Earthworm invasion into previously earthworm-free temperate and boreal forests

Alban DH, Berry EC (1994) Effects of earthworm invasion on morphology, carbon, and nitrogen of a forest soil. Appl Soil Ecol 1:243–249

Augustine DJ, Frelich LE, Jordan PA (1998) Evidence for two alternate stable states in an ungulate grazing system. Ecol Appl 8:1260–1269

Bal L (1982) Zoological ripening of soils. Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documents, Wageningen, The Netherlands

Baskin CC, Baskin JM (1998) Seeds: ecology, biogeography and evolution of dormancy and germination. Academic Press, San Diego

Beals EW, Cottam G, Vogel RJ (1960) Influence of deer on vegetation of the Apostle Islands, Wisconsin. J Wildl Manage 24:68–80

Blair JM, Parmalee RW, Allen MF, McCartney DA, Stinner BR (1997) Changes in soil N pools in response to earthworm population manipulations in agroecosystems with different N sources. Soil Biol Biochem 29:361–36

Bohlen PJ, Groffman PM, Fahey TJ, Fisk MC, Suarez E, Pelletier DM, Fahey RT (2004a) Ecosystem consequences of exotic earthworm invasion of north temperate forests. Ecosystems 7:1–12

Bohlen PJ, Scheu S, Hale CM, McLean MA, Migge S, Groffman PM, Parkinson D (2004b) Non-native invasive earthworms as agents of change in northern temperate forests. Front Ecol Environ 2:427–435

Bohlen PJ, Pelletier DM, Groffman PM, Fahey TJ, Fisk MC (2004c) Influence of earthworm invasion on redistribution and retention of soil carbon and nitrogen in northern temperate forests. Ecosystems 7:13–27

Brundrett MC, Kendrick B (1988) The mycorrhizal status, root anatomy and phenology of plants in a sugar maple forest. Can J Bot 66:1153–1173

Brussaard L (1999) On the mechanisms of interactions between earthworms and plants. Pedobiologia 43:880–885

Burtelow AE, Bohlen PJ (1998) Influence of exotic earthworm invasion on soil organic matter, microbial biomass and denitrification potential in forest soils of the northeastern United States. Appl Soil Ecol 9:197–202

Cain ML, Damman H, Muir A (1998) Seed dispersal and the Holocene migration of woodland herbs. Ecol Monogr 68:325–347

Canham CD, Finzi AC, Pacala SW, Burbank DH (1994) Causes and consequences of resource heterogeneity in forests: interspecific variation in light transmission by canopy trees. Can J For Res 24:337–349

Côté SD, Rooney TP, Tremblay J-P, Dussault CD, Waller DM (2004) Ecological impacts of deer overabundance. Ann Rev Ecol Syst 35:113–147

Cothrel SR, Vimmerstedt JP, Kost DA (1997) In situ recycling of urban deciduous litter. Soil Biol Biochem 29:295–298

Curry JP (1998) Factors affecting earthworm abundance in soils. In: Edwards A (ed) Earthworm ecology. St. Lucie Press, Boca Raton FL, pp 37–64

Curtis JT (1959) The vegetation of Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison WI, 657 pp

Dymond P, Scheu S, Parkinson D (1997) Density and distribution of Dendrobaena octaedra (Lumbricidae) in aspen and pine forests in the Canadian Rocky Mountains (Alberta). Soil Biol Biochem 29:265–273

Edwards CA, Bohlen P (1995) Biology and ecology of earthworms. Chapman and Hall, New York, 426 pp

Edwards CA (ed) (2004) Earthworm ecology, 2nd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton FL, 456 pp

Francis R, Read DJ (1994) The contributions of mycorrhizal fungi to the determination of plant community structure. Plant Soil 159:11–25

Grime JP (1979) Plant strategies and vegetation processes. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester England, 222 pp

Gundale MJ (2002) Influence of exotic earthworms on the soil organic horizon and the rare fern Botrychium mormo. Conserv Biol 16:1555–1561

Hale CM, Frelich LE, Reich PB (2005a) Effects of European earthworm invasion on soil characteristics in northern hardwood forests of Minnesota. Ecosystems 8:911–927

Hale CM, Frelich LE, Reich PB (2005b) Exotic European earthworm invasion dynamics in northern hardwood forests of Minnesota, U.S.A. Ecol Appl 15:848–860

