ERK1/2 MAP kinases: Structure, function, and regulation
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Manning, 2002, The protein kinase complement of the human genome, Science, 298, 1912, 10.1126/science.1075762
Alonso, 2004, Protein tyrosine phosphatases in the human genome, Cell, 117, 699, 10.1016/j.cell.2004.05.018
Bononi A, Agnoletto C, De Marchi E, Marchi S, Patergnani S, Bonora M, et al. Protein kinases and phosphatases in the control of cell fate. Enzyme Research, http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/329098.
Schaeffer, 1999, Mitogen-activated protein kinases: specific messages from ubiquitous messengers, Molecular and Cellular Biology, 19, 2435, 10.1128/MCB.19.4.2435
Cargnello, 2011, Activation and function of the MAPKs and their substrates, the MAPK-activated protein kinases, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 75, 50, 10.1128/MMBR.00031-10
Plotnikov, 2011, The MAPK cascades: signaling components, nuclear roles and mechanisms of nuclear translocation, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1813, 1619, 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.12.012
Morrison, 2003, Regulation of MAP kinase signaling modules by scaffold proteins in mammals, Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, 19, 91, 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.19.111401.091942
Whitmarsh, 2006, The JIP family of MAPK scaffold proteins, Biochemical Society Transactions, 34, 828, 10.1042/BST0340828
Raman, 2007, Differential regulation and properties of MAPKs, Oncogene, 26, 3100, 10.1038/sj.onc.1210392
Weston, 2007, The JNK signal transduction pathway, Current Opinion in Cell Biology, 19, 142, 10.1016/j.ceb.2007.02.001
Hanks, 1991, Eukaryotic protein kinases, Current Opinion in Structural Biology, 1, 369, 10.1016/0959-440X(91)90035-R
Lefloch, 2009, Total ERK1/2 activity regulates cell proliferation, Cell Cycle, 8, 705, 10.4161/cc.8.5.7734
Robbins, 1993, Regulation and properties of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 in vitro, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 268, 5097, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)53507-9
Lefloch, 2008, Single and combined silencing of ERK1 and ERK2 reveals their positive contribution to growth signaling depending on their expression levels, Molecular and Cellular Biology, 28, 511, 10.1128/MCB.00800-07
Yao, 2003, Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 is necessary for mesoderm differentiation, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100, 12759, 10.1073/pnas.2134254100
Pagès, 1999, Defective thymocyte maturation in p44 MAP kinase (Erk 1) knockout mice, Science, 286, 1374, 10.1126/science.286.5443.1374
Nekrasova, 2005, ERK1-deficient mice show normal T cell effector function and are highly susceptible to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, Journal of Immunology, 175, 2374, 10.4049/jimmunol.175.4.2374
Hatano, 2003, Essential role for ERK2 mitogen-activated protein kinase in placental development, Genes to Cells, 8, 847, 10.1046/j.1365-2443.2003.00680.x
Saba-El-Leil, 2003, An essential function of the mitogen-activated protein kinase Erk2 in mouse trophoblast development, EMBO Reports, 4, 964, 10.1038/sj.embor.embor939
Wortzel, 2011, The ERK cascade: distinct functions within various subcellular organelles, Genes Cancer, 2, 195, 10.1177/1947601911407328
Vakiani, 2011, KRAS and BRAF: drug targets and predictive biomarkers, Journal of Pathology, 223, 219, 10.1002/path.2796
Bos, 1989, Ras oncogenes in human cancer: a review, Cancer Research, 49, 4682
Garnett, 2004, Guilty as charged: B-RAF is a human oncogene, Cancer Cell, 6, 313, 10.1016/j.ccr.2004.09.022
Pylayeva-Gupta, 2011, RAS oncogenes: weaving a tumorigenic web, Nature Reviews Cancer, 11, 761, 10.1038/nrc3106
Steelman, 2011, Roles of the Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR pathways in controlling growth and sensitivity to therapy-implications for cancer and aging, Aging, 3, 192, 10.18632/aging.100296
Lemmon, 2010, Cell signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases, Cell, 141, 1117, 10.1016/j.cell.2010.06.011
Margolis, 1999, The function of PTB domain proteins, Kidney International, 56, 1230, 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.00700.x
Vigil, 2010, Ras superfamily GEFs and GAPs: validated and tractable targets for cancer therapy?, Nature Reviews Cancer, 10, 842, 10.1038/nrc2960
Roskoski, 2010, RAF protein-serine/threonine kinases: structure and regulation, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 399, 313, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.07.092
Ray, 1988, Insulin-stimulated microtubule-associated protein kinase is phosphorylated on tyrosine and threonine in vivo, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 85, 3753, 10.1073/pnas.85.11.3753
Roskoski, 2012, MEK1/2 dual-specificity protein kinases: structure and regulation, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 417, 5, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.11.145
Yoon, 2006, The extracellular signal-regulated kinase: multiple substrates regulate diverse cellular functions, Growth Factors, 24, 21, 10.1080/02699050500284218
Shaul, 2007, The MEK/ERK cascade: from signaling specificity to diverse functions, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1773, 1213, 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.10.005
Fujioka, 2006, Dynamics of the Ras/ERK MAPK cascade as monitored by fluorescent probes, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 281, 8917, 10.1074/jbc.M509344200
Cobb, 1991, Extracellular signal-regulated kinases: ERKs in progress, Cell Regulation, 2, 965, 10.1091/mbc.2.12.965
Pearson, 2001, Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways: regulation and physiological functions, Endocrine Reviews, 22, 153
