EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Management of chronic hepatitis B virus infection

European Association for the Study of the Liver, 2009, EASL clinical practice guidelines: management of chronic hepatitis B, J Hepatol, 50, 227, 10.1016/j.jhep.2008.10.001

Fattovich, 2003, Natural history and prognosis of hepatitis B, Semin Liver Dis, 23, 47, 10.1055/s-2003-37590

McMahon, 2004, The natural history of chronic hepatitis B virus infection, Semin Liver Dis, 24, 17, 10.1055/s-2004-828674

Hadziyannis, 2006, Hepatitis Be antigen negative chronic hepatitis B – natural history and treatment, Semin Liver Dis, 26, 130, 10.1055/s-2006-939751

Ganem, 2004, Hepatitis B virus infection – natural history and clinical consequences, N Engl J Med, 350, 1118, 10.1056/NEJMra031087

Hoofnagle, 2007, Management of hepatitis B: summary of a clinical research workshop, Hepatology, 45, 1056, 10.1002/hep.21627

Liaw, 2005, Prevention and surveillance of hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma, Semin Liver Dis, 25, 40, 10.1055/s-2005-915649

Lok, 2007, Chronic hepatitis B, Hepatology, 45, 507, 10.1002/hep.21513

Zarski, 2006, Characteristics of patients with chronic hepatitis B in France: predominant frequency of HBe antigen negative cases, J Hepatol, 45, 343, 10.1016/j.jhep.2006.03.007

Funk, 2002, World-wide epidemiology of HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B and associated precore and core promoter variants, J Viral Hepat, 9, 52, 10.1046/j.1365-2893.2002.00304.x

Fattovich, 2008, Natural history of chronic hepatitis B: special emphasis on disease progression and prognostic factors, J Hepatol, 48, 335, 10.1016/j.jhep.2007.11.011

Fattovich, 2008, Long-term outcome of chronic hepatitis B in Caucasian patients: mortality after 25 years, Gut, 57, 84, 10.1136/gut.2007.128496

Fattovich, 2004, Hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: incidence and risk factors, Gastroenterology, 127, S35, 10.1053/j.gastro.2004.09.014

Papatheodoridis GV, Manolakopoulos S, Liaw Y-F, Lok A. Follow-up and indications for liver biopsy in HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B virus infection with persistently normal ALT: a systematic review. J Hepatol 2012, in press.

Martinot-Peignoux, 2002, Serum hepatitis B virus DNA levels and liver histology in inactive HBsAg carriers, J Hepatol, 36, 543, 10.1016/S0168-8278(02)00004-1

Manesis, 2003, Significance of hepatitis B viremia levels determined by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay in patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B virus infection, Am J Gastroenterol, 98, 2261, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2003.07715.x

Papatheodoridis, 2008, Is there a meaningful serum HBV DNA cut-off level for therapeutic decisions in HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B virus infection?, Hepatology, 48, 1451, 10.1002/hep.22518

de Franchis, 1993, The natural history of asymptomatic hepatitis B surface antigen carriers, Ann Intern Med, 118, 191, 10.7326/0003-4819-118-3-199302010-00006

Tai, 2009, Long-term outcome of hepatitis B e antigen-negative hepatitis B surface antigen carriers in relation to changes of alanine aminotransferase levels over time, Hepatology, 49, 1859, 10.1002/hep.22878

Chen, 2012, Serial HBV DNA levels in patients with persistently normal transaminase over 10 years following spontaneous HBeAg seroconversion, J Viral Hepat, 19, 138, 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2011.01450.x

Papatheodoridis, 2008, Longitudinal changes in serum HBV DNA levels and predictors of progression during the natural course of HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B virus infection, J Viral Hepat, 15, 434, 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2007.00957.x

Brunetto, 2010, Hepatitis B surface antigen serum levels help to distinguish active from inactive hepatitis B virus genotype D carriers, Gastroenterology, 139, 483, 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.04.052

Hadziyannis, 2001, Hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B, Hepatology, 34, 617, 10.1053/jhep.2001.27834

