Dynamic reorganization of TMS-evoked activity in subcortical stroke patients

Amassian, 1989, Focal stimulation of human cerebral cortex with the magnetic coil: a comparison with electrical stimulation, Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol., 74, 401, 10.1016/0168-5597(89)90029-4 Assenza, 2017, Oscillatory activities in neurological disorders of elderly: biomarkers to target for neuromodulation, Front. Aging Neurosci., 9, 189, 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00189 Auriat, 2015, A review of transcranial magnetic stimulation and multimodal neuroimaging to characterize post-stroke neuroplasticity, Front. Neurol., 6, 226, 10.3389/fneur.2015.00226 Avenanti, 2012, Low-frequency rTMS promotes use-dependent motor plasticity in chronic stroke: a randomized trial, Neurology, 78, 256, 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182436558 Bachtiar, 2014, The role of inhibition in human motor cortical plasticity, Neuroscience, 278, 93, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.07.059 Bashir, 2010, Assessment and modulation of neural plasticity in rehabilitation with transcranial magnetic stimulation, PM&R, 2, S253, 10.1016/j.pmrj.2010.10.015 Berg, 1995, The Balance Scale: reliability assessment with elderly residents and patients with an acute stroke, Scand. J. Rehabil. Med., 27, 27 Bolay, 2002, Persistent defect in transmitter release and synapsin phosphorylation in cerebral cortex after transient moderate ischemic injury, Stroke, 33, 1369, 10.1161/01.STR.0000013708.54623.DE Bonita, 1988, Recovery of motor function after stroke, Stroke, 19, 1497, 10.1161/01.STR.19.12.1497 Borich, 2016, Evaluating interhemispheric cortical responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation in chronic stroke: a TMS-EEG investigation, Neurosci. Lett., 618, 25, 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.02.047 Brignani, 2008, Modulation of cortical oscillatory activity during transcranial magnetic stimulation, Hum. Brain Mapp., 29, 603, 10.1002/hbm.20423 Brott, 1989, Measurements of acute cerebral infarction: a clinical examination scale, Stroke, 20, 864, 10.1161/01.STR.20.7.864 Burke, 2013, Biomarkers and predictors of restorative therapy effects after stroke, Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep., 13, 329, 10.1007/s11910-012-0329-9 Byblow, 2015, Proportional recovery after stroke depends on corticomotor integrity, Ann. Neurol., 78, 848, 10.1002/ana.24472 Byrnes, 1999, Physiological studies of the corticomotor projection to the hand after subcortical stroke, Clin. Neurophysiol., 110, 487, 10.1016/S1388-2457(98)00044-3 Calautti, 2001, Dynamics of motor network over-activation after striatocapsual stroke. A longitudinal PET study using a fixed performance paradigm, Stroke, 32, 2534, 10.1161/hs1101.097401 Carducci, 2012, Accuracy of an individualized MR-based head model for navigated brain stimulation, Psychiatry Res., 203, 105, 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2011.12.013 Carmichael, 2003, Plasticity of cortical projections after stroke, Neuroscientist, 9, 64, 10.1177/1073858402239592 Carmichael, 2012, Brain excitability in stroke: the yin and yang of stroke progression, Arch. Neurol., 69, 161, 10.1001/archneurol.2011.1175 Castro-Alamancos, 1995, Different forms of synaptic plasticity in somatosensory and motor areas of the neocortex, J. Neurosci., 15, 5324, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-07-05324.1995 Casula, 2016, Cerebellar theta burst stimulation modulates the neural activity of interconnected parietal and motor areas, Sci. Rep., 6, 36191, 10.1038/srep36191 Casula, 2017, Subthalamic stimulation and levodopa modulate cortical reactivity in Parkinson's patients, Park. Relat. Disord., 34, 31, 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.10.009 Chung, 2015, Measuring brain stimulation induced changes in cortical properties using TMS-EEG, Brain Stimul., 8, 1010, 10.1016/j.brs.2015.07.029 Clarkson, 2010, Reducing excessive GABA-mediated tonic inhibition promotes functional recovery after stroke, Nature, 468, 305, 10.1038/nature09511 Collin, 1988, The Barthel ADL Index: a reliability study, Int. Disabil. Stud., 10, 61, 10.3109/09638288809164103 Cortes, 2012, Transcranial magnetic stimulation as an investigative tool for motor dysfunction and recovery in stroke: an overview for neurorehabilitation clinicians, Neuromodulation, 15, 316, 10.1111/j.1525-1403.2012.00459.x Corti, 2012, Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of motor cortex after stroke: a