Ray, 1987, Rapid stimulation by insulin of a serine/threonine kinase in 3T3-L1 adipocytes that phosphorylates microtubule-associated protein 2 in vitro, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 84, 1502, 10.1073/pnas.84.6.1502
Silliman, 1989, Phosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein 2 by MAP kinase primarily involves the projection domain, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 160, 993, 10.1016/S0006-291X(89)80099-3
Boulton, 1990, An insulin-stimulated protein kinase similar to yeast kinases involved in cell cycle control, Science, 249, 64, 10.1126/science.2164259
Boulton, 1991, Purification and properties of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1, an insulin-stimulated microtubule-associated protein 2 kinase, Biochemistry, 30, 278, 10.1021/bi00215a038
Boulton, 1991, ERKs: a family of protein-serine/threonine kinases that are activated and tyrosine phosphorylated in response to insulin and NGF, Cell, 65, 663, 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90098-J
Shaul, 2009, Specific phosphorylation and activation of ERK1c by MEK1b: a unique route in the ERK cascade, Genes and Development, 23, 1779, 10.1101/gad.523909
Zheng, 1993, Properties of MEKs, the kinases that phosphorylate and activate the extracellular signal-regulated kinases, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 268, 23933, 10.1016/S0021-9258(20)80474-8
Aebersold, 2004, Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1c (ERK1c), a novel 42-kilodalton ERK, demonstrates unique modes of regulation, localization, and function, Molecular and Cellular Biology, 24, 10000, 10.1128/MCB.24.22.10000-10015.2004
Yung, 2000, ERK1b, a 46-kDa ERK isoform that is differentially regulated by MEK, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 275, 15799, 10.1074/jbc.M910060199
Kim, 2010, Pathological roles of MAPK signaling pathways in human diseases, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1802, 396, 10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.12.009
Tidyman, 2009, The RASopathies: developmental syndromes of Ras/MAPK pathway dysregulation, Current Opinion in Genetics and Development, 19, 230, 10.1016/j.gde.2009.04.001
Tanti, 2009, Cellular mechanisms of insulin resistance: role of stress-regulated serine kinases and insulin receptor substrates (IRS) serine phosphorylation, Current Opinion in Pharmacology, 9, 753, 10.1016/j.coph.2009.07.004
Montagut, 2009, Targeting the RAF-MEK-ERK pathway in cancer therapy, Cancer Letters, 283, 125, 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.01.022
Chico, 2009, Targeting protein kinases in central nervous system disorders, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 8, 892, 10.1038/nrd2999
Muslin, 2008, MAPK signalling in cardiovascular health and disease: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets, Clinical Science (London, England: 1979), 115, 203, 10.1042/CS20070430
Cohen, 2002, Protein kinases-the major drug targets of the twenty-first century?, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 1, 309, 10.1038/nrd773
Knighton, 1991, Crystal structure of the catalytic subunit of cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase, Science, 253, 407, 10.1126/science.1862342
Taylor, 2011, Protein kinases: evolution of dynamic regulatory proteins, Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 36, 65, 10.1016/j.tibs.2010.09.006
Hanks, 1988, The protein kinase family: conserved features and deduced phylogeny of the catalytic domains, Science, 241, 42, 10.1126/science.3291115
Gibbs, 1991, Rational scanning mutagenesis of a protein kinase identifies functional regions involved in catalysis and substrate interactions, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 266, 8923, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)31532-1
Madhusudan, 1994, cAMP-dependent protein kinase: crystallographic insights into substrate recognition and phosphotransfer, Protein Science, 3, 176, 10.1002/pro.5560030203
Zhou, 1997, Participation of ADP dissociation in the rate-determining step in cAMP-dependent protein kinase, Biochemistry, 36, 15733, 10.1021/bi971438n
Schwartz, 2011, Protein kinase biochemistry and drug discovery, Bioorganic Chemistry, 39, 192, 10.1016/j.bioorg.2011.07.004
Kornev, 2006, Surface comparison of active and inactive protein kinases identifies a conserved activation mechanism, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103, 17783, 10.1073/pnas.0607656103
Kornev, 2010, Defining the conserved internal architecture of a protein kinase, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1804, 440, 10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.10.017
Zhang, 1994, Atomic structure of the MAP kinase ERK2 at 2.3Å resolution, Nature, 367, 704, 10.1038/367704a0
Zhang, 2009, Targeting cancer with small molecule kinase inhibitors, Nature Reviews Cancer, 9, 28, 10.1038/nrc2559
Johnson, 2001, Dynamics of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, Chemical Reviews, 101, 2243, 10.1021/cr000226k
Seeliger, 2009, Equally potent inhibition of c-Src and Abl by compounds that recognize inactive kinase conformations, Cancer Research, 69, 2384, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-3953
Canagarajah, 1997, Activation mechanism of the MAP kinase ERK2 by dual phosphorylation, Cell, 90, 859, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80351-7
Haystead, 1992, Ordered phosphorylation of p42mapk by MAP kinase kinase, FEBS Letters, 306, 17, 10.1016/0014-5793(92)80828-5
Burack, 1997, The activating dual phosphorylation of MAPK by MEK is nonprocessive, Biochemistry, 36, 5929, 10.1021/bi970535d
