Ecological drivers of helminth infection patterns in the Virunga Massif mountain gorilla population

Advani, 2014 Anderson, 1979, Population biology of infectious diseases: Part I, Nature, 280, 361, 10.1038/280361a0 Arneberg, 1998, Host densities as determinants of abundance in parasite communities, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci., 265, 1283, 10.1098/rspb.1998.0431 Ashford, 1996, Patterns of intestinal parasitism in the mountain gorilla Gorilla gorilla in the Bwindi-Impenetrable Forest, Uganda, J. Zool., 239, 507, 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1996.tb05939.x Barton, 2020 Bordes, 2009, Home range and parasite diversity in mammals, Am. Nat., 173, 467, 10.1086/597227 Brooks, 2017, glmmTMB balances speed and flexibility among packages for zero-inflated generalized linear mixed modeling, R J., 9, 378, 10.32614/RJ-2017-066 Burgunder, 2017, Complexity in behavioural organization and strongylid infection among wild chimpanzees, Anim. Behav., 129, 257, 10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.06.002 Caillaud, 2020, Violent encounters between social units hinder the growth of a high-density mountain gorilla population, Sci. Adv., 6, 10.1126/sciadv.aba0724 Caillaud, 2014, Mountain gorilla ranging patterns: influence of group size and group dynamics, Am. J. Primatol., 76, 730, 10.1002/ajp.22265 Callinan, 1986, Vertical distribution of trichostrongylid larvae on herbage and in soil, Int. J. Parasitol., 16, 241, 10.1016/0020-7519(86)90050-0 Chylinski, 2014, Desiccation tolerance of gastrointestinal nematode third-stage larvae: exploring the effects on survival and fitness, Parasitol. Res., 113, 2789, 10.1007/s00436-014-3938-1 Condy, 1974, Observations on internal parasites in Rhodesian elephant, Loxodonta africana Blumenbach 1797, Proc. Trans. Rhodesia Sci. Assoc., 55, 67 Cousins, 2002, Medicinal properties in the diet of gorillas: an ethno-pharmacological evaluation, Afr. Stud. Monogr., 23, 65 Denegri, 1993, Review of oribatid mites as intermediate hosts of tapeworms of the Anoplocephalidae, Exp. Appl. Acarol., 17, 567, 10.1007/BF00053486 Dobson, 1990, Models for multi-species parasite-host communities, 261 Doležalová, 2018, Parasite quantification, 34 Doležalová, 2015, Molecular phylogeny of anoplocephalid tapeworms (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae) infecting humans and non-human primates, Parasitology, 142, 1278, 10.1017/S003118201500058X Doran-Sheehy, 2007, Habituation of western gorillas: the process and factors that influence it, Am. J. Primatol., 69, 1354, 10.1002/ajp.20442 Eckardt, 2019, Social and ecological factors alter stress physiology of Virunga mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei), Ecol. Evol., 9, 5248, 10.1002/ece3.5115 Eckardt, 2016, Validating faecal glucocorticoid metabolite analysis in the Virunga mountain gorilla using a natural biological stressor, Conserv. Physiol., 4, cow029, 10.1093/conphys/cow029 Freeland, 1976, Pathogens and the evolution of primate sociality, Biotropica, 8, 12, 10.2307/2387816 Ghai, 2015, Sickness behaviour associated with non-lethal infections in wild primates, Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci., 282, 20151436, 10.1098/rspb.2015.1436 Ghosh, 2020, Ecologic study of soil oribatid mite, Scheloribates rectus (Acari) in high altitude Botanical Garden of Darjeeling Himalayas, India, Biologia, 75, 1289, 10.2478/s11756-019-00370-4 Granjon, 2020, Estimating abundance and growth rates in a wild mountain gorilla population, Anim. Conserv., 23, 455, 10.1111/acv.12559 Gray, 2011 Gray, 2010, Censusing the mountain gorillas in the Virunga Volcanoes: complete sweep method versus monitoring, Afr. J. Ecol., 48, 588, 10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01142.x Gray, 2005 Gray, 2013, Genetic census reveals increased but uneven growth of a critically endangered mountain gorilla population, Biol. Conserv., 158, 230, 10.1016/j.biocon.2012.09.018 Grueter, 2013, Long-term temporal and spatial dynamics of food availability for endangered mountain gorillas in Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda, Am. J. Primatol., 