Brunetto, 1991, ‘e’ Antigen defective hepatitis B virus and course of chronic infection, J Hepatol, 13, S82, 10.1016/0168-8278(91)90031-6

Brunetto, 2002, Outcome of anti-HBe positive chronic hepatitis B in alpha-interferon treated and untreated patients: a long-term cohort study, J Hepatol, 36, 263, 10.1016/S0168-8278(01)00266-5

Raimondo, 2008, Statements from the Taormina expert meeting on occult hepatitis B virus infection, J Hepatol, 49, 652, 10.1016/j.jhep.2008.07.014

Knoll, 2005, Solid-organ transplantation in HBsAg-negative patients with antibodies to HBV core antigen: low risk of HBV reactivation, Transplantation, 79, 1631, 10.1097/01.TP.0000163468.80223.74

Marcellin, 1991, Redevelopment of hepatitis-B surface-antigen after renal-transplantation, Gastroenterology, 100, 1432, 10.1016/0016-5085(91)70034-U

Huo, 1998, Sero-clearance of hepatitis B surface antigen in chronic carriers does not necessarily imply a good prognosis, Hepatology, 28, 231, 10.1002/hep.510280130

Chen, 2002, Prognosis following spontaneous HBsAg seroclearance in chronic hepatitis B patients with or without concurrent infection, Gastroenterology, 123, 1084, 10.1053/gast.2002.36026

Simonetti, 2010, Clearance of hepatitis B surface antigen and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in a cohort chronically infected with hepatitis B virus, Hepatology, 51, 1531, 10.1002/hep.23464

Guyatt, 2008, Going from evidence to recommendations, BMJ, 336, 1049, 10.1136/bmj.39493.646875.AE

Guyatt, 2008, What is “quality of evidence” and why is it important to clinicians?, BMJ, 336, 995, 10.1136/bmj.39490.551019.BE

Guyatt, 2008, GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations, BMJ, 336, 924, 10.1136/bmj.39489.470347.AD

Guyatt, 2008, Incorporating considerations of resources use into grading recommendations, BMJ, 336, 1170, 10.1136/bmj.39504.506319.80

Jaeschke, 2008, Use of GRADE grid to reach decisions on clinical practice guidelines when consensus is elusive, BMJ, 337, a744, 10.1136/bmj.a744

Schunemann, 2008, Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations for diagnostic tests and strategies, BMJ, 336, 1106, 10.1136/bmj.39500.677199.AE

Stelzl, 2004, Rapid quantification of hepatitis B virus DNA by automated sample preparation and real-time PCR, J Clin Microbiol, 42, 2445, 10.1128/JCM.42.6.2445-2449.2004

Thibault, 2007, Characterization of a new sensitive PCR assay for quantification of viral DNA isolated from patients with hepatitis B virus infections, J Clin Microbiol, 45, 3948, 10.1128/JCM.01180-07

Chevaliez, 2008, Performance of the Cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan real-time PCR assay for hepatitis B virus DNA quantification, J Clin Microbiol, 46, 1716, 10.1128/JCM.01248-07

Pawlotsky, 2008, Virologic monitoring of hepatitis B virus therapy in clinical trials and practice: recommendations for a standardized approach, Gastroenterology, 134, 405, 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.11.036

Saldanha, 2001, An international collaborative study to establish a World Health Organization international standard for hepatitis B virus DNA nucleic acid amplification techniques, Vox Sanguinis, 80, 63, 10.1046/j.1423-0410.2001.00003.x

Bedossa, 2003, Sampling variability of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C, Hepatology, 38, 1449, 10.1016/j.hep.2003.09.022

Myers, 2003, Prediction of liver histological lesions with biochemical markers in patients with chronic hepatitis B, J Hepatol, 39, 222, 10.1016/S0168-8278(03)00171-5

Poynard, 2007, Meta-analyses of FibroTest diagnostic value in chronic liver disease, BMC Gastroenterol, 7, 40, 10.1186/1471-230X-7-40

