Ecoregional distribution of potentially useful species of Araceae and Bromeliaceae as non-timber forest products in Bolivia
Tóm tắt
In Bolivia, the plant families Araceae and Bromeliaceae offer numerous non-timber products, including ornamental plants, medicines, foods, and fibers. The economic potential for the utilization of these resources depends critically on the distribution of potentially useful species in different ecoregions in Bolivia. We conducted both a bibliographical revision of uses and ecological field work at 43 sites in the Bolivian Andes and lowlands to assess the potential for sustainable use as suggested by the Rapid Vulnerability Assessment method. The ecological criteria used for the evaluation were abundance (frequency), life form, geographical distribution, and habitat preference. We found that Bolivia has a striking number of potentially useful species of both families but that their potential use differs among ecoregions. Araceae were most species-rich and frequent in the humid lowland and montane forests. In these ecoregions, this family has a particular local importance mainly as traditional medicines and a great potential as ornamental plants. In contrast, economically useful bromeliads are best represented in seasonally dry forest habitats, especially for the production of fibres. Many species of bromeliads, which also occur in humid montane forests, although rare, are potentially important for commercialisation as ornamental species. This study shows that the uses of Araceae and Bromeliaceae are manifold and could be greatly increased through efficient management, although with different strategies according to the different ecoregions.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Acebey A (2003) Evaluación del potencial de las familias Araceae y Bromeliaceae como fuente de recursos no maderables en Bolivia. MSc thesis, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen
Acebey A, Krömer T (2001) Diversidad y distribución vertical de epifitas en los alrededores del campamento río Eslabón y de la laguna Chalalán, Parque Nacional Madidi, Depto. La Paz, Bolivia. Rev Soc Bol Bot 3:104–123
Acebey A, Kessler M, Maass BL (2007) Potencial de aprovechamiento de Araceae y Bromeliaceae como recursos no maderables en el bosque montano húmedo del Parque Nacional Cotapata, Bolivia. Ecol Bol 42:4–22
Akerele O, Heywood V, Synge H (eds) (1991) Conservation of medicinal plants. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Alexiades MN (1999) Etnobotany of the Ese Eja: plants, health, and change in an Amazonian society. Dissertation, University of New York
Arenas P (1981) Etnobotánica lengua-Maskoy. Fundación para la educación, la ciencia y la cultura, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Arenas P (1997) Las bromeliáceas textiles utilizadas por los indígenas del Gran Chaco. Parodiana 10:113–139
Bach K, Kessler M, Gonzales J (1999) Caracterización preliminar de los bosques deciduos andinos de Bolivia en base a grupos indicadores botánicos. Ecol Bol 32:7–22
Beck SG (1998) Forestry inventory of Bolivia—an indispensable contribution to sustainable development. In: Barthlott W, Winiger M (eds) Biodiversity—a challenge for development research and policy. Springer, Berlin
Belcher B (2003) What isn’t an NTFP? Int For Rev 5:161–168
Belcher B, Schreckenberg K (2007) Commercialization of non-timber forest products: a reality check. Dev Policy Rev 25:355–377
Belcher B, Ruíz Pérez M, Achdiawan R (2005) Global patterns and trends in the use and management of commercial NTFPs: implications for livelihoods and conservation. World Dev 33:1435–1452
Bennett B (1992) Use of epiphytes, lianas and parasites by the Shuar people of Amazonian Ecuador. Selbyana 13:99–114
Bennett B (1995) Ethnobotany and economic botany of epiphytes, lianas, and other host-dependent plants: an overview. In: Lowman MD, Nadkarni NK (eds) Forest canopies. Academic Press, San Diego
Bennett B (2000) Ethnobotany of Bromeliaceae. In: Benzing DH (ed) Bromeliaceae: profile of an adaptative radiation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Benzing DH (1980) The biology of the bromeliads. Mad River Press, Eureka
Boom BM (1987) Ethnobotany of the Chácobo indians, Beni, Bolivia. Adv Econ Bot 4:1–68
Bourdy G, De Walt SJ, Chávez de Michel LR, Roca A, Deharo E, Muñoz V, Valderrama L, Quevedo C, Jiménez A (2000) Medicinal plants uses of the Tacana, an Amazonian Bolivian ethnic group. J Ethnopharmacol 70:87–109