75, 267, 10.1002/ajp.22102 Grueter, 2018, Quadratic relationships between group size and foraging efficiency in a herbivorous primate, Sci. Rep., 8, 16718, 10.1038/s41598-018-35255-0 Harcourt, 1972, Gorilla census, Oryx, 11, 355, 10.1017/S0030605300010401 Harcourt, 2001, Human density as an influence on species/area relationships: double jeopardy for small African reserves?, Biodivers. Conserv., 10, 1011, 10.1023/A:1016680327755 Hartig, 2020 Hickey Higham, 2011, Tourism and wildlife habituation: reduced population fitness or cessation of impact?, Tourism Manag., 32, 1290, 10.1016/j.tourman.2010.12.006 Hofer, 1998, Biological conservation and stress, vol. 27, 405 Hoste, 2005, Interactions between nutrition and gastrointestinal infections with parasitic nematodes in goats, Small Rumin. Res., 60, 141, 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.06.008 Huffman, 1997, Seasonal trends in intestinal nematode infection and medicinal plant use among chimpanzees in the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania, Primates, 38, 111, 10.1007/BF02382002 Kalema-Zikusoka, 2005, Intestinal parasites and bacteria of mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda, Primates, 46, 59, 10.1007/s10329-004-0103-y Kalpers, 2003, Gorillas in the crossfire: population dynamics of the Virunga mountain gorillas over the past three decades, Oryx, 37, 326, 10.1017/S0030605303000589 Kayiranga, 2017, Analysis of climate and topography impacts on the spatial distribution of vegetation in the Virunga Volcanoes Massif of East-Central Africa, Geosciences, 7, 17, 10.3390/geosciences7010017 Knapp-Lawitzke, 2016, Elevated temperatures and long drought periods have a negative impact on survival and fitness of strongylid third stage larvae, Int. J. Parasitol., 46, 229, 10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.10.006 Lindenfors, 2007, Parasite species richness in carnivores: effects of host body mass, latitude, geographical range and population density, Global Ecol. Biogeogr., 16, 496, 10.1111/j.1466-8238.2006.00301.x MacIntosh, 2010, Host age, sex, and reproductive seasonality affect nematode parasitism in wild Japanese macaques, Primates, 51, 353, 10.1007/s10329-010-0211-9 Marian, 2018, Altitude and decomposition stage rather than litter origin structure soil microarthropod communities in tropical montane rainforests, Soil Biol. Biochem., 125, 263, 10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.07.017 Marley, 2006, The effects of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) and chicory (Cichorium intybus) when compared with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) on ovine gastrointestinal parasite development, survival and migration, Vet. Parasitol., 138, 280, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.01.029 May, 1978, Regulation and stability of host-parasite population interactions: II. Destabilizing Processes, J. Anim. Ecol., 47, 249, 10.2307/3934 McNeilage, 2001, Diet and habitat use of two mountain gorilla groups in contrasting habitats in the Virunga, 265 McNeilage, 1995 Muhangi, 2021, Pathological lesions of the digestive tract in free-ranging mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei), Am. J. Primatol., 10.1002/ajp.23290 Nielsen, 2007, Climatic influences on development and survival of free-living stages of equine strongyles: implications for worm control strategies and managing anthelmintic resistance, Vet. J., 174, 23, 10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.05.009 Nunn, 2003, Comparative tests of parasite species richness in primates, Am. Nat., 162, 597, 10.1086/378721 O'Connor, 2006, Ecology of the free-living stages of major trichostrongylid parasites of sheep, Vet. Parasitol., 142, 1, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.08.035 Owiunji, 2005 Pafčo, 2017, Do habituation, host traits and seasonality have an impact on protist and helminth infections of wild western lowland gorillas?, Parasitol. Res., 116, 3401, 10.1007/s00436-017-5667-8 Pafčo, 2018, Metabarcoding analysis of strongylid nematode diversity in two sympatric primate species, Sci. Rep., 8, 5933, 