focused review, Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil., 91, 254, 10.1097/PHM.0b013e318228bf0c de Vos, 2008, Continuous EEG monitoring during thrombolysis in acute hemispheric stroke patients using the brain symmetry index, J. Clin. Neurophysiol., 25, 77, 10.1097/WNP.0b013e31816ef725 Di Lazzaro, 2013, The contribution of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the functional evaluation of microcircuits in human motor cortex, Front. Neural Circuits, 7, 18, 10.3389/fncir.2013.00018 Di Lazzaro, 2010, Motor cortex plasticity predicts recovery in acute stroke, Cereb. Cortex, 20, 1523, 10.1093/cercor/bhp216 Di Pino, 2014, Modulation of brain plasticity in stroke: a novel model for neurorehabilitation, Nat. Rev. Neurol., 10, 597, 10.1038/nrneurol.2014.162 Dubovik, 2012, The behavioral significance of coherent resting-state oscillations after stroke, Neuroimage, 61, 249, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.03.024 Esser, 2006, A direct demonstration of cortical LTP in humans: a combined TMS/EEG study, Brain Res. Bull., 69, 86, 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.11.003 Ferreri, 2013, TMS and TMS-EEG techniques in the study of the excitability, connectivity and plasticity of the human motor cortex, Rev. Neurosci., 24, 431, 10.1515/revneuro-2013-0019 Feydy, 2002, Longitudinal study of motor recovery after stroke: recruitment and focusing of brain activation, Stroke, 33, 1610, 10.1161/01.STR.0000017100.68294.52 Finnigan, 2016, Defining abnormal slow EEG activity in acute ischaemic stroke: delta/alpha ratio as an optimal QEEG index, Clin. Neurophysiol., 127, 1452, 10.1016/j.clinph.2015.07.014 Fitzgerald, 2009, GABA and cortical inhibition in motor and non-motor regions using combined TMS-EEG: a time analysis, Clin. Neurophysiol., 120, 1706, 10.1016/j.clinph.2009.06.019 Foreman, 2012, Quantitative EEG for the detection of brain ischemia, Crit. Care, 16, 216, 10.1186/cc11230 Freundlieb, 2015, Ipsilesional motor area size correlates with functional recovery after stroke: a 6-month follow-up longitudinal TMS motor mapping study, Restor. Neurol. Neurosci., 33, 221 Fuggetta, 2005, Modulation of cortical oscillatory activities induced by varying single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation intensity over the left primary motor area: a combined EEG and TMS study, Neuroimage, 27, 896, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.05.013 Fugl-Meyer, 1975, The post-stroke hemiplegic patient. 1. a method for evaluation of physical performance, Scand. J. Rehabil. Med., 7, 13, 10.2340/1650197771331 Gerloff, 2006, Multimodal imaging of brain reorganization in motor areas of the contralesional hemisphere of well recovered patients after capsular stroke, Brain, 129, 791, 10.1093/brain/awh713 Grefkes, 2014, Connectivity-based approaches in stroke and recovery of function, Lancet Neurol., 13, 206, 10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70264-3 Grefkes, 2008, Cortical connectivity after subcortical stroke assessed with functional magnetic resonance imaging, Ann. Neurol., 63, 236, 10.1002/ana.21228 Grefkes, 2014, Cortical reorganization after stroke: how much and how functional?, Neuroscientist, 20, 56, 10.1177/1073858413491147 Hanslmayr, 2005, Increasing individual upper alpha power by neurofeedback improves cognitive performance in human subjects, Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback, 30, 1, 10.1007/s10484-005-2169-8 Huynh, 2016, Exploring the evolution of cortical excitability following acute stroke, Neurorehabil. Neural Repair, 30, 244, 10.1177/1545968315593804 Hoonhorst, 2015, How do fugl-meyer arm motor scores relate to dexterity according to the action research arm test at 6 Months poststroke?, Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil., 96, 1845, 10.1016/j.apmr.2015.06.009 Huber, 2008, Measures of cortical plasticity after transcranial paired associative stimulation predict changes in electroencephalogram slow-wave activity during subsequent sleep, J. Neurosci., 28, 7911, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1636-08.2008 Hummel, 2006, Non-invasive brain stimulation: a new strategy to improve neurorehabilitation after stroke?, Lancet Neurol., 5, 708, 10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70525-7 Ilmoniemi, 2010, Methodology for combined TMS and EEG, Brain Topogr., 22, 233, 10.1007/s10548-009-0123-4 Ilmoniemi, 1997, Neuronal responses to magnetic stimulation reveal cortical reactivity and connectivity, Neuroreport, 8, 3537, 