Ferrell, 1997, Mechanistic studies of the dual phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 272, 19008, 10.1074/jbc.272.30.19008
Anderson, 1990, Requirement for integration of signals from two distinct phosphorylation pathways for activation of MAP kinase, Nature, 343, 651, 10.1038/343651a0
Eichhorn, 2009, Protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunits and cancer, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1795, 1
Hermiston, 2009, CD45, CD148, and Lyp/Pep: critical phosphatases regulating Src family kinase signaling networks in immune cells, Immunological Reviews, 228, 288, 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00752.x
Prowse, 2001, Mechanism of activation of ERK2 by dual phosphorylation, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 276, 99, 10.1074/jbc.M008137200
Prowse, 2000, Catalytic reaction pathway for the mitogen-activated protein kinase ERK2, Biochemistry, 39, 6258, 10.1021/bi000277b
Songyang, 1996, A structural basis for substrate specificities of protein Ser/Thr kinases: primary sequence preference of casein kinases I and II, NIMA, phosphorylase kinase, calmodulin-dependent kinase II, CDK5, and Erk1, Molecular and Cellular Biology, 16, 6486, 10.1128/MCB.16.11.6486
Cook, 1982, Adenosine cyclic 3′,5′-monophosphate dependent protein kinase: kinetic mechanism for the bovine skeletal muscle catalytic subunit, Biochemistry, 21, 5794, 10.1021/bi00266a011
Adams, 1992, Energetic limits in the phosphotransfer of the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase as measured by viscosity experiments, Biochemistry, 31, 8516, 10.1021/bi00151a019
Mendoza, 2011, The Ras-ERK and PI3K-mTOR pathways: cross-talk and compensation, Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 36, 320, 10.1016/j.tibs.2011.03.006
Murphy, 2006, MAPK signal specificity: the right place at the right time, Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 31, 268, 10.1016/j.tibs.2006.03.009
Hollenhorst, 2011, Genomic and biochemical insights into the specificity of ETS transcription factors, Annual Review of Biochemistry, 80, 437, 10.1146/annurev.biochem.79.081507.103945
Cesari, 2004, Mice deficient for the ets transcription factor elk-1 show normal immune responses and mildly impaired neuronal gene activation, Molecular and Cellular Biology, 24, 294, 10.1128/MCB.24.1.294-305.2004
Buchwalter, 2004, Ets ternary complex transcription factors, Gene, 324, 1, 10.1016/j.gene.2003.09.028
Eferl, 2003, AP-1: a double-edged sword in tumorigenesis, Nature Reviews Cancer, 3, 859, 10.1038/nrc1209
Okazaki, 1995, The Mos/MAP kinase pathway stabilizes c-Fos by phosphorylation and augments its transforming activity in NIH 3T3 cells, EMBO Journal, 14, 5048, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb00187.x
Murphy, 2002, Molecular interpretation of ERK signal duration by immediate early gene products, Nature Cell Biology, 4, 556, 10.1038/ncb822
Morton, 2003, A reinvestigation of the multisite phosphorylation of the transcription factor c-Jun, EMBO Journal, 22, 3876, 10.1093/emboj/cdg388
Anjum, 2008, The RSK family of kinases: emerging roles in cellular signalling, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 9, 747, 10.1038/nrm2509
Carriere, 2008, The RSK factors of activating the Ras/MAPK signaling cascade, Frontiers in Bioscience, 13, 4258, 10.2741/3003
Richards, 2001, Characterization of regulatory events associated with membrane targeting of p90 ribosomal S6 kinase 1, Molecular and Cellular Biology, 21, 7470, 10.1128/MCB.21.21.7470-7480.2001
Asano, 2011, Role of palladin phosphorylation by extracellular signal-regulated kinase in cell migration, PLoS ONE, 6, e29338, 10.1371/journal.pone.0029338
Klemke, 1997, Regulation of cell motility by mitogen-activated protein kinase, Journal of Cell Biology, 137, 481, 10.1083/jcb.137.2.481
Xu, 2004, Nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of signal transducers, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 5, 209, 10.1038/nrm1331
Chow, 2012, The nuclear envelope environment and its cancer connections, Nature Reviews Cancer, 12, 196, 10.1038/nrc3219
Hoelz, 2011, The structure of the nuclear pore complex, Annual Review of Biochemistry, 80, 613, 10.1146/annurev-biochem-060109-151030
Kosako, 2009, Phosphoproteomics reveals new ERK MAP kinase targets and links ERK to nucleoporin-mediated nuclear transport, Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, 16, 1026, 10.1038/nsmb.1656
Jamali, 2011, Nuclear pore complex: biochemistry and biophysics of nucleocytoplasmic transport in health and disease, International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology, 287, 233, 10.1016/B978-0-12-386043-9.00006-2
Davis, 1993, The mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathway, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 268, 14553, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)82362-6
Kemp, 1977, Role of multiple basic residues in determining the substrate specificity of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 252, 4888, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)40137-2
Jacobs, 1999, Multiple docking sites on substrate proteins form a modular system that mediates recognition by ERK MAP kinase, Genes and Development, 13, 163, 10.1101/gad.13.2.163
Lee, 2004, Docking motif interactions in MAP kinases revealed by hydrogen exchange mass spectrometry, Molecular Cell, 14, 43, 10.1016/S1097-2765(04)00161-3
Sharrocks, 2000, Docking domains and substrate-specificity determination for MAP kinases, Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 25, 448, 10.1016/S0968-0004(00)01627-3
Tanoue, 2000, A conserved docking motif in MAP kinases common to substrates, activators and regulators, Nature Cell Biology, 2, 110, 10.1038/35000065