10.1038/s41598-018-24126-3 Pafčo, 2019, Genetic diversity of primate strongylid nematodes: do sympatric nonhuman primates and humans share their strongylid worms?, Mol. Ecol., 28, 4786, 10.1111/mec.15257 Pandey, 1972, Effect of temperature on survival of the free-living stages of Ostertagia ostertagi, J. Parasitol., 58, 1042, 10.2307/3278129 Petrželková, 2021, Heterogeneity in patterns of helminth infections across populations of mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei), Sci. Rep., 11, 1, 10.1038/s41598-021-89283-4 Plumptre, 1991 Ripple, 2015, Collapse of the world's largest herbivores, Sci. Adv., 1, 10.1126/sciadv.1400103 Robbins, 2011, Extreme conservation leads to recovery of the Virunga mountain gorillas, PLoS One, 6, 10.1371/journal.pone.0019788 Rossanigo, 1996, The length of strongylid nematode infective larvae as a reflection of developmental conditions in faeces and consequences on their viability, Parasitol. Res., 82, 304, 10.1007/s004360050118 Rothman, 2003, A review of the endoparasites of mountain gorillas Rothman, 2008, Host-parasite ecology of the helminths in mountain gorillas, J. Parasitol., 94, 834, 10.1645/GE-1454.1 Ryan, 2011, Consequences of non-intervention for infectious disease in African great apes, PLoS One, 6, 10.1371/journal.pone.0029030 Sánchez-Galindo, 2021, Leaf litter identity rather than diversity shapes microbial functions and microarthropod abundance in tropical montane rainforests, Ecol. Evol., 11, 2360, 10.1002/ece3.7208 Shutt, 2014, Effects of habituation, research and ecotourism on faecal glucocorticoid metabolites in wild western lowland gorillas: implications for conservation management, Biol. Conserv., 172, 72, 10.1016/j.biocon.2014.02.014 Shutt-Phillips, 2021, Fecal glucocorticoids and gastrointestinal parasite infections in wild western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) involved in ecotourism, Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 312, 113859, 10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113859 Sleeman, 2000, Gastrointestinal parasites of mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei) in the Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda, J. Zoo Wildl. Med., 31, 322, 10.1638/1042-7260(2000)031[0322:GPOMGG]2.0.CO;2 Stewart, 2001, Mountain gorillas of the Virungas: a short history, 2 Stromberg, 2012, Cooperia punctata: effect on cattle productivity?, Vet. Parasitol., 183, 284, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.07.030 Thorne, 2013, Alternative biological assumptions strongly influence models of climate change effects on mountain gorillas, Ecosphere, 4, 1, 10.1890/ES13-00123.1 Tompkins, 2001, Parasites and host population dynamics, 45 van Dijk, 2009, Ultraviolet light increases mortality of nematode larvae and can explain patterns of larval availability at pasture, Int. J. Parasitol., 39, 1151, 10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.03.004 van Dijk, 2008, The influence of temperature on the development, hatching and survival of Nematodirus battus larvae, Parasitology, 135, 269, 10.1017/S0031182007003812 van Dijk, 2010, Climate change and infectious disease: helminthological challenges to farmed ruminants in temperate regions, Anim. Int. J. Anim. Biosci., 4, 377, 10.1017/S1751731109990991 Villagomez, 2019, Effect of tree identity, temporal variation and edaphic parameters on the structure of the edaphic community of oribatid mites in an evergreen tropical forest of Mexico, Appl. Ecol. Environ. Res., 17, 14621, 10.15666/aeer/1706_1462114639 Waterman, 1983, Digestibility, digestion-inhibitors and nutrients of herbaceous foliage and green stems from an African montane flora and comparison with other tropical flora, Oecologia, 60, 244, 10.1007/BF00379527 Watts, 1983 Weber, 1983, Population dynamics of the Virunga gorillas: 1959–1978, Biol. Conserv., 26, 341, 10.1016/0006-3207(83)90096-4 Woodford, 2002, Habituating the great apes: the disease risks, Oryx, 36, 153, 10.1017/S0030605302000224 Young, 1980, The effect of temperature on times to hatching of eggs of the nematode Ostertagia circumcincta, Parasitology, 81, 477, 10.1017/S0031182000061874