Gilmour DA, San NV, Tsechalicha X (2000) Rehabilitation of degraded forest ecosystems in Cambodia, Lao PDR, Thailand and Vietnam: an overview. IUCN-Asia, Cambridge
Griscoma HP, Ashton MS (2011) Restoration of dry tropical forests in Central America: a review of pattern and process. For Ecol Manag 261:1564–1579
Haines RJ (1994) Biotechnology in forest tree improvement: research directions and priorities. Unasylva 45:46–52
Hall R, Romijn J (2010) Getting to the roots. Underlying causes of deforestation and forest degradation, and drivers of forest restoration, by the global forest coalition, December 2010. p 41
Hall JS, Ashton MS, Garen EJ, Jose S (2011) The ecology and ecosystem services of native trees: implications for reforestation and land restoration in Mesoamerica. For Ecol Manag 261:1553–1557
Hannrup B, Jansson G, Danell Ö (2009) Comparing gain and optimum test size from progeny testing and phenotypic selection in Pinus sylvestris (L.). Can J For Res 37:1227–1235
Hickey GM, Innes JL, Kozak RA et al (2006) Monitoring and information reporting for sustainable forest management: an inter-jurisdictional comparison of soft law standards. For Policy Econ 9:297–315
Holvoet B, Muys B (2004) Sustainable forest management worldwide: a comparative assessment of standards. Int For Rev 6:99–122
Innes J, Joyce L, Kellomaki M et al (2009) Management for adaptation. In: Seppäla R, Buck A, Katila P (eds) Adaptation of forests and people to climate change, IUFRO world series 22. International Union of Forest Research Organizations, Vienna, pp 135–169
Kanowski PJ, McDermott CL, Cashore BW (2011) Implementing REDD+: lessons from analysis of forest governance. Environ Sci Policy 14:111–117
Kolström M, Lindner M, Vilén T et al (2011) Reviewing the science and implementation of climate change adaptation measures in European forestry. Forests 2:961–982. doi: 10.3390/f2040961
Laestadius L, Saint-Laurent C, Minnemeyer S, Potapov P (2011) A world of opportunity: the world’s forests from a restoration perspective. The global partnership on forest landscape restoration, World Resources Institute, South Dakota State University and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. http://pdf.wri.org/world_of_opportunity_brochure_2011-09.pdf . Accessed 31 April 2012
Lambin EF, Meyfroidt P (2011) Global land use change, economic globalization, and the looming land scarcity. Proc Natl Acad Sci 108:3465–3472
MacNamara S, Tinh VT, Erskine PD et al (2006) Rehabilitating degraded forest land in central Vietnam with mixed native species plantings. For Ecol Manag 233:358–365
Mattsson A, Radoglou K, Kostopoulou P et al (2010) Use of innovative technology for the production of high-quality forest regeneration materials. Scand J For Res 1:1–7
MEA—Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) Ecosystems and human well-being: biodiversity synthesis. World Resources Institute, Washington
Minnemeyer S, Laestadius L, Sizer N et al (2011) Assessing the potential for forest landscape restoration. Global partnership on forest landscape restoration. World Resources Institute, South Dakota State University, International Union for Conservation of Nature. p 5
Miyawaki A (1999) Creative ecology: restoration of native forests by native trees. Plant Biotechnol 16:15–25
Nabuurs GJ, Masera O, Andrasko K et al (2007) Forestry. In: Metz B, Davidson OR, Bosch PR, Dave R, Meyer L (eds) Climate change 2007: mitigation. Contribution of working group III to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 541–584
Naeem S, Thompson LJ, Lawler SP et al (1994) Declining biodiversity can alter the performance of ecosystems. Nature 368:734–737
Neeff T, Ashford L, Calvert J et al. (2009) The forest carbon offsetting survey. Ecosecurities 32
Norris K (2012) Biodiversity in the context of ecosystem services: the applied need for systems approaches. Phil Trans R Soc B 367:163–169
Nussbaum R, Gray I, Higman S (2003) Modular implementation and verification (MIV): a toolkit for the phased application of forest management standards and certification. ProForest, Oxford. http://assets.panda.org/downloads/mivtoolkit.pdf . Accessed 30 Apr 2012
Pan Y, Birdsey RA, Fang J et al (2011) A large and persistent carbon sink in the world’s forests. Science 333:988–993
