Dry needling strategies for musculoskeletal conditions: Do the number of needles and needle retention time matter? A narrative literature review

Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies - Tập 26 - Trang 353-363 - 2021
Raymond Butts1,2, James Dunning3,4, Clint Serafino5,6
1Physical Therapist, Research Physical Therapy Specialists, Columbia, SC, USA
2Coordinator, American Academy of Manipulative Therapy Fellowship in Orthopaedic Manual Physical Therapy, USA
3Physical Therapist, Montgomery Osteopractic Physiotherapy & Acupuncture Clinic, Montgomery, AL, USA
4Director, American Academy of Manipulative Therapy Fellowship in Orthopaedic Manual Physical Therapy, USA
5Physical Therapist, U.S. Armed Forces Europe, Kelley Barracks, Stuttgart, Germany
6Senior Instructor, American Academy of Manipulative Therapy Fellowship in Orthopaedic Manual Physical Therapy, USA

Tài liệu tham khảo

Alecrim-Andrade, 2006, Acupuncture in migraine prophylaxis: a randomized sham-controlled trial, Cephalalgia, 26, 520, 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2006.01062.x Allais, 2002, Acupuncture in the prophylactic treatment of migraine without aura: a comparison with flunarizine, Headache, 42, 855, 10.1046/j.1526-4610.2002.02203.x Alonso-Blanco, 2011, Prevalence and anatomical localization of muscle referred pain from active trigger points in head and neck musculature in adults and children with chronic tension-type headache, Pain Med., 12, 1453, 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2011.01204.x Arendt-Nielsen, 2015, Headache: muscle tension, trigger points and referred pain, Int. J. Clin. Pract., Suppl, 8, 10.1111/ijcp.12651 Baeumler, 2014, Effects of acupuncture on sensory perception: a systematic review and meta-analysis, PloS One, 9, 10.1371/journal.pone.0113731 Baeumler, 2015, Acupuncture-induced changes of pressure pain threshold are mediated by segmental inhibition--a randomized controlled trial, Pain, 156, 2245, 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000283 Baliki, 2008, Beyond feeling: chronic pain hurts the brain, disrupting the default-mode network dynamics, J. Neurosci., 28, 1398, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4123-07.2008 Bardoni, 2013, Macdermott AB 2013 Pre- and postsynaptic inhibitory control in the spinal cord dorsal horn, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1279, 90, 10.1111/nyas.12056 Baron, 2017, Differences in topographical pressure pain sensitivity maps of the scalp between patients with migraine and healthy controls, Headache, 57, 226, 10.1111/head.12984 Berman, 1999, A randomized trial of acupuncture as an adjunctive therapy in osteoarthritis of the knee, Rheumatology, 38, 346, 10.1093/rheumatology/38.4.346 Berman, 2004, Effectiveness of acupuncture as adjunctive therapy in osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized, controlled trial, Ann. Intern. Med., 141, 901, 10.7326/0003-4819-141-12-200412210-00006 Bovey, 2006, JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE-HOVE-, 81, 18 Boyles, 2015, Effectiveness of trigger point dry needling for multiple body regions: a systematic review, J. Man. Manip. Ther., 23, 276, 10.1179/2042618615Y.0000000014 Brinkhaus, 2006, Acupuncture in patients with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial, Arch. Intern. Med., 166, 450 Bron, 2011, High prevalence of shoulder girdle muscles with myofascial trigger points in patients with shoulder pain, BMC Muscoskel. Disord., 12, 139, 10.1186/1471-2474-12-139 Butts, 2016, Peripheral and spinal mechanisms of pain and dry needling mediated analgesia: a clinical resource guide for health care professionals, International Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 216 Loyeung, 2013, Investigating the effects of three needling parameters (manipulation, retention time, and insertion site) on needling sensation and pain profiles: a study of eight deep needling interventions, Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 136763 Cagnie, 2012, The influence of dry needling of the trapezius muscle on muscle blood flow and oxygenation, J. Manip. Physiol. Ther., 35, 685, 10.1016/j.jmpt.2012.10.005 Cagnie, 2013, Physiologic effects of dry needling, Curr. Pain Headache Rep., 17, 348, 10.1007/s11916-013-0348-5 Calandre, 2006, Trigger point evaluation in migraine patients: an indication of peripheral sensitization linked to migraine predisposition?, Eur. J. Neurol., 13, 244, 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01181.x Campa-Moran, 2015, Comparison of dry needling versus orthopedic