Bermudez, 2010, The dual-specificity MAP kinase phosphatases: critical roles in development and cancer, American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology, 299, C189, 10.1152/ajpcell.00347.2009
Sheridan, 2008, Substrate discrimination among mitogen-activated protein kinases through distinct docking sequence motifs, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 283, 19511, 10.1074/jbc.M801074200
Zhou, 2006, Docking interactions induce exposure of activation loop in the MAP kinase ERK2, Structure, 14, 1011, 10.1016/j.str.2006.04.006
Chang, 2002, Crystal structures of MAP kinase p38 complexed to the docking sites on its nuclear substrate MEF2A and activator MKK3b, Molecular Cell, 9, 1241, 10.1016/S1097-2765(02)00525-7
Heo, 2004, Structural basis for the selective inhibition of JNK1 by the scaffolding protein JIP1 and SP600125, EMBO Journal, 23, 2185, 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600212
Lee, 2011, Examining docking interactions on ERK2 with modular peptide substrates, Biochemistry, 50, 9500, 10.1021/bi201103b
Burkhard, 2011, Quantitative analysis of ERK2 interactions with substrate proteins: roles for kinase docking domains and activity in determining binding affinity, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 286, 2477, 10.1074/jbc.M110.177899
Kodoyianni, 2011, Label-free analysis of biomolecular interactions using SPR imaging, Biotechniques, 50, 32, 10.2144/000113569
Piserchio, 2011, Solution NMR insights into docking interactions involving inactive ERK2, Biochemistry, 50, 3660, 10.1021/bi2000559
Araujo, 1993, Characterization of PEA-15, a major substrate for protein kinase C in astrocytes, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 268, 5911, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)53407-4
Fernandes, 2009, Effect of the DEF motif on phosphorylation of peptide substrates by ERK, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 387, 414, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.07.049
Kolch, 2005, Coordinating ERK/MAPK signaling through scaffolds and inhibitors, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 6, 827, 10.1038/nrm1743
Dhanasekaran, 2007, Scaffold proteins of MAP-kinase modules, Oncogene, 26, 3185, 10.1038/sj.onc.1210411
Yao, 2009, The ERK signaling cascade—views from different subcellular compartments, Biofactors, 35, 407, 10.1002/biof.52
Fukuda, 1997, Interaction of MAP kinase with MAP kinase kinase: its possible role in the control of nucleocytoplasmic transport of MAP kinase, EMBO Journal, 16, 1901, 10.1093/emboj/16.8.1901
Blanco-Aparicio, 1999, A novel regulatory mechanism of MAP kinases activation and nuclear translocation mediated by PKA and the PTP-SL tyrosine phosphatase, Journal of Cell Biology, 147, 1129, 10.1083/jcb.147.6.1129
Reszka, 1995, Association of mitogen-activated protein kinase with the microtubule cytoskeleton, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 92, 8881, 10.1073/pnas.92.19.8881
Leinweber, 1999, Extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) interaction with actin and the calponin homology (CH) domain of actin-binding proteins, Biochemical Journal, 344, 117, 10.1042/0264-6021:3440117
Perlson, 2005, Vimentin-dependent spatial translocation of an activated MAP kinase in injured nerve, Neuron, 45, 715, 10.1016/j.neuron.2005.01.023
Morrison, 2001, KSR: a MAPK scaffold of the Ras pathway?, Journal of Cell Science, 114, 1609, 10.1242/jcs.114.9.1609
Hu, 2011, Mutation that blocks ATP binding creates a pseudokinase stabilizing the scaffolding function of kinase suppressor of Ras, CRAF and BRAF, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108, 6067, 10.1073/pnas.1102554108
Brennan, 2011, A Raf-induced allosteric transition of KSR stimulates phosphorylation of MEK, Nature, 472, 366, 10.1038/nature09860
Matheny, 2004, Ras regulates assembly of mitogenic signalling complexes through the effector protein IMP, Nature, 427, 256, 10.1038/nature02237
Casar, 2008, Essential role of ERK dimers in the activation of cytoplasmic but not nuclear substrates by ERK-scaffold complexes, Molecular Cell, 31, 708, 10.1016/j.molcel.2008.07.024
Brown, 2006, IQGAP1 in cellular signaling: bridging the GAP, Trends in Cell Biology, 16, 242, 10.1016/j.tcb.2006.03.002
White, 2009, IQGAPs in cancer: a family of scaffold proteins underlying tumorigenesis, FEBS Letters, 583, 1817, 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.05.007
Cheney, 1992, Unconventional myosins, Current Opinion in Cell Biology, 4, 27, 10.1016/0955-0674(92)90055-H
Ren, 2007, IQGAP1 modulates activation of B-Raf, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104, 10465, 10.1073/pnas.0611308104
Roy, 2005, IQGAP1 is a scaffold for mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, Molecular and Cellular Biology, 25, 7940, 10.1128/MCB.25.18.7940-7952.2005
Roy, 2004, IQGAP1 binds ERK2 and modulates its activity, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279, 17329, 10.1074/jbc.M308405200
Ussar, 2004, MEK1 and MEK2, different regulators of the G1/S transition, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279, 43861, 10.1074/jbc.M406240200
Schaeffer, 1998, MP1: a MEK binding partner that enhances enzymatic activation of the MAP kinase cascade, Science, 281, 1668, 10.1126/science.281.5383.1668
Teis, 2002, Localization of the MP1-MAPK scaffold complex to endosomes is mediated by p14 and required for signal transduction, Developmental Cell, 3, 803, 10.1016/S1534-5807(02)00364-7
Kurzbauer, 2004, Crystal structure of the p14/MP1 scaffolding complex: how a twin couple attaches mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling to late endosomes, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101, 10984, 10.1073/pnas.0403435101
Nada, 2009, The novel lipid raft adaptor p18 controls endosome dynamics by anchoring the MEK-ERK pathway to late endosomes, EMBO Journal, 28, 477, 10.1038/emboj.2008.308
