ETIOLOGY OF SARCOIDOSIS

Almenoff, 1996, Growth of acid-fast L forms from the blood of patients with sarcoidosis, Thorax, 51, 530, 10.1136/thx.51.5.530 Balbi, 1990, Increased numbers of T lymphocytes with γδ-positive antigen receptors in a subgroup of patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis, J Clin Invest, 85, 353, 10.1172/JCI114579 Barth, 1987, Clinicopathologic conference. Heerfordt syndrome in sarcoidosis with simultaneous detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis by bacterial culture, Med Klin, 82, 313 Bellocq, 1994, T-cell–receptor repertoire of T lymphocytes recovered from the lung and blood of patients with sarcoidosis, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 149, 646, 10.1164/ajrccm.149.3.7906994 Ben-Nun, 1991, Restricted T-cell–receptor Vβ gene usage by myelin basic protein-specific T-cell clones in multiple sclerosis: Predominant genes vary in individuals, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 88, 2466, 10.1073/pnas.88.6.2466 Bjortuft, 1994, Single lung transplantation as treatment for end-stage pulmonary sarcoidosis. Recurrence of sarcoidosis in two different lung allografts in one patient, J Heart Lung Transplant, 12, 24 Bocart, 1992, A search for mycobacterial DNA in granulomatous tissues from patients with sarcoidosis using the polymerase chain reaction, Am Rev Respir Dis, 145, 1142, 10.1164/ajrccm/145.5.1142 Boeck, 1899, Multiple benign sarcoids of the skin, J Cutan Dis, 17, 543 Boucot, 1952, Tuberculosis and diabetes, American Review of Tuberculosis, 65, 1 Bowman, 1973, On the isolation of infectious agents from granulomas from patients with sarcoid, Am Rev Respir Dis, 107, 467 Bresnitz, 1983, The epidemiology of sarcoidosis, Epidemiol Rev, 5, 124, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036255 Bretza, 1978, Mycobacterium intracellulare presenting as a sarcoid-like illness, South Med J, 71, 872, 10.1097/00007611-197807000-00038 Brisson-Noel, 1991, Diagnosis of tuberculosis by DNA amplification in clinical practice evaluation, Lancet, 338, 264, 10.1016/0140-6736(91)90492-8 Burnet, 1959, 160 Cho, 1984, Sarcoid-like granulomas as an early manifestation of Whipple's disease, Gastroenterology, 87, 941, 10.1016/0016-5085(84)90092-1 Citron, 1957, The effect of cortisone upon the reaction of the skin to tuberculin in tuberculosis and sarcoidosis, Q J Med, 277 Comstock, 1961, Clay eating and sarcoidosis. A controlled study in the state of Georgia, Am Rev Respir Dis, 84, S130 Cullen, 1987, Chronic beryllium disease in a precious metal refinery: Clinical, epidemiologic, and immunologic evidence for continuing risk from exposure to low-level beryllium fume, Am Rev Respir Dis, 135, 201 Davis, 1988, T-cell antigen-receptor genes and T-cell recognition, Nature, 334, 395, 10.1038/334395a0 DuBois, 1992, T lymphocytes that accumulate in the lung in sarcoidosis have evidence of recent stimulation of the T-cell–antigen receptor, Am Rev Respir Dis, 145, 1205, 10.1164/ajrccm/145.5.1205 Dugan, 1985, An in situ immunohistochemical study of Mitsuda reactions, Int J Lepr, 53, 404 Eisenach, 1990, Polymerase chain reaction amplification of a repetitive DNA sequence specific for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, J Infect Dis, 161, 977, 10.1093/infdis/161.5.977 Epstein, 1982, Bronchoalveolar lavage in a patient with chronic berylliosis: Evidence for hypersensitivity pneumonitis, Ann Intern Med, 97, 213, 10.7326/0003-4819-97-2-213 Fidler, 1993, Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA in tissue affected by sarcoidosis, Br Med J, 306, 456, 10.1136/bmj.306.6877.546 Forman, 1994, Selective activation and accumulation of oligoclonal Vβ-specific T cells in active pulmonary sarcoidosis, J Clin Invest, 94, 1533, 10.1172/JCI117494 Forrester, 1993, Clonal expansion of lung Vγ1+ T cells in pulmonary sarcoidosis, J Clin Invest, 91, 292, 10.1172/JCI116184 Forrester, 1994, TCR expression of activated T-cell clones in the lungs of patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis, J Immunol, 153, 4291, 10.4049/jimmunol.153.9.4291 