ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERIZATION OF GLOBAL SOURCES OF ATMOSPHERIC SOIL DUST IDENTIFIED WITH THE NIMBUS 7 TOTAL OZONE MAPPING SPECTROMETER (TOMS) ABSORBING AEROSOL PRODUCT

Reviews of Geophysics - Tập 40 Số 1 - 2002
Joseph M. Prospero1, Paul Ginoux2, Omar Torres3, Sharon E. Nicholson4, Thomas E. Gill5
1Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
2Goddard Space Flight Center Georgia Institute of Technology Greenbelt Maryland USA.
3Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
4Department of Meteorology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
5Department of Civil Engineering and Department of Geosciences; Texas Tech University; Lubbock Texas USA.

Tóm tắt

We use the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) sensor on the Nimbus 7 satellite to map the global distribution of major atmospheric dust sources with the goal of identifying common environmental characteristics. The largest and most persistent sources are located in the Northern Hemisphere, mainly in a broad “dust belt” that extends from the west coast of North Africa, over the Middle East, Central and South Asia, to China. There is remarkably little large‐scale dust activity outside this region. In particular, the Southern Hemisphere is devoid of major dust activity. Dust sources, regardless of size or strength, can usually be associated with topographical lows located in arid regions with annual rainfall under 200–250 mm. Although the source regions themselves are arid or hyperarid, the action of water is evident from the presence of ephemeral streams, rivers, lakes, and playas. Most major sources have been intermittently flooded through the Quaternary as evidenced by deep alluvial deposits. Many sources are associated with areas where human impacts are well documented, e.g., the Caspian and Aral Seas, Tigris‐Euphrates River Basin, southwestern North America, and the loess lands in China. Nonetheless, the largest and most active sources are located in truly remote areas where there is little or no human activity. Thus, on a global scale, dust mobilization appears to be dominated by natural sources. Dust activity is extremely sensitive to many environmental parameters. The identification of major sources will enable us to focus on critical regions and to characterize emission rates in response to environmental conditions. With such knowledge we will be better able to improve global dust models and to assess the effects of climate change on emissions in the future. It will also facilitate the interpretation of the paleoclimate record based on dust contained in ocean sediments and ice cores.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

10.1029/96JD03066

10.1007/BF01032587

10.1002/j.1477-8696.1979.tb03389.x

10.1016/S0012-8252(01)00040-X

10.1029/94JD02618

10.1029/95JD01071

10.1080/02723646.1996.10642589

10.1006/jare.1998.0491

Bond A. R., 1992, Lake Balkhash dwindling, becoming increasingly saline, Post Soviet Geogr., 33, 131

10.1017/CBO9781139170154

10.1006/jare.2000.0633

10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199607)21:7<621::AID-ESP661>3.0.CO;2-E

Callot Y., 2000, Geomorphologic approach for modelling the surface features of arid environments in a model of dust emissions: Application to the Sahara desert, Geodin. Acta, 13, 245, 10.1080/09853111.2000.11105373

10.1080/02723646.1999.10642676

10.1029/1998JD200083

10.1016/S0169-555X(97)00041-X

10.1029/2000JD900587

Cooke H. J., 1984, The landforms of the western Makgadikgadi basin in northern Botswana, with a consideration of the chronology of the evolution of Lake Paleo‐Makgadikgadi, Z. Geomorph., 28, 1, 10.1127/zfg/28/1984/1

Cornet C., 1990, Middle Pleistocene hydrographic network on the Daoura Hamada (western Sahara) and consequences of its recent evolution, Rev. Geomorph. Dyn., 39, 39

10.1007/BF00115236

10.1029/96JD01818

10.1126/science.278.5339.827

Dong Z., 2000, Wind erosion in semiarid China: An overview, J. Soil Water Conserv., 55, 439

Duce R. A., 1995, Dahlem Workshop on Aerosol Forcing of Climate, 43

10.1029/91GB01778

10.1080/00167618208729226

10.1007/BF03176151

Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2000, Britannica CD 2000 Deluxe Edition 1994–2000

Ervin R. T., 1994, Impact of conservation practices on airborne dust in the southern High Plains of Texas, J. Soil Water Conserv., 49, 430

10.1016/0016-7037(79)90087-5

10.1038/202759a0

10.1126/science.281.5374.200

Ferrer J. A., 1999, Landforms and soils in the Traful River Valley, Neuquen Province, Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent., 54, 270

10.1029/1999GB900059

10.1029/2000GL011926

10.1007/BF00115229

10.1016/0169-555X(95)00104-D

Gill T. E. D. L.Westphal G.Stephens andR. E.Peterson Integrated assessment of regional dust transport from west Texas and New Mexico spring 1999 paper presented at 11th Joint Conference on Applications of Air Pollution Meteorology Am. Meteorol. Soc. Long Beach Calif. 2000.