Magee, 2011, Interactions between kinase scaffold MP1/p14 and its endosomal anchoring protein p18, Biochemistry, 50, 3696, 10.1021/bi101972y
Vomastek, 2004, Modular construction of a signaling scaffold: MORG1 interacts with components of the ERK cascade and links ERK signaling to specific agonists, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101, 6981, 10.1073/pnas.0305894101
Luttrell, 2010, Beyond desensitization: physiological relevance of arrestin-dependent signaling, Pharmacological Reviews, 62, 305, 10.1124/pr.109.002436
DeFea, 2000, β-Arrestin-dependent endocytosis of proteinase-activated receptor 2 is required for intracellular targeting of activated ERK1/2, Journal of Cell Biology, 148, 1267, 10.1083/jcb.148.6.1267
Luttrell, 2001, Activation and targeting of extracellular signal-regulated kinases by β-arrestin scaffolds, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 98, 2449, 10.1073/pnas.041604898
Fürthauer, 2002, Sef is a feedback-induced antagonist of Ras/MAPK-mediated FGF signalling, Nature Cell Biology, 4, 170, 10.1038/ncb750
Torii, 2004, Sef is a spatial regulator for Ras/MAP kinase signaling, Developmental Cell, 7, 33, 10.1016/j.devcel.2004.05.019
Ron, 2008, Know thy Sef: a novel class of feedback antagonists of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, 40, 2040, 10.1016/j.biocel.2008.03.013
Preger, 2004, Alternative splicing generates an isoform of the human Sef gene with altered subcellular localization and specificity, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101, 1229, 10.1073/pnas.0307952100
Xu, 1995, MEKK1 phosphorylates MEK1 and MEK2 but does not cause activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 92, 6808, 10.1073/pnas.92.15.6808
Karandikar, 2000, MEKK1 binds raf-1 and the ERK2 cascade components, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 275, 40120, 10.1074/jbc.M005926200
Xu, 1997, MEKK1 binds directly to the c-Jun N-terminal kinases/stress-activated protein kinases, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 272, 32056, 10.1074/jbc.272.51.32056
Li, 2009, Simulation of crosstalk between small GTPase RhoA and EGFR-ERK signaling pathway via MEKK1, Bioinformatics, 25, 358, 10.1093/bioinformatics/btn635
Schaller, 2001, Paxillin: a focal adhesion-associated adaptor protein, Oncogene, 20, 6459, 10.1038/sj.onc.1204786
Hall, 2011, Focal adhesion kinase: exploring Fak structure to gain insight into function, International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology, 288, 185, 10.1016/B978-0-12-386041-5.00005-4
Liu, 2002, Hepatocyte growth factor induces ERK-dependent paxillin phosphorylation and regulates paxillin-focal adhesion kinase association, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277, 10452, 10.1074/jbc.M107551200
Ishibe, 2003, Phosphorylation-dependent paxillin-ERK association mediates hepatocyte growth factor-stimulated epithelial morphogenesis, Molecular Cell, 12, 1275, 10.1016/S1097-2765(03)00406-4
Takino, 2010, MT1-MMP promotes cell growth and ERK activation through c-Src and paxillin in three-dimensional collagen matrix, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 396, 1042, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.05.059
Xu, 2010, Recognition of nuclear targeting signals by Karyopherin-β proteins, Current Opinion in Structural Biology, 20, 782, 10.1016/j.sbi.2010.09.008
Tewari, 2010, Armadillo-repeat protein functions: questions for little creatures, Trends in Cell Biology, 20, 470, 10.1016/j.tcb.2010.05.003
Lange, 2010, Expanding the definition of the classical bipartite nuclear localization signal, Traffic, 11, 311, 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2009.01028.x
Kuersten, 2001, Nucleocytoplasmic transport: Ran, beta and beyond, Trends in Cell Biology, 11, 497, 10.1016/S0962-8924(01)02144-4
Whitehurst, 2002, ERK2 enters the nucleus by a carrier-independent mechanism, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99, 7496, 10.1073/pnas.112495999
Matsubayashi, 2001, Evidence for existence of a nuclear pore complex-mediated, cytosol-independent pathway of nuclear translocation of ERK MAP kinase in permeabilized cells, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 276, 41755, 10.1074/jbc.M106012200
Chen, 1992, Nuclear localization and regulation of erk- and rsk-encoded protein kinases, Molecular and Cellular Biology, 12, 915, 10.1128/MCB.12.3.915
Brunet, 1999, Nuclear translocation of p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase is required for growth factor-induced gene expression and cell cycle entry, EMBO Journal, 18, 664, 10.1093/emboj/18.3.664
Adachi, 1999, Two co-existing mechanisms for nuclear import of MAP kinase: passive diffusion of a monomer and active transport of a dimer, EMBO Journal, 18, 5347, 10.1093/emboj/18.19.5347
Wolf, 2001, Involvement of the activation loop of ERK in the detachment from cytosolic anchoring, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 276, 24490, 10.1074/jbc.M103352200
Yazicioglu, 2007, Mutations in ERK2 binding sites affect nuclear entry, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 282, 28759, 10.1074/jbc.M703460200
Zervos, 1995, Mxi2, a mitogen-activated protein kinase that recognizes and phosphorylates Max protein, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 92, 10531, 10.1073/pnas.92.23.10531
Sanz, 2000, Distinct carboxy-termini confer divergent characteristics to the mitogen-activated protein kinase p38alpha and its splice isoform Mxi2, FEBS Letters, 474, 169, 10.1016/S0014-5793(00)01598-2
Casar, 2007, Mxi2 promotes stimulus-independent ERK nuclear translocation, EMBO Journal, 26, 635, 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601523