Marcellin, 2009, Non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis by stiffness measurement in patients with chronic hepatitis B, Liver Int, 29, 242, 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2008.01802.x

Castera, 2009, Transient elastography and other non-invasive tests to assess hepatic fibrosis in patients with viral hepatitis, J Viral Hepat, 16, 300, 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2009.01087.x

Castera, 2011, Transient elastography and biomarkers for liver fibrosis assessment and follow-up of inactive hepatitis B carriers, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 33, 455, 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04547.x

Fraquelli, 2011, The role of transient elastography in patients with hepatitis B viral disease, Dig Liver Dis, 43, S25, 10.1016/S1590-8658(10)60689-5

Cardoso, 2011, Transient elastography in chronic viral hepatitis: a critical appraisal, Gut, 60, 759, 10.1136/gut.2010.220863

Cardoso, 2012, Direct comparison of diagnostic performance of transient elastography in patients with chronic hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis C, Liver Int, 32, 612, 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2011.02660.x

Arena, 2008, Acute viral hepatitis increases liver stiffness values measured by transient elastography, Hepatology, 47, 380, 10.1002/hep.22007

Tsochatzis, 2011, Elastography for the diagnosis of severity of fibrosis in chronic liver disease: a meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy, J Hepatol, 54, 650, 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.07.033

Liaw, 2004, Lamivudine for patients with chronic hepatitis B and advanced liver disease, N Engl J Med, 351, 1521, 10.1056/NEJMoa033364

Brechot, 1981, State of hepatitis B virus DNA in hepatocytes of patients with hepatitis B surface antigen-positive and -negative liver diseases, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 78, 3906, 10.1073/pnas.78.6.3906

Brechot, 2001, Persistent hepatitis B virus infection in subjects without hepatitis B surface antigen: clinically significant or purely “occult”?, Hepatology, 34, 194, 10.1053/jhep.2001.25172

Brechot, 2004, Pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma: old and new paradigms, Gastroenterology, 127, S56, 10.1053/j.gastro.2004.09.016

Bonilla, 2005, The role of hepatitis B virus integrations in the pathogenesis of human hepatocellular carcinoma, J Hepatol, 42, 760, 10.1016/j.jhep.2005.02.005

Pollicino, 2011, Hepatocellular carcinoma: the point of view of the hepatitis B virus, Carcinogenesis, 32, 1122, 10.1093/carcin/bgr108

Shim, 2010, Efficacy of entecavir in treatment-naive patients with hepatitis B virus-related decompensated cirrhosis, J Hepatol, 52, 176, 10.1016/j.jhep.2009.11.007

Liaw, 2011, Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), emtricitabine/TDF, and entecavir in patients with decompensated chronic hepatitis B liver disease, Hepatology, 53, 62, 10.1002/hep.23952

Liaw, 2011, Efficacy and safety of entecavir versus adefovir in chronic hepatitis B patients with hepatic decompensation: a randomized, open-label study, Hepatology, 54, 91, 10.1002/hep.24361

Lau, 2005, Peginterferon Alfa-2a, lamivudine, and the combination for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B, N Engl J Med, 352, 2682, 10.1056/NEJMoa043470

Janssen, 2005, Pegylated interferon alfa-2b alone or in combination with lamivudine for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B: a randomised trial, Lancet, 365, 123, 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17701-0

Lai, 1998, A one-year trial of lamivudine for chronic hepatitis B. Asia Hepatitis Lamivudine Study Group, N Engl J Med, 339, 61, 10.1056/NEJM199807093390201

Dienstag, 1999, Lamivudine as initial treatment for chronic hepatitis B in the United States, N Engl J Med, 341, 1256, 10.1056/NEJM199910213411702

Chang, 2006, A comparison of entecavir and lamivudine for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B, N Engl J Med, 354, 1001, 10.1056/NEJMoa051285

Lai, 2007, Telbivudine versus lamivudine in patients with chronic hepatitis B, N Engl J Med, 357, 2576, 10.1056/NEJMoa066422

