Dynamic relationships between different types of conspiracy theories about COVID-19 and protective behaviour: A four-wave panel study in Poland

Allington, 2020 Allington, 2020, Health-protective behaviour, social media usage and conspiracy belief during the COVID-19 public health emergency, Psychol. Med., 1 Alper, 2020 Banai, 2020 Barron, 2014, Associations between schizotypy and belief in conspiracist ideation, Pers. Indiv. Differ., 70, 156, 10.1016/j.paid.2014.06.040 Bertin, 2020, Conspiracy beliefs, rejection of vaccination, and support for hydroxychloroquine: a conceptual replication-extension in the COVID-19 pandemic context, Front. Psychol., 11, 2471, 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.565128 Berry, 2017, On the practical interpretability of cross‐lagged panel models: rethinking a developmental workhorse, Child Dev., 88, 1186, 10.1111/cdev.12660 Bierwiaczonek, 2020, Belief in COVID‐19 conspiracy theories reduces social distancing over time, Appl. Psychol.: Health and Well‐Being, 12, 1270 Bogart, 2010, Conspiracy beliefs about HIV are related to antiretroviral treatment nonadherence among African American men with HIV, J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 53, 648, 10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181c57dbc Bruder, 2013, Measuring individual differences in generic beliefs in conspiracy theories across cultures: conspiracy Mentality Questionnaire, Front. Psychol., 4, 225, 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00225 Bruder, 2021, The conspiracy hoax? Testing key hypotheses about the correlates of generic beliefs in conspiracy theories during the COVID-19 pandemic, Int. J. Psychol. Capraro, 2020, C7 Čavojova, 2020 Cichocka, 2016, ‘They will not control us’: ingroup positivity and belief in intergroup conspiracies, Br. J. Psychol., 107, 556, 10.1111/bjop.12158 Cushman, 2020, 43 Dalton, 2004, vol. 10 Darwin, 2011, Belief in conspiracy theories. The role of paranormal belief, paranoid ideation and schizotypy, Pers. Indiv. Differ., 50, 1289, 10.1016/j.paid.2011.02.027 Depoux, 2020, The pandemic of social media panic travels faster than the COVID-19 outbreak, J. Trav. Med., 27, 10.1093/jtm/taaa031 Díaz, 2020 Douglas, 2020 Eicher, 2014, Fundamental beliefs, origin explanations and perceived effectiveness of protection measures: exploring laypersons' chains of reasoning about influenza, J. Community Appl. Soc. Psychol., 24, 359, 10.1002/casp.2170 Enders, 2020 Enders, 2001, The relative performance of full information maximum likelihood estimation for missing data in structural equation models, Struct. Equ. Model., 8, 430, 10.1207/S15328007SEM0803_5 Erceg, 2020 Festinger, 1962, Cognitive dissonance, Sci. Am., 207, 93, 10.1038/scientificamerican1062-93 Galliford, 2017, Individual difference factors and beliefs in medical and political conspiracy theories, Scand. J. Psychol., 58, 422, 10.1111/sjop.12382 Golec de Zavala, 2020, The COVID-19 pandemic, authoritarianism, and rejection of sexual dissenters in Poland Golec de Zavala, 2020, Low self-esteem predicts out-group derogation via collective narcissism, but this relationship is obscured by in-group satisfaction, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 119, 741, 10.1037/pspp0000260 Grebe, 2012, AIDS conspiracy beliefs and unsafe sex in Cape Town, AIDS Behav., 16, 761, 10.1007/s10461-011-9958-2 Hamaker, 2015, A critique of the cross-lagged panel model, Psychol. Methods, 20, 102, 10.1037/a0038889 Hornik, 2021, Association of COVID-19 misinformation with face mask wearing and social distancing in a nationally representative US sample, Health Commun., 36, 6, 10.1080/10410236.2020.1847437 Imhoff, 2020 Imhoff, 2018, Using power as a negative cue: how conspiracy mentality affects epistemic trust in sources of historical knowledge, Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull., 44, 1364, 10.1177/0146167218768779 Imhoff, 2014, Speaking (un‐) truth to power: conspiracy mentality as a generalised political attitude, Eur. J. Pers., 28, 25, 10.1002/per.1930 Jolley, 2014, The effects of anti-vaccine conspiracy theories on vaccination intentions, PloS One, 9, 10.1371/journal.pone.0089177 Karić Kouzy, 2020, Coronavirus goes viral: quantifying the COVID-19 misinformation epidemic on Twitter, Cureus, 12 Kowalski, 2020, Adherence to safety and self-isolation guidelines, conspiracy and paranoia-like beliefs during COVID-19 pandemic in Poland-associations and moderators, Psychiatr. Res., 294, 113540, 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113540 Koon, 2021, 113743 Krzysztofik, 2020, Spatial and functional dimensions of the COVID-19 epidemic in Poland, Eurasian