10.1097/00001756-199711100-00024 Jensen, 2007, Cross-frequency coupling between neuronal oscillations, Trends Cogn. Sci., 11, 267, 10.1016/j.tics.2007.05.003 Julkunen, 2011, Combining transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography may contribute to assess the severity of Alzheimer's disease, Int. J. Alzheimers Dis., 2011, 654794 Kähkönen, 2005, Prefrontal TMS produces smaller EEG responses than motor-cortex TMS: implications for rTMS treatment in depression, Psychopharmacology (Berl)., 181, 16, 10.1007/s00213-005-2197-3 Koch, 2007, Focal stimulation of the posterior parietal cortex increases the excitability of the ipsilateral motor cortex, J. Neurosci., 27, 6815, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0598-07.2007 Koch, 2013, Hebbian and anti-Hebbian spike-timing-dependent plasticity of human cortico-cortical connections, J. Neurosci., 33, 9725, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4988-12.2013 Koch, 2012, θ-burst stimulation of the left hemisphere accelerates recovery of hemispatial neglect, Neurology, 78, 24, 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31823ed08f Koch, 2018, Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the precuneus enhances memory and neural activity in prodromal Alzheimer's disease, Neuroimage, 169, 302, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.12.048 Kubis, 2016, Non-invasive brain stimulation to enhance post-stroke recovery, Front. Neural Circuits, 10, 56, 10.3389/fncir.2016.00056 Lai, 2002, Persisting consequences of stroke measured by the stroke impact scale, Stroke, 33, 1840, 10.1161/01.STR.0000019289.15440.F2 Lehmann, 1980, Reference-free identification of components of checkerboard-evoked multichannel potential fields, Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol., 48, 609, 10.1016/0013-4694(80)90419-8 Lioumis, 2009, Reproducibility of TMS-evoked EEG responses, Hum. Brain Mapp., 30, 1387, 10.1002/hbm.20608 Marshall, 2000, Evolution of cortical activation during recovery from corticospinal tract infarction, Stroke, 31, 656, 10.1161/01.STR.31.3.656 Massimini, 2005, Breakdown of cortical effective connectivity during sleep, Science, 309, 2228, 10.1126/science.1117256 McDonnell, 2006, The role of GABA(B) receptors in intracortical inhibition in the human motor cortex, Exp. Brain Res., 173, 86, 10.1007/s00221-006-0365-2 Milot, 2008, Biomarkers of recovery after stroke, Curr. Opin. Neurol., 21, 654, 10.1097/WCO.0b013e3283186f96 Morishima, 2009, Task-specific signal transmission from prefrontal cortex in visual selective attention, Nat. Neurosci., 12, 85, 10.1038/nn.2237 Moyanova, 2014, Present status and future challenges of electroencephalography- and magnetic resonance imaging-based monitoring in preclinical models of focal cerebral ischemia, Brain Res. Bull., 102, 22, 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2014.01.003 Murphy, 2009, Plasticity during stroke recovery: from synapse to behaviour, Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 10, 861, 10.1038/nrn2735 Neuper, 2006, ERD/ERS patterns reflecting sensorimotor activation and deactivation, Prog. Brain Res., 159, 211, 10.1016/S0079-6123(06)59014-4 Nicolo, 2015, Coherent neural oscillations predict future motor and language improvement after stroke, Brain, 138, 3048, 10.1093/brain/awv200 2005, 339 Nowak, 2009, Interhemispheric competition after stroke: brain stimulation to enhance recovery of function of the affected hand, Neurorehabil. Neural Repair, 23, 641, 10.1177/1545968309336661 Oldfield, 1971, The assessment and analysis of handedness: the Edinburgh inventory, Neuropsychologia, 9, 97, 10.1016/0028-3932(71)90067-4 Palva, 2007, New vistas for alpha-frequency band oscillations, Trends Neurosci., 30, 150, 10.1016/j.tins.2007.02.001 Pellicciari, 2016, Ongoing cumulative effects of single TMS pulses on corticospinal excitability: An intra- and inter-block investigation, Clin. Neurophysiol., 127, 621, 10.1016/j.clinph.2015.03.002 Pellicciari, 2017, Characterizing the cortical oscillatory response to TMS pulse, Front. Cell Neurosci., 11, 38, 10.3389/fncel.2017.00038 Pellicciari, 2017, Restored asymmetry of prefrontal cortical oscillatory activity after bilateral theta burst stimulation treatment in a patient with major depressive disorder: a TMS-EEG study, Brain Stimul., 10, 147, 10.1016/j.brs.2016.09.006 Premoli, 2014, Characterization of GABAB-receptor mediated neurotransmission in the human cortex by paired-pulse TMS-EEG, Neuroimage, 103, 152, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.09.028 