Parrotta JA, Knowles OH (2001) Restoring tropical forests on lands mined for bauxite: examples from the Brazilian Amazon. Ecol Eng 17:219–239
Peters-Stanley M, Hamilton K, Marcello T, Sjardin M (2011) Back to the future. State of the voluntary carbon markets 2011. A report by Ecosystem Marketplace & Bloomberg New Energy Finance, New York, p 78
Potapov P, Yaroshenko A, Turubanova S et al (2008) Mapping the world’s intact forest landscapes by remote sensing. Ecol Soc 13:51. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol13/iss2/art51/ . Accessed 30 Apr 2012
Ræbild A, Larsen AS, Jensen JS et al (2011) Advances in domestication of indigenous fruit trees in the West African Sahel. New For 41:297–315
Raunikar R, Buongiorno J, Turner JA, Shushuai Zhu (2010) Global outlook for wood and forests with the bioenergy demand implied by scenarios of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. J For Policy Econ 12:48–56
Ravindranath NH (2007) Mitigation and adaptation synergy in the forest sector. Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Chang 12:843–853
Rey Benayas JM, Newton AC, Diaz A, Bullock JM (2009) Enhancement of biodiversity and ecosystem services by ecological restoration: a meta-analysis. Science 325:1121–1124
Roberts G, Parrotta J, Wreford A (2009a) Current adaptation measures and policies. In: Seppäla R, Buck A, Katila P (eds) Adaptation of forests and people to climate change—a global assessment report. IUFRO world series volume 22. International Union of Forest Research Organizations, Helsinki, pp 123–134
Sala OE, Chapin FS, Armesto JJ et al (2000) Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100. Science 287:1770–1774
Schlamadinger B, Bird N, Johns T et al (2007) A synopsis of land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) under the Kyoto protocol and Marrakech accords. Environ Sci Policy 10:271–282
Seppäla R, Buck A, Katila P (2009) Adaptation of forests and people to climate change. International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO), Helsinki
Shono K, Cadaweng EA, Durst PB (2007) Application of assisted natural regeneration to restore degraded tropical forestlands restoration. Ecology 15:620–626
Stanturf JA, Madsen P (2005) What is forest restoration? In: Stanturf JA, Madsen P (eds) Restoration of boreal and temperate forests. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 3–11
TEEB (2010) The economics of ecosystems and biodiversity: mainstreaming the economics of nature: a synthesis of the approach, conclusions and recommendations of TEEB. Progress Press, Malta
TNC (2011) Forest conservation: responsible trade forest certification and the nature conservancy. http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/habitats/forests/howwework/responsible-forest-trade-forest-certification.xml . Accessed 30 Apr 2012
UNEP (2011) Towards a green economy: pathways to sustainable development and poverty eradication. A synthesis for policy makers. http://www.unep.org/greeneconomy/Portals/88/documents/ger/GER_synthesis_en.pdf . Accessed 30 Apr 2012
Valentine J, Clifton-Brown J, Hastings A, Robson P, Allison G, Smith P (2012) Food vs. fuel: the use of land for lignocellulosic ‘next generation’ energy crops that minimize competition with primary food production. GCB Bioenergy 4:1–19
van der Werf GR, Morton DC, De Fries RS, Olivier JGJ, Kasibhatla PS, Jackson RB, Collatz GJ, Randerson JT (2009) CO2 emissions from forest loss. Nat Geosci 2:737–738
Vance ED (2010) Gap analysis for forest productivity research investments. J For 108:161–162
Vance ED, Maguire DA, Zalesny RS (2010) Research strategies for increasing productivity of intensively managed forest plantations. J For 108:183–192
Wagner MR, Block WM, Geils BW, Wenger KF (2000) Restoring ecology. A new forest management paradigm, or another merit badge for foresters? J For 98:22–27
Wang J, Ren H, Yang L, Li D (2011) Factors influencing establishment by direct seeding of indigenous tree species in typical plantations and shrubland in South China. New For 1:19–33. doi: 10.1007/s11056-010-9234-8W
Weng Y, Park YS, Lindgren D (2012) Unequal clonal deployment improves genetic gains at constant diversity levels for clonal forestry. Tree Genet Genomes 8:77–85
White A, Bull GQ, Maginnis S (2006) Subsidies for industrial plantations: turning controversy into opportunity. Arbor Vitae 31:15