Marcellin, 2003, Adefovir dipivoxil for the treatment of hepatitis B antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B, N Engl J Med, 348, 808, 10.1056/NEJMoa020681

Marcellin, 2008, Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate versus adefovir dipivoxil for chronic hepatitis B, N Engl J Med, 359, 2442, 10.1056/NEJMoa0802878

Liaw, 2011, Shorter durations and lower doses of peginterferon alfa-2a are associated with inferior hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion rates in hepatitis B virus genotypes B or C, Hepatology, 54, 1591, 10.1002/hep.24555

Van Zonneveld, 2004, Long-term follow-up of alpha-interferon treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis B, Hepatology, 39, 804, 10.1002/hep.20128

Liaw, 2000, Effects of extended lamivudine therapy in Asian patients with chronic hepatitis B, Gastroenterology, 119, 172, 10.1053/gast.2000.8559

Lok, 2003, Long-term safety of lamivudine treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis B, Gastroenterology, 125, 1714, 10.1053/j.gastro.2003.09.033

Leung, 2001, Extended lamivudine treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis B enhances hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion rates: results after 3 years of therapy, Hepatology, 33, 1527, 10.1053/jhep.2001.25084

Marcellin, 2008, Long-term efficacy and safety of adefovir dipivoxil for the treatment of hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B, Hepatology, 48, 750, 10.1002/hep.22414

Liaw, 2009, 2-Year GLOBE trial results: telbivudine Is superior to lamivudine in patients with chronic hepatitis B, Gastroenterology, 136, 486, 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.10.026

Chang, 2010, Entecavir treatment for up to 5 years in patients with hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B, Hepatology, 51, 422, 10.1002/hep.23327

Reijnders, 2010, Nucleos(t)ide analogues only induce temporary hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion in most patients with chronic hepatitis B, Gastroenterology, 139, 491, 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.03.059

van Nunen, 2003, Durability of HBeAg seroconversion following antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis B: relation to type of therapy and pre-treatment serum hepatitis B virus DNA and alanine aminotransferase, Gut, 52, 420, 10.1136/gut.52.3.420

Buster, 2008, Sustained HBeAg and HBsAg loss after long-term follow-up of HBeAg-positive patients treated with peginterferon alpha-2b, Gastroenterology, 135, 459, 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.05.031

Wong, 2010, Durability of peginterferon alfa-2b treatment at 5 years in patients with hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B, Hepatology, 51, 1945, 10.1002/hep.23568

Yuen, 2011, Three years of continuous entecavir therapy in treatment-naive chronic hepatitis B patients: viral suppression, viral resistance, and clinical safety, Am J Gastroenterol, 106, 1264, 10.1038/ajg.2011.45

Marcellin, 2011, Five years of treatment with tenofovir DF (TDF) for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection is associated with sustained viral suppression and significant regression of histological fibrosis and cirrhosis, Hepatology, 54, 1011A

Heathcote, 2011, Three-year efficacy and safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate treatment for chronic hepatitis B, Gastroenterology, 140, 132, 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.10.011

Buster, 2009, Early HBeAg loss during peginterferon alpha-2b therapy predicts HBsAg loss: results of a long-term follow-up study in chronic hepatitis B patients, Am J Gastroenterol, 104, 2449, 10.1038/ajg.2009.371

Moucari, 2009, High rates of HBsAg seroconversion in HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B patients responding to interferon: a long-term follow-up study, J Hepatol, 50, 1084, 10.1016/j.jhep.2009.01.016

Piratvisuth, 2008, Sustained response to peginterferon alfa-2a (40kD) with or without lamivudine in Asian patients with HBeAg-positive and HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B, Hepatol Int, 2, 102, 10.1007/s12072-007-9022-5

Gish, 2010, Loss of HBsAg antigen during treatment with entecavir or lamivudine in nucleoside-naive HBeAg-positive patients with chronic hepatitis B, J Viral Hepat, 17, 16, 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2009.01146.x