10.1130/SPE186-p11

Gillette D. A., 1999, A qualitative geophysical explanation for “hot spot” dust emitting source regions, Contrib. Atmos. Phys., 72, 67

10.1029/JC087iC11p09003

10.1029/97JD00960

10.1029/98JD00207

10.1029/2000JD900324

10.1029/2000JD000053

10.1016/0960-1686(93)90017-S

10.1177/030913338300700402

Goudie A. S., 1996, The Physical Geography of Africa, 44

10.1007/BF00139839

10.1016/0012-8252(94)00066-6

Grayson D. K., 1993, The Desert's Past: A Natural History of the Great Basin

10.1130/0091-7613(1989)017<0665:SRIOWS>2.3.CO;2

10.1016/0899-5362(91)90064-6

10.1029/1999JD901084

10.1007/978-94-017-3354-0

10.1029/94GB02086

10.1016/S0012-8252(01)00041-1

Hawley J. W. B. J.Hibbs J. F.Kennedy B. J.Creel M. D.Remmenga M.Johnson M. M.Lee andP.Dinterman Trans‐international boundary aquifers in southwestern New Mexico Rep. X‐996350‐01‐03 N. M. Water Resour. Res. Inst. Las Cruces 2000.

10.1029/1999RG000078

10.1034/j.1600-0889.2000.00136.x

10.1029/97JD02074

10.1029/96JD03680

Herrmann L., 1999, The importance of source region identification and their properties for soil derived dust: The case of Harmattan dust sources for eastern West Africa, Contrib. Atmos. Phys., 72, 141

Hildebrand's Travel Map United Arab Emirates Oman scale 1:1 500 000 Karto+Grafik Frankfurt Germany 1996.

10.1029/96GL00455

10.1029/1998JD200086

10.1029/96JD04009

10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00324-1

10.1029/2000JD900788

Iglesias A. N., 1992, Wind erosion, desertification and productivity crisis in the livestock economy of Patagonia: The case of the province of Santa Cruz, Estud. Geograf., 53, 4470

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2001, Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

10.1016/S1040-6182(00)00035-5

Kalu A. E., 1979, Saharan Dust: Mobilization, Transport, and Deposition, SCOPE 14, 95

10.1016/0341-8162(95)00026-O

10.1016/S0012-8252(01)00042-3

10.4324/9780203413128

Lancaster N., 1996, The Physical Geography of Africa, 211

10.1175/1520-0450(1996)035<1511:TEODPC>2.0.CO;2

Levine R. M., 1988, Mineral Industry of U.S.S.R., Miner. Yearbk., 3, 789

10.1126/science.288.5471.1602

10.1038/380416a0

10.1002/joc.3370110405

10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<1309:NSOALL>2.0.CO;2

Macmillan, 1997, Planet Earth McMillan World Atlas

10.1029/95JD02930

10.1029/1999JD900084

10.1029/97JD01303

10.1029/96JD02964

10.1126/science.272.5268.1636

10.1175/1520-0450(1997)036<0868:TDASCO>2.0.CO;2

10.1016/0169-555X(95)00106-F

10.1002/esp.3290120407

McTainsh G. H., 1982, Nature and distribution of Harmattan dust, Z. Geomorph., 26, 417, 10.1127/zfg/26/1982/417

10.1029/1999GB001188

10.1007/BF02179827

Middleton N. J., 1984, Dust storms in Australia: Frequency, distribution and seasonality, Search, 15, 46

10.1016/S0140-1963(18)31249-7

10.1002/joc.3370060207

Middleton N. J., 1987, Sch. Geogr. Res. Pap.