Bown D (1988) Aroids. Plants of the Arum family. Timber Press, Oregon
Camacho R, Martín K (1998) Uso campesino de especies arbustivas y arbóreas forrajeras en Bolivia. Programa de Bosques nativos Andinos PROBONA, La Paz, Bolivia
Correa JE, Bernal HY (1989) Especies vegetales promisorias: de los países del Convenio Andrés Bello. Tomo I. Secretaria Ejecutiva del Convenio Andrés Bello (SECAB), Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia España, Junta del Acuerdo de Cartagena (JUNAC), Bogotá
Croat TB (1988) Ecology and life forms of Araceae. Aroideana 11:4–55
Croat TB, Acebey A (2005) New species of Araceae from Bolivia and the tropical Andes. Novon 15:80–103
De Beer J (1990) Subsistence use and market value of non-timber forest products: the example from southeast Asia. In: Wegge P (ed) Status and potential of non-timber products in the sustainable development of tropical forests. Proceedings of the international seminar, International Tropical Timber Organization, Kamakura
Evans R, Raffauf RF (1990) The healing forest: medicinal and toxic plants of the Northwest Amazonia. Dioscorides Press, Portland
FAO (1995) Report of the international expert consultation on non-wood forest products. Non wood forest products 3. FAO, Rome
FAO (1996) The state of the world’s plant genetic resources for food and agriculture. FAO, Rome
Fuentes A (1997) Estudio Fitosociológico de los principales tipos de vegetación de la Estancia San Miguelito. Prov. Ñuflo de Chávez, Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Thesis de licenciatura. Universidad G. René Moreno, Santa Cruz de la Sierra
Hernández JE, León J (1992) Cultivos marginados: otra perspectiva de 1492. Colección FAO: producción y Protección Vegetal No 26. FAO, Rome
Hilgert NI (1999) Plantas comestibles de los Yungas Meridionales de la Argentina. An Jard Bot Madr 57:23–33
Ibisch PL (1996) Neotropische Epiphytendiversität: das Beispiel Bolivien. M. Galunder-Verlag, Wiehl
Ibisch PL, Vásquez R (2000) Illustrated catalogue of the Bromeliaceae of Bolivia. Illustrated biodiversity of Bolivia, vol 1 (CD-ROM 1.0). Editorial F.A.N., Santa Cruz de la Sierra
Ibisch PL, Beck SG, Gerkmann B et al (2003) Ecoregiones de Bolivia. In: Ibisch PL, Mérida G (eds) Biodiversidad: la riqueza de Bolivia. Estado de conocimiento y conservación. Ministerio de Desarrollo Sostenible, Editorial F.A.N., Santa Cruz de la Sierra
Kessler M (2001) Patterns of diversity and range size of selected plant groups along an elevational transect in the Bolivian Andes. Biodivers Conserv 10:1897–1920
Kessler M (2002) Species richness and ecophysiological type among Bolivian bromeliad communities. Biodivers Conserv 11:987–1010
Kessler M, Bach K (1999) Using indicator families for vegetation classification in species-rich Neotropical forests. Phytocoenologica 29:485–502
Kessler M, Croat TB (1999) State of knowledge of Bolivian Araceae. Selbyana 20:224–234
Kessler M, Krömer T (2000) Patterns and ecological correlates of pollination modes among Bromeliad communities of Andean forests in Bolivia. Plant Biol 2:659–669
Krömer T, Gradstein SR (2003) Species richness of vascular epiphytes in two primary forest and fallows in the Bolivian Andes. Selbyana 24:190–195
Krömer T, Kessler M, Holst BK et al (1999) Checklist of Bolivian Bromeliaceae with notes on species distribution and levels of endemism. Selbyana 20:201–223
Krömer T, Kessler M, Gradstein SR et al (2005) Diversity patterns of vascular epiphytes along an elevational gradient in the Andes. J Biogeogr 32:1799–1809
Krömer T, Kessler M, Herzog SK (2006) Distribution and flowering ecology of bromeliads along two climatically contrasting elevational transects in the Bolivian Andes. Biotropica 38:183–195
Krömer T, Kessler M, Gradstein SR (2007) Vertical stratification of vascular epiphytes in submontane and montane forest of the Bolivian Andes: the importance of the understory. Plant Ecol 189:261–278
Lacaze D, Alexiades M (1995) Salud para todos: plantas medicinales y salud indígena en la cuenca del río Madre de Dios, Perú. Un manual práctico. Cuadernos de Capacitación Popular 46. Federación Nativa del Río Madre de Dios y Afluentes (FENAMAD) y Centro de Estudios Regionales Andinos “Bartolomé de las Casas” (CBC), Madre de Dios