Casar, 2012, Mxi2 sustains ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the nucleus by preventing ERK1/2 binding to phosphatases, Biochemical Journal, 441, 571, 10.1042/BJ20110870
Chuderland, 2008, Identification and characterization of a general nuclear translocation signal in signaling proteins, Molecular Cell, 31, 850, 10.1016/j.molcel.2008.08.007
Gietz, 1995, Interactions between the subunits of casein kinase II, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 270, 13017, 10.1074/jbc.270.22.13017
Hanif, 2010, Casein kinase II: an attractive target for anti-cancer drug design, International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, 42, 1602, 10.1016/j.biocel.2010.06.010
Plotnikov, 2011, Nuclear extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 translocation is mediated by casein kinase 2 and accelerated by autophosphorylation, Molecular and Cellular Biology, 31, 3515, 10.1128/MCB.05424-11
Khokhlatchev, 1998, Phosphorylation of the MAP kinase ERK2 promotes its homodimerization and nuclear translocation, Cell, 93, 605, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81189-7
Khokhlatchev, 1997, Reconstitution of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation cascades in bacteria. Efficient synthesis of active protein kinases, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 272, 11057, 10.1074/jbc.272.17.11057
Kaoud, 2011, Activated ERK2 is a monomer in vitro with or without divalent cations and when complexed to the cytoplasmic scaffold PEA-15, Biochemistry, 50, 4568, 10.1021/bi200202y
Galli, 2009, A new paradigm for MAPK: structural interactions of hERK1 with mitochondria in HeLa cells, PLoS ONE, 4, e7541, 10.1371/journal.pone.0007541
Burack, 2005, Live Cell Imaging of ERK and MEK: simple binding equilibrium explains the regulated nucleocytoplasmic distribution of ERK, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 280, 3832, 10.1074/jbc.M410031200
Miyawaki, 2011, Development of probes for cellular functions using fluorescent proteins and fluorescence resonance energy transfer, Annual Review of Biochemistry, 80, 357, 10.1146/annurev-biochem-072909-094736
Lidke, 2010, ERK nuclear translocation is dimerization-independent but controlled by the rate of phosphorylation, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 285, 3092, 10.1074/jbc.M109.064972
Volmat, 2001, The nucleus, a site for signal termination by sequestration and inactivation of p42/p44 MAP kinases, Journal of Cell Science, 114, 3433, 10.1242/jcs.114.19.3433
Fitzpatrick, 2011, Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy: linking molecular dynamics to biological function in vitro and in situ, Current Opinion in Structural Biology, 21, 650, 10.1016/j.sbi.2011.06.006
Koushik, 2008, Energy migration alters the fluorescence lifetime of Cerulean: implications for fluorescence lifetime imaging Forster resonance energy transfer measurements, Journal of Biomedical Optics, 13, 031204, 10.1117/1.2940367
Callaway, 2006, Properties and regulation of a transiently assembled ERK2. Ets-1 signaling complex, Biochemistry, 45, 13719, 10.1021/bi0610451
Waas, 2002, Transient protein–protein interactions and a random-ordered kinetic mechanism for the phosphorylation of a transcription factor by extracellular-regulated protein kinase 2, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277, 12532, 10.1074/jbc.M110523200
Wilsbacher, 2006, Characterization of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) dimers, Biochemistry, 45, 13175, 10.1021/bi061041w
Casar, 2009, Ras subcellular localization defines extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 substrate specificity through distinct utilization of scaffold proteins, Molecular and Cellular Biology, 29, 1338, 10.1128/MCB.01359-08
Ranganathan, 2006, The nuclear localization of ERK2 occurs by mechanisms both independent of and dependent on energy, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 281, 15645, 10.1074/jbc.M513866200
la Cour, 2004, Analysis and prediction of leucine-rich nuclear export signals, Protein Engineering, Design and Selection, 17, 527, 10.1093/protein/gzh062
Adachi, 2000, Nuclear export of MAP kinase (ERK) involves a MAP kinase kinase (MEK)-dependent active transport mechanism, Journal of Cell Biology, 148, 849, 10.1083/jcb.148.5.849
Owens, 2007, Differential regulation of MAP kinase signalling by dual-specificity protein phosphatases, Oncogene, 26, 3203, 10.1038/sj.onc.1210412
Farooq, 2004, Structure and regulation of MAPK phosphatases, Cellular Signalling, 16, 769, 10.1016/j.cellsig.2003.12.008
Keyse, 2000, Protein phosphatases and the regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling, Current Opinion in Cell Biology, 12, 186, 10.1016/S0955-0674(99)00075-7
Keyse, 2008, Dual-specificity MAP kinase phosphatases (MKPs) and cancer, Cancer and Metastasis Reviews, 27, 253, 10.1007/s10555-008-9123-1
Kondoh, 2007, Regulation of MAP kinases by MAP kinase phosphatases, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1773, 1227, 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.12.002
Tonks, 2003, PTP1B: from the sidelines to the front lines!, FEBS Letters, 546, 140, 10.1016/S0014-5793(03)00603-3
Zhao, 2001, The mechanism of dephosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 by mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 3, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 276, 32382, 10.1074/jbc.M103369200
Camps, 1998, Catalytic activation of the phosphatase MKP-3 by ERK2 mitogen-activated protein kinase, Science, 280, 1262, 10.1126/science.280.5367.1262
Zhang, 2005, New insights into the catalytic activation of the MAPK phosphatase PAC-1 induced by its substrate MAPK ERK2 binding, Journal of Molecular Biology, 354, 777, 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.10.006