Tassopoulos, 1999, Efficacy of lamivudine in patients with hepatitis B e antigen-negative/hepatitis B virus DNA-positive (precore mutant) chronic hepatitis B, Hepatology, 29, 889, 10.1002/hep.510290321

Marcellin, 2004, Peginterferon alfa-2a alone, lamivudine alone, and the two in combination in patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B, N Engl J Med, 351, 1206, 10.1056/NEJMoa040431

Lai, 2006, Entecavir versus lamivudine for patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B, N Engl J Med, 354, 1011, 10.1056/NEJMoa051287

Hadziyannis, 2003, Adefovir dipivoxil for the treatment of hepatitis B antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B, N Engl J Med, 348, 800, 10.1056/NEJMoa021812

Hadziyannis, 2005, Long-term therapy with adefovir dipivoxil for HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B, N Engl J Med, 352, 2673, 10.1056/NEJMoa042957

Shouval, 2009, Relapse of hepatitis B in HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B patients who discontinued successful entecavir treatment: the case for continuous antiviral therapy, J Hepatol, 50, 289, 10.1016/j.jhep.2008.10.017

Shouval, 2008, Three years of entecavir (ETV) re-treatment of HBeAg(−) ETV patients who previously discontinued ETV treatment: results from study ETV-901, Hepatology, 48, 722A

Marcellin, 2009, Sustained response of hepatitis B e antigen-negative patients 3 years after treatment with peginterferon alpha-2a, Gastroenterology, 136, 2169, 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.03.006

Marcellin, 2009, Increasing rates of HBsAg clearance and seroconversion in patients with HBeAg-negative disease treated with peginterferon alfa-2a±lamivudine: results of 5-year post-treatment follow up, J Hepatol, 50, S336

Papatheodoridis, 2005, Outcome of hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B on long-term nucleos(t)ide analog therapy starting with lamivudine, Hepatology, 42, 121, 10.1002/hep.20760

Hadziyannis, 2006, Long-term therapy with adefovir dipivoxil for HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B for up to 5 years, Gastroenterology, 131, 1743, 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.09.020

Perrillo, 1990, A randomized, controlled trial of interferon alfa-2B alone and after prednisone withdrawal for the treatment of chronic hepatitis-B, N Engl J Med, 323, 295, 10.1056/NEJM199008023230503

Wong, 1993, Effect of alpha-interferon in patients with hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B. A meta-analysis, Ann Intern Med, 119, 312, 10.7326/0003-4819-119-4-199308150-00011

Flink, 2006, Treatment with peg-interferon alpha-2b for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B: HBsAg loss is associated with HBV genotype, Am J Gastroenterol, 101, 297, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00418.x

Buster, 2009, Factors that predict response of patients with hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B to peginterferon-alfa, Gastroenterology, 137, 2002, 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.08.061

Fried, 2008, HBeAg and hepatitis B virus DNA as outcome predictors during therapy with peginterferon alfa-2a for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B, Hepatology, 47, 428, 10.1002/hep.22065

Flink, 2005, Flares in chronic hepatitis B patients induced by the host or the virus? Relation to treatment response during peg-interferon {alpha}-2b therapy, Gut, 54, 1604, 10.1136/gut.2004.062208

Piratvisuth T, Marcellin P, Popescu M, Kapprell HP, Rothe V, Lu ZM. Hepatitis B surface antigen: association with sustained response to peginterferon alfa-2a in hepatitis B e antigen-positive patients. Hepatol Int 2011. PMID: 21701902 [Epub ahead of print].

