Ecofriendly fabrication of natural jojoba nanoemulsion and chitosan/jojoba nanoemulsion with studying the antimicrobial, anti-biofilm, and anti-diabetic activities in vitro
Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery - Trang 1-12 - 2023
Tóm tắt
Currently, nanoemulsions (NEs) have been broadly applied for the target delivery and improved biological utilities of natural constituents. The present study aimed to prepare jojoba nanoemulsion (JOJ NE) and chitosan/jojoba nanoemulsion (CS/JOJ NE) by exploring the biological activities. JOJ NE and CS/JOJ NE have been successfully fabricated through an ultrasonic emulsification process. Zetasizer showed that the sizes of JOJ NE and CS/JOJ NE droplets are 76 ± 5 nm and 20 ± 3 nm, respectively. However, CS/JOJ NE showed a greater size with narrower PDI than the CS/JOJ NE owing to the presence of positively charged chitosan as shells incorporating the nanodroplets. Furthermore, surface charge results proved the high stability of the developed NE systems owing to the repulsive forces abundant within the systems. Finally, thermodynamic stability was investigated for 4 weeks, and the results confirmed the high stability of both emulsions. Various constituents were detected in jojoba oil via GC–MS analysis such as β-sitosterol, lupeol, and olean-12-en-3á-ol, acetate. CS/JOJ NE reflected more antibacterial activity than JOJ NE. For example, inhibition zones of B. subtilis and S. aureus were 31 mm and 20.67 mm using CS/JOJ NE and 24.67 mm and 17 mm using JOJ NE, respectively. MIC of CS/JOJ NE was 15.62 and 62.5 µg/mL, while MIC of JOJ NE was 125 and 500 µg/mL against B. subtilis and K. pneumoniae, respectively. MBC of CS/JOJ NE was 31.25 µg/mL for B. subtilis and 125 µg/mL for K. pneumoniae and C. albicans. Biofilm of B. subtilis was more sensitive followed by K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, and E. coli with an anti-biofilm percent of 94.42, 84.61, 84.66, and 88.64%, respectively, at CS/JOJ NE 75% of MBC. CS/JOJ NE was more effective than JOJ NE on the ultrastructure of tested bacteria. CS/JOJ NE exhibited α-amylase inhibitory with IC50 (133.8 µg/mL) less than JOJ NE (284.08 µg/mL).
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