Muda, 1998, The mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-3 N-terminal noncatalytic region is responsible for tight substrate binding and enzymatic specificity, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 273, 9323, 10.1074/jbc.273.15.9323
Zhou, 2006, Mapping ERK2-MKP3 binding interfaces by hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 281, 38834, 10.1074/jbc.M608916200
Liu, 2006, Structural basis of docking interactions between ERK2 and MAP kinase phosphatase 3, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103, 5326, 10.1073/pnas.0510506103
Muñoz, 2003, Differential interaction of the tyrosine phosphatases PTP-SL, STEP and HePTP with the mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK1/2 and p38α is determined by a kinase specificity sequence and influenced by reducing agents, Biochemical Journal, 372, 193, 10.1042/bj20021941
Pulido, 1998, PTP-SL and STEP protein tyrosine phosphatases regulate the activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases ERK1 and ERK2 by association through a kinase interaction motif, EMBO Journal, 17, 7337, 10.1093/emboj/17.24.7337
Hendriks, 1995, A novel receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase with a single catalytic domain is specifically expressed in mouse brain, Biochemical Journal, 305, 499, 10.1042/bj3050499
Zuniga, 1999, Interaction of mitogen-activated protein kinases with the kinase interaction motif of the tyrosine phosphatase PTP-SL provides substrate specificity and retains ERK2 in the cytoplasm, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 30, 21900, 10.1074/jbc.274.31.21900
Julien, 2011, Inside the human cancer tyrosine phosphatome, Nature Reviews Cancer, 11, 35, 10.1038/nrc2980
Lessard, 2010, The two faces of PTP1B in cancer, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1804, 613, 10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.09.018
Alessi, 1995, Inactivation of p42 MAP kinase by protein phosphatase 2A and a protein tyrosine phosphatase, but not CL100, in various cell lines, Current Biology, 5, 283, 10.1016/S0960-9822(95)00059-5
Vaudry, 2002, Signaling pathways for PC12 cell differentiation: making the right connections, Science, 296, 1648, 10.1126/science.1071552
Letourneux, 2006, B56-containing PP2A dephosphorylate ERK and their activity is controlled by the early gene IEX-1 and ERK, EMBO Journal, 25, 727, 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600980
Roskoski, 2004, The ErbB/HER receptor protein-tyrosine kinases and cancer, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 319, 1, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.04.150
Roskoski, 2007, Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling in tumor progression, Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology, 62, 179, 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2007.01.006
Roskoski, 2008, VEGF receptor protein-tyrosine kinases: structure and regulation, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 375, 287, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.07.121
Zuccotto, 2010, Through the “gatekeeper door”: exploiting the active kinase conformation, Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 53, 2681, 10.1021/jm901443h
Dar, 2011, The evolution of protein kinase inhibitors from antagonists to agonists of cellular signaling, Annual Review of Biochemistry, 80, 769, 10.1146/annurev-biochem-090308-173656
Monod, 1963, Allosteric proteins and cellular control systems, Journal of Molecular Biology, 6, 306, 10.1016/S0022-2836(63)80091-1
Eglen, 2011, Drug discovery and the human kinome: recent trends, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 130, 144, 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.01.007
Singh, 2011, The resurgence of covalent drugs, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 10, 307, 10.1038/nrd3410
Roth, 1975, Acetylation of prostaglandin synthase by aspirin, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 72, 3073, 10.1073/pnas.72.8.3073
Botting, 2010, Vane's discovery of the mechanism of action of aspirin changed our understanding of its clinical pharmacology, Pharmacological Reports, 62, 518, 10.1016/S1734-1140(10)70308-X
Schapira, 2011, Monoamine oxidase B inhibitors for the treatment of Parkinson's disease: a review of symptomatic and potential disease-modifying effects, CNS Drugs, 25, 1061, 10.2165/11596310-000000000-00000
Rechfeld, 2011, Modulators of protein–protein interactions: novel approaches in targeting protein kinases and other pharmaceutically relevant biomolecules, Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry, 11, 1305, 10.2174/156802611795589610
Ohori, 2005, Identification of a selective ERK inhibitor and structural determination of the inhibitor-ERK2 complex, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 336, 357, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.08.082
Aronov, 2007, Flipped out: structure-guided design of selective pyrazolylpyrrole ERK inhibitors, Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 50, 1280, 10.1021/jm061381f
Aronov, 2009, Structure-guided design of potent and selective pyrimidylpyrrole inhibitors of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) using conformational control, Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 52, 6362, 10.1021/jm900630q
Ohori, 2007, Role of a cysteine residue in the active site of ERK and the MAPKK family, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 353, 633, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.12.083
Rastelli, 2008, Molecular modeling and crystal structure of ERK2-hypothemycin complexes, Journal of Structural Biology, 164, 18, 10.1016/j.jsb.2008.05.002