Rabiller, 2015, Perturbation of brain oscillations after ischemic stroke: a potential biomarker for post-stroke function and therapy, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 16, 25605, 10.3390/ijms161025605 Ragazzoni, 2013, Vegetative versus minimally conscious states: a study using TMS-EEG, sensory and event-related potentials, PLoS One, 8, 10.1371/journal.pone.0057069 Rehme, 2013, Cerebral network disorders after stroke: evidence from imaging-based connectivity analyses of active and resting brain states in humans, J. Physiol., 591, 17, 10.1113/jphysiol.2012.243469 Rogasch, 2013, Assessing cortical network properties using TMS-EEG, Hum. Brain Mapp., 34, 1652, 10.1002/hbm.22016 Romei, 2008, Spontaneous fluctuations in posterior alpha-band EEG activity reflect variability in excitability of human visual areas, Cereb. Cortex, 18, 2010, 10.1093/cercor/bhm229 Romero Lauro, 2014, TDCS increases cortical excitability: direct evidence from TMS-EEG, Cortex, 58, 99, 10.1016/j.cortex.2014.05.003 Rosanova, 2009, Natural frequencies of human corticothalamic circuits, J. Neurosci., 29, 7679, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0445-09.2009 Rossi, 2009, Safety of TMS Consensus Goup. Safety, ethical considerations, and application guidelines for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical practice and research, Clin. Neurophysiol., 120, 2008, 10.1016/j.clinph.2009.08.016 Rossini, 2003, Post-stroke plastic reorganisation in the adult brain, Lancet Neurol., 2, 493, 10.1016/S1474-4422(03)00485-X Rossini, 2007, Neuroimaging experimental studies on brain plasticity in recovery from stroke, Eur. Medicophys, 43, 241 Rossini, 2015, Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord, roots and peripheral nerves: basic principles and procedures for routine clinical and research application. An updated report from an I.F.C.N. Committee, Clin. Neurophysiol., 126, 1071, 10.1016/j.clinph.2015.02.001 Sale, 2015, Imaging human brain networks to improve the clinical efficacy of non-invasive brain stimulation, Neurosci. Biobehav Rev., 57, 187, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.09.010 Sato, 2015, Opportunities for concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography to characterize cortical activity in stroke, Front. Hum. Neurosci., 9, 250, 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00250 Sauseng, 2008, What does phase information of oscillatory brain activity tell us about cognitive processes?, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 32, 1001, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.03.014 Sheorajpanday, 2011, Quantitative EEG in ischemic stroke: correlation with functional status after 6 months, Clin. Neurophysiol., 122, 874, 10.1016/j.clinph.2010.07.028 Silvanto, 2008, State-dependency in brain stimulation studies of perception and cognition, Trends Cogn. Sci., 12, 447, 10.1016/j.tics.2008.09.004 Stinear, 2012, The PREP algorithm predicts potential for upper limb recovery after stroke, Brain, 135, 2527, 10.1093/brain/aws146 Stinear, 2013, How useful is imaging in predicting outcomes in stroke rehabilitation?, Int. J. Stroke, 8, 33, 10.1111/j.1747-4949.2012.00970.x Stinear, 2015, Primary motor cortex excitability during recovery after stroke: implications for neuromodulation, Brain Stimul., 8, 1183, 10.1016/j.brs.2015.06.015 Thickbroom, 2002, Motor outcome after subcortical stroke: MEPs correlate with hand strength but not dexterity, Clin. Neurophysiol., 113, 2025, 10.1016/S1388-2457(02)00318-8 Thibaut, 2017, Using brain oscillations and corticospinal excitability to understand and predict post-stroke motor function, Front. Neurol., 8, 187, 10.3389/fneur.2017.00187 Uhlhaas, 2009, Neural synchrony in cortical networks: history, concept and current status, Front. Integr. Neurosci., 3, 17, 10.3389/neuro.07.017.2009 Veniero, 2011, Alpha-generation as basic response-signature to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) targeting the human resting motor cortex: a TMS/EEG coregistration study, Psychophysiology, 48, 1381, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01218.x Ward, 2003, Neural correlates of motor recovery after stroke: a longitudinal fMRI study, Brain, 126, 2476, 10.1093/brain/awg245 Westlake, 2012, Resting state α-band functional connectivity and recovery after stroke, Exp. Neurol., 237, 160, 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.06.020 Williams, 1999, Development of a stroke-specific quality of life scale, Stroke, 30, 1362, 10.1161/01.STR.30.7.1362