Hale CM (2004) Ecological consequences of exotic invaders: interactions involving European earthworms and native plant communities in hardwood forests. PhD Thesis, Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 169 pp

Harper JL, Williams JT, Sager GR (1965) The behavior of seeds in soil: the heterogeneity of soil surfaces and its role in determining the establishment of plants from seeds. J Ecol 53:273–286

Hendriksen NB (1990) Leaf litter selection by detrivore and geophagous earthworms. Biol Fertil Soil 10:17–21

Heneghan L, Clay C, Brundage C (2002) Rapid decomposition of buckthorn litter may change soil nutrient levels. Ecol Restor 20:108–111

Heneghan L (2003) And when they got together... The impacts of eurasian earthworm and invasive shrubs on Chicago woodland ecosystems. Chic Wild J1:27–31

Horsley SB, Stout SL, deCalesta DS (2003) White-tailed deer impact on the vegetation dynamics of a northern hardwood forest. Ecol Appl 13:98–118

Johnson NC, Tilman GD, Wedin D (1992) Plant and soil controls on mycorrhizal fungal communities. Ecology 73:2034–2042

Jones CG, Lawton JH, Shachak M (1994) Organisms as ecosystem engineers. Oikos 69:373–386

Kostel-Hughes F (1995) The role of soil seed banks and leaf litter in the regeneration of native and exotic tree species in urban forests. PhD Thesis, Graduate Program in Ecology, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, 236 pp

Kubiena WL (1948) Entwicklungslehre des Bodens. Springer, Wien

Langmaid KK (1964) Some effects of earthworm invasion in virgin podsols. Can J Soil Sci 44:34–37

Leck MA, Parker VT, Simpson RL (eds) (1989) The ecology of soil seed banks. Academic Press, San Diego California, 462 pp

Lawrence B, Fisk MC, Fahey TJ, Suarez ER (2003) Influence of nonnative earthworms on mycorrhizal colonization of sugar maple (Acer saccharum). New Phytol 157:145–153

Lee KE (1985) Earthworms – Their ecology and relationships with soils and land use. Academic Press, Sydney, 411 pp

Lunt HA, Jacobson HGM (1944) The chemical composition of earthworm casts. Soil Sci 58:367–375

Marquis DA (1975) Seed storage and germination under northern hardwood forests. Can J For Res 5:478–484

McLean MA, Parkinson D (1997a) Changes in structure, organic matter and microbial activity in pine forest soil following the introduction of Dendrobaena octaedra (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae). Soil Biol Biochem 29:537–540

McLean MA, Parkinson D (1997b) Soil impacts of the epigeic earthworm Dendrobaena octaedra on organic matter and microbial activity in lodgepole pine forest. Can J For Res 27:1907–1913

McLean MA, Parkinson D (1998a) Impacts of epigeic earthworm Dendrobaena octaedra on oribatid mite community diversity and microarthropod abundances in pine forest floor: a mesocosm study. Appl Soil Ecol 7:125–136

McLean MA, Parkinson D (1998b) Impacts of the epigeic earthworm Dendrobaena octaedra on microfungal community structure in pine forest floor – a mesocosm study. Appl Soil Ecol 8:61–75

McLean MA, Parkinson D (2000) Field evidence of the effects of the epigeic earthworm Dendrobaena octaedra on the microfungal community in pine forest floor. Soil Biol Biochem 32:351–360

Migge S (2001) The effect of earthworm invasion on nutrient turnover, microorganisms and microarthropods in Canadian aspen forest soil. PhD Thesis, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany

Mladenoff DJ (1985) Dynamics of soil seed banks, vegetation and nitrogen availability in treefall gaps. PhD Thesis, Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 164 pp

Motzkin GD, Foster DR, Allen A, Harrod J, Boone R (1996) Controlling site to evaluate history: vegetation patterns of a New England sand plain. Ecol Monogr 66:345–365

Nielson GA, Hole FD (1963) A study of the natural processes of incorporation of organic matter into soil in the University of Wisconsin Arboretum. Wisc Acad Sci Arts Lett 52:213–227

Nielson GA, Hole FD (1964) Earthworms and the development of coprogenous A1 horizons in forest soils of Wisconsin. Soil Sci Soc Am Proc 28:426–430

Nixon W (1995) As the worm turns. Am For 101:34–36

Newman EI, Reddell P (1988) Relationship between mycorrhizal infection and diversity in vegetation: evidence from the Great Smoky Mountains. Funct Ecol 2:259–262