Martínez-Crovetto R (1964) Estudios etnobotánicos. I. Nombres de plantas y su utilidad, según los indios tobas del este del Chaco. Bonplandia 1:279–333
Marzocca A (1993) Index de Plantas colorantes tintóreas y curtientes: manual de las especies de Argentina. Serie de la academia nacional de agronomía y veterinaria No 9, Buenos Aires
National Academy of Sciences (1975) Underexploited tropical plants with promising economic value. Report of an Ad Hoc Panel of the Advisory Committee of Technology Innovation Board on Science and Technology for international Development Commission on International Relation, Washington DC
Navarro G, Fuentes A, Guerrero J et al (1998) Tipificación y caracterización de los ecosistemas del Parque Nacional Kaa-Iya del Gran Chaco (Departamento de Santa Cruz, Bolivia). Proyecto Kaa-Iya, componente Plan de Manejo. Informe Técnico CABI-WCS, Santa Cruz de la Sierra
Panayotou T (1990) Introduction: multiproduct forest management—a key to sustainability? In: Wegge P (ed) Status and potential of non-timber products in the sustainable development of tropical forests. Proceedings of the international seminar. International Tropical Timber Organization, Kamakura
Panayotou T, Ashton PS (1992) Not by timber alone. Economics and ecology for sustaining tropical forests. Island Press, Washington
Peters CM, Balick MJ, Kahn F et al (1989) Oligarchic forests of economic plants in Amazonia: utilization and conservation of an important tropical resource. Conserv Biol 3:341–349
Phillips O, Gentry AH, Reynel C et al (1994) Quantitative ethnobotany and Amazonian conservation. Conserv Biol 8:225–248
Plowman T (1969) Folk uses of new world aroids. Econ Bot 23:97–122
Quenevo C, Bourdy G, Gimenez A (1999) Tacana. Conozcan nuestros árboles, nuestras hierbas. Centro de información para el desarrollo CID. UMSA-CIPTA-IRD-FONAMA-EIA, La Paz
Ríos R, Khan B (1998) List of etnobothanical uses of Bromeliaceae. J Brom Soc 48:75–87
Sandoval P, Choque J, Uriona P (1996) Cartilla popular sobre las plantas útiles de los Alteños de Mizque-Cochabamba. Centro de Investigaciones Botánicas y Ecológicas CIBE-Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba
Ticktin T (2002) The history of Ixtle in Mexico. Econ Bot 56:92–94
Ticktin T (2004) Review: the ecological implications of harvesting non-timber forest products. J Appl Ecol 41:11–21
Toursarkissian M (1980) Plantas medicinales de la Argentina: sus nombres botánicos, vulgares, usos y distribución geográfica. Editorial Hemisferio Sur, Buenos Aires
VAIPO (1999) Identificación de necesidades TCO Chiquitania Ayorea, Area Tobita. Viceministerio de Asuntos Indígenas y Pueblos Originarios, La Paz
VAIPO (2000) Informe de necesidades para el territorio indígena Weenhayek, Tarija, Bolivia. Viceministerio de Asuntos Indígenas y Pueblos Originarios. Documento preliminar, La Paz
Valencia R, Balslev H, Paz y Miño G (1994) High tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian Ecuador. Biodiv Conserv 3:21–28
van Weezendonk LHT, Oldenan RAA (2002) Kronendak notes on canopy farming, in combination with conventional forestry. Canopy farming© Kronendak: http://www.treemail.nl/kronendak/cic.htm. Cited 15 Jan 2007
Vedeld P, Angelsen A, Sjaastad E et al (2004) Counting on the environment: forest incomes and the rural poor. World Bank, Washington
Vickers WT, Plowman T (1984) Useful plants of the Siona and Secoya Indians of Eastern Ecuador. Botany, new series No 15. Field museum of natural history. Fieldiana 15:1–63
Villalobos R, Ocampo R (1997) “Actas”: productos no maderables del bosque en Centroamérica y el Caribe. Serie Técnica: Eventos especiales N° 1. Proyecto de Conservación para el Desarrollo Sostenible en América Central. Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza CATIE, Turrialba
Watts J, Scott P, Mutebi J (1996) Forest assessment and monitoring for conservation and local use: experience in three Ugandan national parks. In: Carter J (ed) Recent approaches to participatory forest resource assessment. Rural development forestry study guide 2. ODI, London
Wild RG, Mutebi J (1996) Conservation through community use of plant resources: establishing collaborative management at Bwindi impenetrable and Mgahinga Gorilla National Parks, Uganda. People and plants working paper 5. UNESCO, Paris
Wolf JHD, Konings CJF (2001) Toward the sustainable harvesting of epiphytic bromeliads: a pilot study from highlands of Chiapas, Mexico. Biol Conserv 101:23–31