Gane, 2011, Neptune study: on-treatment HBsAg level analysis confirms prediction of response observed in phase 3 study of peginterferon alfa-2a in HBeAg-positive patients, J Hepatol, 54, S31, 10.1016/S0168-8278(11)60071-8

Sonneveld, 2010, Prediction of sustained response to peginterferon alfa-2b for hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B using on-treatment hepatitis B surface antigen decline, Hepatology, 52, 1251, 10.1002/hep.23844

Bonino, 2007, Predicting response to peginterferon alpha-2a, lamivudine and the two combined for HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B, Gut, 56, 699, 10.1136/gut.2005.089722

Rijckborst, 2010, Early on-treatment prediction of response to peginterferon alfa-2a for HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B using HBsAg and HBV DNA levels, Hepatology, 52, 454, 10.1002/hep.23722

Rijckborst, 2012, Validation of a stopping rule at week 12 using HBsAg and HBV DNA for HBeAg-negative patients treated with peginterferon alfa-2a, J Hepatol, 56, 1006, 10.1016/j.jhep.2011.12.007

Brunetto, 2009, Hepatitis B virus surface antigen levels: a guide to sustained response to peginterferon alfa-2a in HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B, Hepatology, 49, 1141, 10.1002/hep.22760

Moucari, 2009, Early serum HBsAg drop: a strong predictor of sustained virological response to pegylated interferon alfa-2a in HBeAg-negative patients, Hepatology, 49, 1151, 10.1002/hep.22744

Moucari, 2009, Influence of genotype on hepatitis B surface antigen kinetics in hepatitis B e antigen-negative patients treated with pegylated interferon-alpha2a, Antivir Ther, 14, 1183, 10.3851/IMP1458

Perrillo, 2002, Predictors of HBeAg loss after lamivudine treatment for chronic hepatitis B, Hepatology, 36, 186, 10.1053/jhep.2002.34294

Wiegand, 2008, Should treatment of hepatitis B depend on hepatitis B virus genotypes? A hypothesis generated from an explorative analysis of published evidence, Antivir Ther, 13, 211, 10.1177/135965350801300217

Yuen, 2001, Factors associated with hepatitis B virus DNA breakthrough in patients receiving prolonged lamivudine therapy, Hepatology, 34, 785, 10.1053/jhep.2001.27563

Zeuzem, 2009, Baseline characteristics and early on-treatment response predict the outcomes of 2 years of telbivudine treatment of chronic hepatitis B, J Hepatol, 51, 11, 10.1016/j.jhep.2008.12.019

Wursthorn, 2010, Kinetics of hepatitis B surface antigen decline during 3 years of telbivudine treatment in hepatitis B e antigen-positive patients, Hepatology, 52, 1611, 10.1002/hep.23905

Lee, 2011, Quantitative hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis B e antigen titers in prediction of treatment response to entecavir, Hepatology, 53, 1486, 10.1002/hep.24221

Marcellin, 2011, HBsAg kinetics in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) treated with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) for up to 4 years, J Hepatol, 54, S297, 10.1016/S0168-8278(11)60742-3

Marcellin, 2011, No detectable resistance to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) following up to 240 weeks of treatment in patients with HBeAg+ and HBeAg− chronic hepatitis B virus infection, Hepatology, 54, 480A

Lok, 2000, Evolution of hepatitis B virus polymerase gene mutations in hepatitis B e antigen-negative patients receiving lamivudine therapy, Hepatology, 32, 1145, 10.1053/jhep.2000.19622

Hadziyannis, 2000, Efficacy of long-term lamivudine monotherapy in patients with hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B, Hepatology, 32, 847, 10.1053/jhep.2000.17915

Papatheodoridis, 2002, Course of virologic breakthroughs under long-term lamivudine in HBeAg-negative precore mutant HBV liver disease, Hepatology, 36, 219, 10.1053/jhep.2002.33894

Di Marco, 2004, Clinical outcome of HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B in relation to virological response to lamivudine, Hepatology, 40, 883, 10.1002/hep.1840400418

Gane, 2011, Efficacy and safety of prolonged 3-year telbivudine treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis B, Liver Int, 31, 676, 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2011.02490.x

Marcellin, 2010, Telbivudine (LDT) plus peg-interferon (PEGIFN) in HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B – very potent antiviral efficacy but risk of peripheral neuropathy (PN), J Hepatol, 52, S6, 10.1016/S0168-8278(10)60015-3