10.1007/978-94-009-0995-3_4

10.1016/S0140-1963(18)30690-6

10.1111/1475-5661.00013

Middleton N. J., 1992, World Atlas of Desertification

Middleton N. J., 1986, Aeolian Geomorphology, 237

10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011<3247:CRTSDA>2.0.CO;2

10.1017/CBO9780511560064

10.1038/42679

10.1029/98JD00171

10.1016/0960-1686(90)90044-N

10.1029/1999RG900014

10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<0815:DDASVA>2.0.CO;2

10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<2628:AAORRC>2.0.CO;2

Nickling W. G., 1999, Dust emissions from the Channel Country of western Queensland, Australia, Z. Geomorphol. Supp., 116, 1

Pachur H. J., 1997, Lake Ptolemy in western Nubia as an indicator of paleoclimate, Petermanns Geogr. Mittel., 141, 227

10.1029/97JD00260

10.1029/00EO00281

Prospero J. M., 1981, The Sea, vol. 7, The Oceanic Lithosphere, 801

10.1038/315279a0

Prospero J. M., 1996, Particle Flux in the Ocean, 19

10.1007/978-94-017-3354-0_13

10.1029/1999JD900072

10.1038/320735a0

10.1038/289570a0

Prospero J. M., 1989, Chemical Oceanography, 188

Pye K., 1987, Aeolian Dust and Dust Deposits

10.1007/978-94-009-0995-3_1

10.1016/0034-4257(89)90122-3

10.1002/jpln.1998.3581610404

10.1006/jare.1997.0366

McNally Rand, 1991, The Great Geographical Atlas

McNally Rand, 1998, New Millennium World Atlas Deluxe [CD‐ROM]

10.1029/93RG03257

10.1029/1999JD900033

Rebillard P., 1984, Surficial deposits of two Algerian playas as seen on SIR‐A, Seasat and Landsat coregistered data (Chotts Merouan and Melrhir, Sahara), Z. Geomorphol., 28, 483, 10.1127/zfg/28/1984/483

10.1029/97JD01967

10.1029/94JD03245

10.1130/0016-7606(1995)107<1003:QSADDI>2.3.CO;2

10.1006/jare.1996.0066

10.1007/978-94-009-0995-3_6

10.1130/SPE289-p1

Satchell J. E., 1981, A land classification of the United Arab Emirates, J. Arid Environ., 4, 275, 10.1016/S0140-1963(18)31474-5

10.1029/1999JD900478

10.1029/JD092iD01p00933

Schmidt R. H.,, 1981, Los Medanos de Samalayuca, Chihuahua, Mexico, N. M. J. Sci, 21, 21

Schroeder J. H., 1985, Eolian dust in the coastal desert of Sudan: Aggregates cemented by evaporates, J. Afr. Earth Sci., 3, 371

10.1029/97JD02779

Servant M., 1970, Les formations lacustres et les diatomées du Quaternaire recent du fond de la cuvette tchadienne, Rev. Geogr. Phys. Geol. Dyn., 13, 6

10.1029/97JD02298

10.1029/1998JD200048

10.1029/2000JD900498

10.1126/science.284.5411.30

Strain P., 1996, Looking at Earth

10.1034/j.1600-0889.1992.t01-1-00005.x

10.1029/95JD02051

10.1029/98JD02345

10.1038/380419a0

10.1029/97JD01864

Thomas D. S. G., 1994, Desertification: Exploding the Myth

Thomas J. V., 1999, Late Pleistocene‐Holocene history of aeolian accumulation in the Thar Desert, India, Z. Geomorphol. Supp., 116, 181

10.1016/S0967-0645(99)00036-3

10.1029/98JD00900

10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<0398:ALTROA>2.0.CO;2

10.1016/S0009-2541(98)00168-5

Uematsu M., 1998, Distribution and characterization of Asian aerosols over the western North Pacific region, Global Environ. Res., 2, 39

Varushchenko A. N., 2000, Dynamic Earth Environments: Remote Sensing Observations from Shuttle‐Mir Missions, 201

Volkel J., 1990, To the problem of dune formation and dune weathering during the late Pleistocene and Holocene in the southern Sahara and Sahel, Z. Geomorphol., 34, 1, 10.1127/zfg/34/1990/1

10.1029/1999JD900980

10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00203-X

10.1016/0899-5362(87)90096-0

10.1126/science.271.5251.962

10.1029/97JD02300