Nordström S, Rundgren S (1974) Environmental factors and lumbricid associations in southern Sweden. Pedobiologia 14:1–27

Paré D, Bernier B (1989) Origin of phosphorous deficiency observed in declining sugar maple stands in the Quebec Appalachians. Can J For Res 19:24–34

Parkin TB, Berry EC (1994) Nitrogen transformations associated with earthworm casts. Soil Biol Biochem 26:1233–1238

Parkinson D, McLean MA, Scheu S (2004) Impacts of earthworms on the community structure of other biota in forest soils. In: Edwards CA (ed) Earthworm ecology, 2nd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton FL, pp 241–259

Pastor J, Dewey B, Moen R, Mladenoff DJ, White MA, Cohen Y (1998) Spatial patterns in the moose-forest-soil ecosystem on Isle Royale, Michigan, USA. Ecol Appl 8:411–424

Pickett STA and McDonnell MJ (1989) Seed bank dynamics in temperate deciduous forest. In: Leck MA, Parker VT, Simpson RL (eds) The ecology of soil seed banks. Academic Press, San Diego CA, pp 123–145

Ponge JF, Delhaye L (1995) The heterogeneity of humus profiles and earthworm communities in a virgin beech forest. Biol Fertil Soil 20:24–32

Proulx N (2003) Ecological risk assessment of non-indigenous earthworm species. Prepared for U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, International Affairs, Division of Scientific Authority by Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, St. Paul, Minnesota

Rogers R (1990) Quercus alba L. White oak. In: Burns RM and Honkala BH (Technical Coordinators), Silvics of North America, Volume 2, Hardwoods, United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook 654, Washington DC, pp 605–613

Sander I.L (1990) Quercus rubra L. Northern red oak. In: Burns RM and Honkala BH (Technical Coordinators), Silvics of North America, Volume 2, Hardwoods, United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook 654, Washington DC, pp 727–733

Schaefer M (1991) Animals in European temperate deciduous forest. In: Röhrig E, Ulrich B (eds) Temperate deciduous forests. Ecosystems of the world 7. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 503–525

Scheu S (1987) The influence of earthworms (Lumbricidae) on the nitrogen dynamics in the soil litter system of a deciduous forest. Oecologia 72:197–201

Scheu S (2003) Effects of earthworms on plant growth: patterns and perspectives. Pedobiologia 47:846–856

Scheu S, Parkinson D (1994a) Effects of invasion of an aspen forest (Canada) by Dendrobaena octaedra (Lumbricidae) on plant growth. Ecology 75:2348–2361

Scheu S, Parkinson D (1994b) Effects of earthworms on nutrient dynamics, carbon turnover, and microorganisms in soil from cool temperate forests of the Canadian Rocky Mountains – laboratory studies. Appl Soil Ecol 1:113–125

Shaw C, Pawluk S (1986) The development of soil structure by Octolasion tyrtaeum, Aporrectodea turgida and Lumbricus terrestris in parent materials belonging to different textural classes. Pedobiologia 29:327–339

Suarez ER, Fahey TJ, Groffman PM, Bohlen PJ, Fisk MC (2004) Effects of exotic earthworms on soil phosphorous cycling in two broadleaf temperate forests. Ecosystems 7:28–44

Sydes C, Grime JP (1981) Effects of tree leaf litter on herbaceous vegetation in deciduous woodland: an experimental investigation. J Ecol 69:249–262

Syers JK, Sharpley AN, Keeney DR (1979) Cycling of nitrogen by surface casting earthworms in pasture ecosystems. Soil Biol Biochem 11:181–185

Tiunov AV, Hale CM, Holdsworth AR, Perel TS (2006) Invasion patterns of lumbricidae into the previously earthworm-free areas of north-eastern Europe and the western Great Lakes Region of North America. Biological Invasions (in press)

Tomlin AD, Shipitalo MJ, Edwards WM, Protz R (1995) Earthworms and their influence on soil structure and infiltration. In: Hendrix PF (ed) Earthworm ecology and biogeography in North America. CRC Press, Boca Raton FL, pp 159–184

van der Heijden MGA, Klironomos JN, Ursic M, Moutoglis P, Streitwolfengel R, Boller T, Wiemken A, Sanders IR (1998) Mycorrhizal fungal diversity determines plant biodiversity, ecosystem variability and productivity. Nature 396:69–72