Leproult, 2011, Cysteine mapping in conformationally distinct kinase nucleotide binding sites: application to the design of selective covalent inhibitors, Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 54, 1347, 10.1021/jm101396q
Hancock, 2005, Identification of novel extracellular signal-regulated kinase docking domain inhibitors, Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 48, 4586, 10.1021/jm0501174
Boston, 2011, Characterization of ERK docking domain inhibitors that induce apoptosis by targeting Rsk-1 and caspase-9, BMC Cancer, 11, 7, 10.1186/1471-2407-11-7
Kang, 2009, Bcl-2 inhibitors: targeting mitochondrial apoptotic pathways in cancer therapy, Clinical Cancer Research, 15, 1126, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-0144
Roberts, 2012, Substantial susceptibility of chronic lymphocytic leukemia to BCL2 inhibition: results of a phase I study of navitoclax in patients with relapsed or refractory disease, Journal of Clinical Oncology, 30, 488, 10.1200/JCO.2011.34.7898
Plimmer, 1906, The separation of phosphorus from caseinogen by the action of enzymes and alkali, The Journal of Physiology, 33, 439, 10.1113/jphysiol.1906.sp001130
Lipmann, 1932, Serinephosphoric acid obtained on hydrolysis of vitellinic acid, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 98, 109, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)76142-5
McCoy, 1935, Feeding experiments with highly purified amino acids: VIII, isolation and identification of a new essential amino acid, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 112, 283, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)74986-7
de Verdier, 1953, The isolation of phosphothreonine from bovine casein, Acta Chemica Scandinavica, 7, 196, 10.3891/acta.chem.scand.07-0196
Burnett, 1954, The enzymatic phosphorylation of proteins, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 211, 969, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)71184-8
Kennedy, 1992, Sailing to Byzantium, Annual Review of Biochemistry, 61, 1, 10.1146/annurev.bi.61.070192.000245
Eckhart, 1979, An activity phosphorylating tyrosine in polyoma T antigen immunoprecipitates, Cell, 18, 925, 10.1016/0092-8674(79)90205-8
Hunter, 1980, Transforming gene product of Rous sarcoma virus phosphorylates tyrosine, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 77, 1311, 10.1073/pnas.77.3.1311
Berndt, 2011, Targeting protein prenylation for cancer therapy, Nature Reviews Cancer, 11, 775, 10.1038/nrc3151
Ahearn, 2011, Regulating the regulator: post-translational modification of RAS, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 13, 39, 10.1038/nrm3255
Roskoski, 2003, Protein prenylation: a pivotal posttranslational process, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 303, 1, 10.1016/S0006-291X(03)00323-1
Maurer, 2011, Raf kinases in cancer-roles and therapeutic opportunities, Oncogene, 30, 3477, 10.1038/onc.2011.160
Rushworth, 2006, Regulation and role of Raf-1/B-Raf heterodimerization, Molecular and Cellular Biology, 26, 2262, 10.1128/MCB.26.6.2262-2272.2006
Rajakulendran, 2009, A dimerization-dependent mechanism drives RAF catalytic activation, Nature, 461, 542, 10.1038/nature08314
Heidorn, 2010, Kinase-dead BRAF and oncogenic RAS cooperate to drive tumor progression through CRAF, Cell, 140, 209, 10.1016/j.cell.2009.12.040
Poulikakos, 2010, RAF inhibitors transactivate RAF dimers and ERK signalling in cells with wild-type BRAF, Nature, 464, 427, 10.1038/nature08902
Hatzivassiliou, 2010, RAF inhibitors prime wild-type RAF to activate the MAPK pathway and enhance growth, Nature, 464, 431, 10.1038/nature08833
Udell, 2011, Mechanistic principles of RAF kinase signaling, Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 68, 553, 10.1007/s00018-010-0520-6
Poulikakos, 2011, RAF inhibitor resistance is mediated by dimerization of aberrantly spliced BRAF(V600E), Nature, 480, 387, 10.1038/nature10662
Bollag, 2010, Clinical efficacy of a RAF inhibitor needs broad target blockade in BRAF-mutant melanoma, Nature, 467, 596, 10.1038/nature09454
Chapman, 2011, Improved survival with vemurafenib in melanoma with BRAF V600E mutation, New England Journal of Medicine, 364, 2507, 10.1056/NEJMoa1103782
Nazarian, 2010, Melanomas acquire resistance to B-RAF(V600E) inhibition by RTK or N-RAS upregulation, Nature, 468, 973, 10.1038/nature09626
Villanueva, 2010, Acquired resistance to BRAF inhibitors mediated by a RAF kinase switch in melanoma can be overcome by cotargeting MEK and IGF-1R/PI3K, Cancer Cell, 18, 683, 10.1016/j.ccr.2010.11.023
Johannessen, 2010, COT drives resistance to RAF inhibition through MAP kinase pathway reactivation, Nature, 468, 968, 10.1038/nature09627
Shi, 2012, Melanoma whole-exome sequencing identifies (V600E)B-RAF amplification-mediated acquired B-RAF inhibitor resistance, Nature Communications, 3, 724, 10.1038/ncomms1727
Roskoski, 2003, STI-571: an anticancer protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitor, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 309, 709, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.08.055
Winer, 2009, Clinical cancer advances 2008: major research advances in cancer treatment, prevention, and screening—a report from the American Society of Clinical Oncology, Journal of Clinical Oncology, 27, 812, 10.1200/JCO.2008.21.2134
Leone, 1999, The incidence of secondary leukemias, Haematologica, 84, 937
Levine, 1992, Leukemias and myelodysplastic syndromes secondary to drug, radiation, and environmental exposure, Seminars in Oncology, 19, 47
Thirmann, 1996, Therapy-related myeloid leukemia, Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America, 2, 293, 10.1016/S0889-8588(05)70340-3
Su, 2012, RAS mutations in cutaneous squamous-cell carcinomas in patients treated with BRAF inhibitors, New England Journal of Medicine, 366, 207, 10.1056/NEJMoa1105358