Geogr. Econ., 61, 573, 10.1080/15387216.2020.1783337 Latkin, 2021, Trust in a COVID-19 vaccine in the US: a social-ecological perspective, Soc. Sci. Med., 270 Lazarević Lohiniva, 2014, A qualitative study of vaccine acceptability and decision making among pregnant women in Morocco during the A (H1N1) pdm09 pandemic, PloS One, 9, 10.1371/journal.pone.0096244 Meagher, 2020, Distant from others, but close to home: the relationship between home attachment and mental health during COVID-19, J. Environ. Psychol., 72, 101516, 10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101516 Miller, 2020, Do COVID-19 conspiracy theory beliefs form a monological belief system?, Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue canadienne de science politique, 53, 319, 10.1017/S0008423920000517 Mund, 2019, Beyond the cross-lagged panel model: next-generation statistical tools for analyzing interdependencies across the life course, Adv. Life Course Res., 41, 100249, 10.1016/j.alcr.2018.10.002 Oleksy, 2020, Content matters. Different predictors and social consequences of general and government-related conspiracy theories on COVID-19, Pers. Indiv. Differ., 168, 110289, 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110289 Oliver, 2014, Medical conspiracy theories and health behaviors in the United States, JAMA internal medicine, 174, 817, 10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.190 Osborne, 2020, Does Openness to Experience predict changes in conservatism? A nine-wave longitudinal investigation into the personality roots to ideology, J. Res. Pers., 10.1016/j.jrp.2020.103979 Pennycook, 2020, Fighting COVID-19 misinformation on social media: experimental evidence for a scalable accuracy-nudge intervention, Psychol. Sci., 31, 770, 10.1177/0956797620939054 Plenta, 2020, Conspiracy theories as a political instrument: utilization of anti-Soros narratives in Central Europe, Contemp. Polit., 26, 512, 10.1080/13569775.2020.1781332 Plohl, 2020, Modeling compliance with COVID-19 prevention guidelines: the critical role of trust in science, Psychol. Health Med., 1 Quinn, 2017, Exploring racial influences on flu vaccine attitudes and behavior: results of a national survey of White and African American adults, Vaccine, 35, 1167, 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.12.046 Romer, 2020, Conspiracy theories as barriers to controlling the spread of COVID-19 in the US, Soc. Sci. Med., 263, 113356, 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113356 Roozenbeek, 2020 Rosseel, 2012, Lavaan: an R package for structural equation modeling and more. Version 0.5–12 (BETA), J. Stat. Software, 48, 1, 10.18637/jss.v048.i02 Schwaba, 2021, Log on and prosper? Little evidence for codevelopment between psychological adjustment and technology use in older adulthood, J. Gerontol.: Ser. Bibliogr., 76, 67, 10.1093/geronb/gbaa073 Setbon, 2010, Factors in vaccination intention against the pandemic influenza A/H1N1, Eur. J. Publ. Health, 20, 490, 10.1093/eurpub/ckq054 Sternisko, 2020 Sutton, 2020, Conspiracy theories and the conspiracy mindset: implications for political ideology, Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 34, 118, 10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.02.015 Swami, 2016, Putting the stress on conspiracy theories: examining associations between psychological stress, anxiety, and belief in conspiracy theories, Pers. Indiv. Differ., 99, 72, 10.1016/j.paid.2016.04.084 Swami, 2020 Stecula, 2021, How populism and conservative media fuel conspiracy beliefs about COVID-19 and what it means for COVID-19 behaviors, Research & Politics, 8, 10.1177/2053168021993979 Thorburn, 2005, Conspiracy beliefs about birth control: barriers to pregnancy prevention among African Americans of reproductive age, Health Educ. Behav., 32, 474, 10.1177/1090198105276220 Tworzecki, 2019, Poland: a case of top-down polarization, Ann. Am. Acad. Polit. Soc. Sci., 681, 97, 10.1177/0002716218809322 Uscinski, 2020, Why do people believe COVID-19 conspiracy theories?, Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, 1 van der Linden, 2020, Inoculating against fake news about COVID-19, Front. Psychol., 11, 2928, 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.566790 van Mulukom, 2020 van Prooijen, 2018, Populism as political mentality underlying conspiracy theories, 79 Webster, 1994, Individual differences in need for cognitive closure, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 67, 1049, 10.1037/0022-3514.67.6.1049 WHO, 2020 WHO Włodarczyk, 2020, 2020 Young, 2015, Handling missing values in longitudinal panel data with multiple imputation, J. Marriage Fam., 77, 277, 10.1111/jomf.12144