Gerdes, 1992, Mycobacterial nucleic acids in sarcoid lesions, Lancet, 339, 1536, 10.1016/0140-6736(92)91299-N Ghossein, 1994, A search for mycobacterial DNA in sarcoidosis using the polymerase chain reaction, Am J Clin Pathol, 101, 733, 10.1093/ajcp/101.6.733 Graham, 1988, Isolation of cell-wall–defective acid-fast bacteria from skin lesions in patients with sarcoidosis, 161 Graham, 1993, Mycobacterial etiology of sarcoidosis, Lancet, 340, 52, 10.1016/0140-6736(92)92465-R Greenberg, 1970, The ultrastructure of the pulmonary granuloma in sarcoidosis, Am Rev Respir Dis, 102, 648 Grunewald, 1994, T-cell–receptor variable-region gene usage by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and peripheral blood of sarcoidosis patients, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 91, 4965, 10.1073/pnas.91.11.4965 Hance, 1989, Detection and identification of mycobacteria by amplification of mycobacterial DNA, Mol Microbiol, 3, 843, 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1989.tb00233.x Hanngren, 1987, Tuberculostearic acid in lymph nodes from patients with sarcoidosis, Sarcoidosis, 4, 101 Hart, 1976, D'A: Lepromin and Kveim antigen reactivity in man, and their relationship to tuberculin reactivity, Br Med Bull, 23, 80, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a070522 Henwood, 1993, Restricted T-cell–receptor expression by human T-cell clones specific for myobacterial 64-kDa heat-shock protein: Selective in vivo expression of T cells bearing defined receptors, Eur J Immunol, 23, 1256, 10.1002/eji.1830230610 Heyll, 1994, Possible transmission of sarcoidosis via allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, Bone Marrow Transplant, 14, 161 Hills, 1987, Epidemiology of sarcoidosis in the Isle of Man—2: Evidence for space–time clustering, Thorax, 42, 427, 10.1136/thx.42.6.427 Holter, 1992, Nonviable autologous bronchoalveolar lavage cell preparations induce intradermal epithelioid granulomas in sarcoidosis patients, Am Rev Respir Dis, 145, 861, 10.1164/ajrccm/145.4_Pt_1.864 Johnson, 1993, Recurrence of sarcoidosis in pulmonary allograft recipients, Am Rev Respir Dis, 148, 1373, 10.1164/ajrccm/148.5.1373 Judge, 1976, Isolation of an acid-fast organism from the blood of sarcoidosis patients, Bacteriol Proc Am Soc Microbiol, 13, 31 Kaufmann, 1990, Heat shock proteins and the immune response, Immunol Today, 11, 129, 10.1016/0167-5699(90)90050-J Kent, 1970, The definitive evaluation of sarcoidosis, Am Rev Respir Dis, 101, 721 Kern, 1993, Investigation of a unique time–space cluster of sarcoidosis in firefighters, Am Rev Respir Dis, 148, 974, 10.1164/ajrccm/148.4_Pt_1.974 Klein, 1994, Selection of oligoclonal Vβ-specific T cells in the intradermal response to Kveim-Siltzbach reagent in individuals with sarcoidosis, J Immunol, 143, 1450 Kooij, 1964, The nature of the Kveim reaction, Acta Med Scand, 425, 79 Kotzin, 1991, Preferential T-cell receptor β-chain variable gene use in myelin basic protein-reactive T-cell clones from patients with multiple sclerosis, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 88, 9161, 10.1073/pnas.88.20.9161 Kveim, 1941, En ny og specifik kutan-reaksjon ved Boecks sarcoid, Nord Med, 9, 169 Lehmann, 1992, Spreading of T-cell autoimmunity to cryptic determinants of an autoantigen, Nature, 358, 155, 10.1038/358155a0 Liedtke, 1993, Mycobacterium tuberculosis polymerase chain reaction findings in neurosarcoidosis, J Neurol Sci, 120, 118, 10.1016/0022-510X(93)90035-W Lisby, 1993, Search for Mycobacterium paratuberculosis DNA in tissue from patients with sarcoidosis by enzymatic gene amplification, APMIS, 101, 876, 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1993.tb00195.x Longcope, 1941, Sarcoidosis of Besnier-Bock-Schaumann disease, JAMA, 117, 1321, 10.1001/jama.1941.02820420013005 Lowery, 1990, Sarcoidosis complicated by HIV infection: Three case reports and a review of the literature, Am Rev Respir Dis, 142, 887, 10.1164/ajrccm/142.4.887 Lyons, 1990, What's in a relationship? Sarcoidosis and tuberculosis, Irish Med J, 83, 66 Mangiapan, 1995, Mycobacteria