manual therapy in patients with myofascial chronic neck pain: a single-blind, randomized pilot study, Pain Res Treat, 327307 Carville, 2012, Diagnosis and management of headaches in young people and adults: summary of NICE guidance, BMJ, 345, 10.1136/bmj.e5765 Ceccherelli, 2010, Neck pain treatment with acupuncture: does the number of needles matter?, Clin. J. Pain, 26, 807, 10.1097/AJP.0b013e3181e375c9 Ceccherelli, 2014, 3,5,11 needles: looking for the perfect number of needles--a randomized and controlled study, Acupunct. Electro-Ther. Res., 39, 241, 10.3727/036012914X14109544776097 Chang, 2014, Analgesic effect of manual acupuncture and laser acupuncture for lateral epicondylalgia: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Am. J. Chin. Med., 42, 1301, 10.1142/S0192415X14500815 Chen, 2010, 66 Cases of superficial needle acupuncture treatment for tennis elbow, Inf J. Sci Technol, 10 Chiarotto, 2016, The prevalence of myofascial trigger points in spinal disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil, 97, 316, 10.1016/j.apmr.2015.09.021 Chou, 2007, Ann. Intern. Med., 147, 478, 10.7326/0003-4819-147-7-200710020-00006 Coeytaux, 2005, A randomized, controlled trial of acupuncture for chronic daily headache, Headache, 45, 1113, 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2005.00235.x Copay, 2007, Schuler TC 2007 Understanding the minimum clinically important difference: a review of concepts and methods, Spine J., 7, 541, 10.1016/j.spinee.2007.01.008 Corbett, 2013, Acupuncture and other physical treatments for the relief of pain due to osteoarthritis of the knee: network meta-analysis, Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 21, 1290, 10.1016/j.joca.2013.05.007 Cotchett, 2014, Effectiveness of trigger point dry needling for plantar heel pain: a randomized controlled trial, Phys. Ther., 94, 1083, 10.2522/ptj.20130255 Couppe, 2007, Myofascial trigger points are very prevalent in patients with chronic tension-type headache: a double-blinded controlled study, Clin. J. Pain, 23, 23, 10.1097/01.ajp.0000210946.34676.7d Couto, 2014, Paraspinal stimulation combined with trigger point needling and needle rotation for the treatment of myofascial pain: a randomized sham-controlled clinical trial, Clin. J. Pain, 30, 214, 10.1097/AJP.0b013e3182934b8d Cox, 2016, Effectiveness of acupuncture therapies to manage musculoskeletal disorders of the extremities: a systematic review, J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther., 46, 409, 10.2519/jospt.2016.6270 Da Silva, 2015, Acupuncture for migraine prevention, Headache, 55, 470, 10.1111/head.12525 David, 1998, Chronic neck pain: a comparison of acupuncture treatment and physiotherapy, Br. J. Rheumatol., 37, 1118, 10.1093/rheumatology/37.10.1118 Deadman, 2011 Diener, 2006, Group GMS 2006 Efficacy of acupuncture for the prophylaxis of migraine: a multicentre randomised controlled clinical trial, Lancet Neurol., 5, 310, 10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70382-9 Ding, 2018, Mast cells are important regulator of acupoint sensitization via the secretion of tryptase, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and histamine, PloS One, 13, 10.1371/journal.pone.0194022 Do, 2018, Myofascial trigger points in migraine and tension-type headache, J. Headache Pain, 19, 84, 10.1186/s10194-018-0913-8 Domingo, 2013, Santafe MM 2013 Neuromuscular damage and repair after dry needling in mice, Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 260806 Dunning, 2018, Electrical dry needling as an adjunct to exercise, manual therapy and ultrasound for plantar fasciitis: a multi-center randomized clinical trial, PloS One, 13, 10.1371/journal.pone.0205405 Dunning, 2014, Dry needling: a literature review with implications for clinical practice guidelines, Phys. Ther. Rev., 19, 252, 10.1179/108331913X13844245102034 Dunning, 2018, Periosteal electrical dry needling as an adjunct to exercise and manual therapy for knee osteoarthritis: a multicenter randomized clinical trial, Clin. J. Pain, 34, 1149, 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000634 Ebrahim, 2007, Effect of electro acupuncture TENS, stretching exercises and prefabricated insole in patients with plantar fasciitis, R Sci J Al-Azhar Med Fac, 28, 1 Eftekharsadat, 2016, Dry needling in patients with chronic heel pain due to plantar fasciitis: a single-blinded randomized clinical trial, Med. J. Islam. Repub. Iran, 30, 401 Fernández-Carnero, 2009, Mulligan's mobilization with movement and muscle trigger point dry needling for the management of