Lee, 2010, Lamivudine maintenance beyond one year after HBeAg seroconversion is a major factor for sustained virologic response in HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B, Hepatology, 51, 415, 10.1002/hep.23323

Song, 2000, Hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion after lamivudine therapy is not durable in patients with chronic hepatitis B in Korea, Hepatology, 32, 803, 10.1053/jhep.2000.16665

Dienstag, 2003, Durability of serologic response after lamivudine treatment of chronic hepatitis B, Hepatology, 37, 748, 10.1053/jhep.2003.50117

Yoon, 2005, Long-term results of lamivudine monotherapy in Korean patients with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B: response and relapse rates, and factors related to durability of HBeAg seroconversion, Intervirology, 48, 341, 10.1159/000086061

Wu, 2008, Sustained hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion in patients with chronic hepatitis B after adefovir dipivoxil treatment: analysis of precore and basal core promoter mutants, Clin Infect Dis, 47, 1305, 10.1086/592570

Lok, 2011, Entecavir (ETV) monotherapy for 96 weeks is comparable to combination therapy with ETV plus tenofovir (TDF) in nucleos(t)ide naive patients with chronic hepatitis B: the BELOW study, Hepatology, 54, 471A

Lok, 2007, Antiviral drug-resistant HBV: standardization of nomenclature and assays and recommendations for management, Hepatology, 46, 254, 10.1002/hep.21698

Zoutendijk, 2011, Entecavir treatment for chronic hepatitis B: adaptation is not needed for the majority of naive patients with a partial virological response, Hepatology, 54, 443, 10.1002/hep.24406

Lampertico, 2005, Adefovir rapidly suppresses hepatitis B in HBeAg-negative patients developing genotypic resistance to lamivudine, Hepatology, 42, 1414, 10.1002/hep.20939

Zoulim, 2009, Hepatitis B virus resistance to nucleos(t)ide analogues, Gastroenterology, 137, 1593, 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.08.063

Van Bommel, 2010, Long-term efficacy of tenofovir monotherapy for hepatitis B virus-monoinfected patients after failure of nucleoside/nucleotide analogues, Hepatology, 51, 73, 10.1002/hep.23246

Reijnders, 2010, Antiviral effect of entecavir in chronic hepatitis B: influence of prior exposure to nucleos(t)ide analogues, J Hepatol, 52, 493, 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.01.012

Berg, 2010, Tenofovir is effective alone or with emtricitabine in adefovir-treated patients with chronic-hepatitis B virus infection, Gastroenterology, 139, 1207, 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.06.053

Manesis, 2001, Interferon-alpha treatment and retreatment of hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B, Gastroenterology, 121, 101, 10.1053/gast.2001.25524

Gane, 2011, Renal function is improved for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients treated with telbivudine, Hepatology, 54, 1044A

Ha, 2009, Renal dysfunction in chronic hepatitis B patients treated with adefovir dipivoxil, Hepatology, 50, 727, 10.1002/hep.23044

Perrillo, 1995, Low-dose, titratable interferon alfa in decompensated liver disease caused by chronic infection with hepatitis B virus, Gastroenterology, 109, 908, 10.1016/0016-5085(95)90401-8

Buster, 2007, Peginterferon alpha-2b is safe and effective in HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B patients with advanced fibrosis, Hepatology, 46, 388, 10.1002/hep.21723

Schiff, 2008, Efficacy and safety of entecavir in patients with chronic hepatitis B and advanced hepatic fibrosis or cirrhosis, Am J Gastroenterol, 103, 2776, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.02086.x

Buti, 2008, Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is highly active for treatment of chronic hepatitis B in subjects with cirrhosis, J Hepatol, 48, S33, 10.1016/S0168-8278(08)60077-X

Chang, 2010, Long-term entecavir therapy results in the reversal of fibrosis/cirrhosis and continued histological improvement in patients with chronic hepatitis B, Hepatology, 52, 886, 10.1002/hep.23785

Papatheodoridis, 2010, Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B patients receiving nucleos(t)ide therapy: a systematic review, J Hepatol, 53, 348, 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.02.035

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