Early activation of microglia as antigen-presenting cells correlates with T cell-mediated protection and repair of the injured central nervous system

Aloisi, 2001, Immune function of microglia, Glia, 36, 165, 10.1002/glia.1106 Aloisi, 2000, Regulation of T-cell responses by CNS antigen-presenting cells: different roles for microglia and astrocytes, Immunol. Today, 21, 141, 10.1016/S0167-5699(99)01512-1 Bal-Price, 2001, Inflammatory neurodegeneration mediated by nitric oxide from activated glia-inhibiting neuronal respiration, causing glutamate release and excitotoxicity, J. Neurosci., 21, 6480, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-17-06480.2001 Blaugrund, 1993, Axonal regeneration is associated with glial migration: comparison between the injured optic nerves of fish and rats, J. Comp. Neurol., 330, 105, 10.1002/cne.903300109 Damoiseaux, 1994, Rat macrophage lysosomal membrane antigen recognized by monoclonal antibody ED1, Immunology, 83, 140 Dijkstra, 1994, Monoclonal antibodies against rat macrophages, J. Immunol. Methods, 174, 21, 10.1016/0022-1759(94)90006-X Downen, 1999, Neuronal death in cytokine-activated primary human brain cell culture: role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, Glia, 28, 114, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1136(199911)28:2<114::AID-GLIA3>3.0.CO;2-O Fisher, 2001, Vaccination for neuroprotection in the mouse optic nerve: implications for optic neuropathies, J. Neurosci., 21, 136, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-01-00136.2001 Hammarberg, 2000, Neuroprotection by encephalomyelitis: rescue of mechanically injured neurons and neurotrophin production by CNS-infiltrating T and natural killer cells, J. Neurosci., 20, 5283, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-14-05283.2000 Hauben, 2003, Therapeutic vaccination for spinal cord injury: helping the body to cure itself, Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 24, 7, 10.1016/S0165-6147(02)00013-5 Hauben, 2000, Passive or active immunization with myelin basic protein promotes recovery from spinal cord contusion, J. Neurosci., 20, 6421, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-17-06421.2000 Hauben, 2001, Posttraumatic therapeutic vaccination with modified myelin self-antigen prevents complete paralysis while avoiding autoimmune disease, J. Clin. Invest., 108, 591, 10.1172/JCI12837 Hauben, 2002, Sexual dimorphism in the spontaneous recovery from spinal cord injury: a gender gap in beneficial autoimmunity?, Eur. J. Neurosci., 16, 1731, 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02241.x Jahng, 2001, Activation of natural killer T cells potentiates or prevents experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, J. Exp. Med., 194, 1789, 10.1084/jem.194.12.1789 Kerchensteiner, 1999, Activated human T cells, B cells, and monocytes produce brain-derived neurotrophic factor in vitro and in inflammatory brain lesions: a neuroprotective role of inflammation, J. Exp. Med., 189, 865, 10.1084/jem.189.5.865 Kipnis, 2002, Dual action of glatiramer acetate (Cop-1) in the treatment of CNS autoimmune and neurodegenerative disorders, Trends Mol. Med., 8, 319, 10.1016/S1471-4914(02)02373-0 Kipnis, 2000, T cell immunity to copolymer 1 confers neuroprotection on the damaged optic nerve: possible therapy for optic neuropathies, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 97, 7446, 10.1073/pnas.97.13.7446 Kipnis, 2001, Neuronal survival after CNS insult is determined by a genetically encoded autoimmune response, J. Neurosci., 21, 4564, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-13-04564.2001 Kipnis, 2002, Myelin specific Th1 cells are necessary for post-traumatic protective autoimmunity, J. Neuroimmunol., 130, 78, 10.1016/S0165-5728(02)00219-9 Lopez-Redondo, 2000, Glutamate transporter GLT-1 is highly expressed in activated microglia following facial nerve axotomy, Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res., 76, 429, 10.1016/S0169-328X(00)00022-X Mizrahi, 2002, The tissue-specific self-pathogen is the protective self-antigen: the case of uveitis, J. Immunol., 169, 5971, 10.4049/jimmunol.169.10.5971 Moalem, 1999, Autoimmune T cells protect neurons from secondary degeneration after central nervous system axotomy, Nat. Med., 5, 49, 10.1038/4734 Moalem, 1999, Differential T cell response in central and peripheral nerve injury: connection with immune privilege, FASEB J., 13, 1207, 10.1096/fasebj.13.10.1207 Moalem, 2000, Production of neurotrophins by activated T cells: implications for neuroprotective autoimmunity, J. Autoimmun., 15, 331, 10.1006/jaut.2000.0441 Nakajima, 2001, Neurotrophin secretion from cultured microglia, J. Neurosci. Res., 65, 322, 10.1002/jnr.1157 Nakajima, 2001, Ability of rat microglia to uptake extracellular glutamate, Neurosci. Lett., 307, 171, 10.1016/S0304-3940(01)01943-7 Piani, 1991, Murine brain macrophages induced NMDA receptor mediated neurotoxicity in vitro by secreting glutamate, Neurosci. Lett., 133, 159, 10.1016/0304-3940(91)90559-C Piani, 1992, Macrophage-induced cytotoxicity of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor positive neurons involves excitatory amino acids rather than reactive oxygen intermediates and cytokines, Eur. J. Immunol., 22, 2429, 10.1002/eji.1830220936 Popovich, 1999, Depletion of hematogenous macrophages promotes partial hindlimb recovery and neuroanatomical repair after experimental spinal cord injury, Exp. Neurol., 158, 351, 10.1006/exnr.1999.7118 Popovich, 1997, Cellular inflammatory response after spinal cord injury in Sprague–Dawley and Lewis rats, J. Comp. Neurol., 377, 443, 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19970120)377:3<443::AID-CNE10>3.0.CO;2-S Popovich, 2001, Alterations in immune cell phenotype and function after experimental spinal cord injury, J. Neurotrauma, 18, 957, 10.1089/089771501750451866 Rapalino, 1998, Implantation of stimulated homologous macrophages results in partial recovery of paraplegic rats, Nat. Med., 4, 814, 10.1038/nm0798-814 Schori, 2001, Vaccination for protection of retinal ganglion cells against death from glutamate cytotoxicity and ocular hypertension: implications for glaucoma, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 98, 3398, 10.1073/pnas.041609498 Schwartz, 2001, Protective autoimmunity: regulation and prospects for vaccination after brain and spinal cord injuries, Trends Mol. Med., 7, 252, 10.1016/S1471-4914(01)01993-1 Schwartz, 2001, Beneficial immune activity after CNS injury: prospects for vaccination, J. Neuroimmunol., 113, 185, 10.1016/S0165-5728(00)00447-1 Takahashi, 2000, Analysis of human V alpha 24+ CD4+ NKT cells activated by alpha-glycosylceramide-pulsed monocyte-derived dendritic cells, J. Immunol., 164, 4458, 10.4049/jimmunol.164.9.4458 Yoles, 2001, Protective autoimmunity is a physiological response to CNS trauma, J. Neurosci., 21, 3740, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-11-03740.2001 Yoles, 2001, Protective autoimmunity is a physiological response to CNS trauma, J. Neurosci., 21, 3740, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-11-03740.2001 Zhang, 1997, Regulation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by natural killer (NK) cells, J. Exp. Med., 186, 1677, 10.1084/jem.186.10.1677