and sarcoidosis: An overview and summary of recent molecular biological data, Sarcoidosis, 12, 20 Mankiewicz, 1961, Mycobacteriophages isolated from persons with tuberculous and nontuberculosis conditions, Nature, 191, 1416, 10.1038/1911416b0 Marrack, 1987, The T-cell receptor, Science, 238, 1073, 10.1126/science.3317824 Martinez, 1994, Recurrence of sarcoidosis following bilateral allogeneic lung transplantation, Chest, 106, 1597, 10.1378/chest.106.5.1597 Mishra, 1983, The distribution of lymphoid and macrophage-like cell subsets of sarcoid and Kveim granulomata: Possible mechanisms of negative PPD reaction in sarcoidosis, Clin Exp Immunol, 54, 705 Mitchell, 1981, The nature and physical characteristics of transmissible agents from human sarcoid and Crohn's disease tissues, 132 Mitchell, 1974, Sarcoidosis: State of the art, Am Rev Respir Dis, 110, 774 Mitchell, 1976, Transmissible agents from human sarcoid and Crohn's disease tissues, Lancet, 761, 10.1016/S0140-6736(76)90599-7 Mitchell, 1992, Detection of mycobacterial rRNA in sarcoidosis with liquid-phase hybridisation, Lancet, 339, 1015, 10.1016/0140-6736(92)90536-C Moller, 1996, Enhanced expression of IL-12 associated with Th1 cytokine profiles in active pulmonary sarcoidosis, J Immunol, 156, 4952, 10.4049/jimmunol.156.12.4952 Moller, 1988, Bias toward use of a specific T-cell–receptor β-chain variable region) in a subgroup of individuals with sarcoidosis, J Clin Invest, 82, 1183, 10.1172/JCI113715 Moscovic, 1978, Sarcoidosis and mycobacterial L forms: A critical reappraisal of pleomorphic chromogenic bodies (Hamazaki corpuscles) in lymph nodes, Pathol Annu, 13, 69 Mossman, 1989, Th1 and Th2 cells' different patterns of lymphokine secretion lead to different functional properties, Annual Review of Immunology, 7, 145, 10.1146/annurev.iy.07.040189.001045 Mullis, 1987, Specific synthesis of DNA in vitro via a polymerase-catalyzed chain reaction, Methods Enzymol, 155, 335, 10.1016/0076-6879(87)55023-6 Munro, 1987, The Kveim response: Still useful, still a puzzle, Thorax, 42, 321, 10.1136/thx.42.5.321 Muscovic, 1987, Sarcoidosis and mycobacterial L forms, Pathol Anat, 13, 69 Noordhock, 1994, Sensitivity and specificity of PCR for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis; a blind comparison study among seven laboratories, J Clin Microbiol, 32, 277, 10.1128/jcm.32.2.277-284.1994 Ohmen, 1994, Evidence for a superantigen in human tuberculosis, Immunity, 1, 35, 10.1016/1074-7613(94)90007-8 Oldstone, 1989, Molecular mimicry as a mechanism for the cause and as a probe uncovering etiologic agent(s) of autoimmune disease, Curr Top Microbiol Immunol, 145, 127 Pinkston, 1983, Spontaneous release of interleukin-2 by lung T lymphocytes in active pulmonary sarcoidosis, N Engl J Med, 308, 793, 10.1056/NEJM198304073081401 Popper, 1994, DNA of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue in tuberculosis and sarcoidosis detected by polymerase chain reaction, Am J Clin Pathol, 101, 738, 10.1093/ajcp/101.6.738 Raulet, 1989, Antigens for γδ T cells, Nature, 339, 342, 10.1038/339342a0 Richeldi, 1993, HLA-DPB1 Glutamate 69: A genetic marker of beryllium disease, Science, 262, 242, 10.1126/science.8105536 Richter, 1971, Detection of Mycobacteria by fluorescent microscopy in sarcoidosis, 83 Riley, 1952, Boeck's sarcoid; a review based upon the clinical study of 52 cases, Am Rev Tuberc, 62, 231 Robinson, 1985, γ-Interferon is spontaneously released by alveolar macrophages and lung T lymphocytes in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis, J Clin Invest, 75, 1488, 10.1172/JCI111852 Rossman, 1988, Proliferative response of bronchoalveolar lymphocytes to beryllium, Ann Intern Med, 108, 687, 10.7326/0003-4819-108-5-687 Saboor, 1992, Detection of mycobacterial DNA in sarcoidosis and tuberculosis with polymerase chain reaction, Lancet, 339, 1012, 10.1016/0140-6736(92)90535-B Saltini, 1989, Maintenance of alveolitis in patients with chronic beryllium disease by beryllium-specific helper T cells, N Engl J Med, 320, 1103, 10.1056/NEJM198904273201702 Scadding, 1985, 43 Schachor, 1989, Increased incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in chronic interstitial lung disease, Thorax, 44, 151, 10.1136/thx.44.2.151 Sharma, 1986, Etiology of sarcoidosis, Semin Respir Med, 8, 95, 10.1055/s-2007-1012644 Sher, 1992, Regulation of immunity to parasites by T cells and T cell-derived cytokines, Annu Rev Immunol, 10, 385, 10.1146/annurev.iy.10.040192.002125 Shinnick, 1987, The 65-kilodalton antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, J Bacteriol, 169, 1080, 10.1128/jb.169.3.1080-1088.1987 Siltzbach, 1961, The Kveim test in sarcoidosis: A study of 750 patients, JAMA, 178, 476, 10.1001/jama.1961.03040440028006 Silver, 1996, Limited heterogeneity of biased T-cell–receptor Vβ gene usage in lung but not blood T cells in active pulmonary sarcoidosis, Immunology, 88, 516, 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1996.d01-683.x Southern, 1989, Lymphedema, lymphocytic myocarditis, and sarcoid-like granulomatosis. Manifestations of Whipple's disease, JAMA, 261, 1467, 10.1001/jama.1989.03420100103032 Spapen, 1989, Electron microscopic detection of Whipple's bacillus in sarcoid-like periodic acid-Schiff–negative granulomas, Dig Dis Sci, 34, 640, 10.1007/BF01536345 Stanford, 1992, Slow bacterial infections or autoimmunity?, Immunol Today, 13, 160, 10.1016/0167-5699(92)90119-R Staton, 1995, Expression and immune recognition of stress proteins in sarcoidosis and other chronic interstitial lung diseases, Immunol Cell Biol, 73, 23, 10.1038/icb.1995.4 Sutherland, 1993, BCG ineffective against sarcoidosis, Br Med J, 306, 1270, 10.1136/bmj.306.6887.1270-a Tamura, 1990, Diversity in junctional sequences associated with the common human V γ9 and V δ2 gene segments in normal blood and lung compared with the limited diversity in a granulomatous disease, J Exp Med, 172, 169, 10.1084/jem.172.1.169 Thakker, 1992, Myobacterial nucleic acids in sarcoid lesions, Lancet, 339, 1537 Thierry, 1990, Characterization of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis insertion sequence IS6110, and its application in diagnosis, J Clin Microbiol, 28, 2668, 10.1128/jcm.28.12.2668-2673.1990 Thomas, 1987, Current concepts of the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis, Am Rev Respir Dis, 135, 747 Trinchieri, 1994, Interleukin-12: A cytokine produced by antigen-presenting cells with immunoregulatory functions in the generation of T-helper cell type 1 and cytotoxic lymphocytes, Blood, 84, 4408, 10.1182/blood.V84.12.4008.bloodjournal84124008 Vaneck, 1970, Demonstration of acid-fast rods in sarcoidosis, Am Rev Respir Dis, 101, 395 Van Etta LL, Filice RM, Ferguson RM, et al: Corynebacterium egia: A review of 12 cases of human infection. Rev Infect Dis 5:1012 Van Schooten, 1992, T-cell–receptor β-chain gene usage in the T-cell recognition of Mycobacterium leprae antigens in one tuberculoid leprosy patient, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 89, 11244, 10.1073/pnas.89.23.11244 Walker, 1994, Activated T cells and cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavages from patients with various lung diseases associated with eosinophilia, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 150, 1038, 10.1164/ajrccm.150.4.7921434 Wang, 1993, Selection of T lymphocytes bearing limited T-cell–receptor β chains in the response to a human pathogen, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 90, 188, 10.1073/pnas.90.1.188 Winterbauer, 1976, The infectious complications of sarcoidosis, Arch Intern Med, 136, 1356, 10.1001/archinte.1976.03630120008006 Yeager, 1977, Sarcoidosis: Analysis of cells obtained by bronchial lavage, Am Rev Respir Dis, 116, 951 Young, 1990, Chaperonins and the immune response, Cell Biol, 1, 27 Zaki, 1971, Further exploratory studies in sarcoidosis. An epidemiologic investigation to compare the prevalence of tuberculosis infection and/or disease among contacts of matched sarcoidosis and asthmatic patients, Am Rev Respir Dis, 103, 539 Williams, 1935, Skin reactions in sarcoid, Proc Soc Biol-Med, 33, 403, 10.3181/00379727-33-8388P