chronic lateral epicondylalgia: a case report, J. Muscoskel. Pain, 17, 409, 10.3109/10582450903284802 Fernandez-de-Las-Penas, 2015, Myofascial head pain, Curr. Pain Headache Rep., 19, 28, 10.1007/s11916-015-0503-2 Fernandez-de-Las-Penas, 2006, Myofascial trigger points, neck mobility and forward head posture in unilateral migraine, Cephalalgia, 26, 1061, 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2006.01162.x Fink, 2001, Non-specific effects of traditional Chinese acupuncture in osteoarthritis of the hip, Compl. Ther. Med., 9, 82, 10.1054/ctim.2001.0442 Fink, 2002, Acupuncture in chronic epicondylitis: a randomized controlled trial, Rheumatology, 41, 205, 10.1093/rheumatology/41.2.205 Foster, 2007, Acupuncture as an adjunct to exercise based physiotherapy for osteoarthritis of the knee: randomised controlled trial, BMJ, 335, 436, 10.1136/bmj.39280.509803.BE France, 2014, Evidence for the use of dry needling and physiotherapy in the management of cervicogenic or tension-type headache: a systematic review, Cephalalgia, 34, 994, 10.1177/0333102414523847 Ga, 2007, Acupuncture needling versus lidocaine injection of trigger points in myofascial pain syndrome in elderly patients--a randomised trial, Acupunct. Med., 25, 130, 10.1136/aim.25.4.130 Gadau, 2014, Acupuncture and moxibustion for lateral elbow pain: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials, BMC Compl. Alternative Med., 14, 136, 10.1186/1472-6882-14-136 Ge, 2014, Latent myofascial trigger points are associated with an increased intramuscular electromyographic activity during synergistic muscle activation, J. Pain, 15, 181 Giamberardino, 2007, Contribution of myofascial trigger points to migraine symptoms, J. Pain, 8, 869 Gildir, 2019, A randomized trial of trigger point dry needling versus sham needling for chronic tension-type headache, Medicine (Baltim.), 98 Goldman, 2010, Adenosine A1 receptors mediate local anti-nociceptive effects of acupuncture, Nat. Neurosci., 13, 883, 10.1038/nn.2562 Goldman, 2013, Purine receptor mediated actin cytoskeleton remodeling of human fibroblasts, Cell Calcium, 53, 297, 10.1016/j.ceca.2013.01.004 Gonzalez-Iglesias, 2011, Multimodal management of lateral epicondylalgia in rock climbers: a prospective case series, J. Manip. Physiol. Ther., 34, 635, 10.1016/j.jmpt.2011.09.003 Guerra de Hoyos, 2004, Randomised trial of long term effect of acupuncture for shoulder pain, Pain, 112, 289, 10.1016/j.pain.2004.08.030 Gunn, 1980, Dry needling of muscle motor points for chronic low-back pain: a randomized clinical trial with long-term follow-up, Spine, 5, 279, 10.1097/00007632-198005000-00011 Haake, 2007, German Acupuncture Trials (GERAC) for chronic low back pain: randomized, multicenter, blinded, parallel-group trial with 3 groups, Arch. Intern. Med., 167, 1892, 10.1001/Archinte.167.17.1892 Haker, 1990, Acupuncture treatment in epicondylalgia: a comparative study of two acupuncture techniques, Clin. J. Pain, 6, 221, 10.1097/00002508-199009000-00009 He, 2017, Effectiveness of trigger point dry needling for plantar heel pain: a meta-analysis of seven randomized controlled trials, J. Pain Res., 10, 1933, 10.2147/JPR.S141607 He, 2004, Effect of acupuncture treatment on chronic neck and shoulder pain in sedentary female workers: a 6-month and 3-year follow-up study, Pain, 109, 299, 10.1016/j.pain.2004.01.018 Hesse, 1994, Acupuncture versus metoprolol in migraine prophylaxis: a randomized trial of trigger point inactivation, J. Intern. Med., 235, 451, 10.1111/j.1365-2796.1994.tb01102.x Hinman, 2014, Acupuncture for chronic knee pain: a randomized clinical trial, J. Am. Med. Assoc., 312, 1313, 10.1001/jama.2014.12660 Hsieh, 2007, Dry needling to a key myofascial trigger point may reduce the irritability of satellite MTrPs, Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil., 86, 397, 10.1097/PHM.0b013e31804a554d Hsieh, 2011, Spinal cord mechanism involving the remote effects of dry needling on the irritability of myofascial trigger spots in rabbit skeletal muscle, Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil., 92, 1098, 10.1016/j.apmr.2010.11.018 Hsieh, 2012, Dry needling at myofascial trigger spots of rabbit skeletal muscles modulates the biochemicals associated with pain, inflammation, and hypoxia, Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 342165 Huang, 1998, Introduction to floating acupuncture: clinical study on the treatment of lateral epicondylitis, Am. J. Acupunct., 26, 27 Ibarra, 2011, Latent myofascial trigger points are associated with an increased antagonistic muscle activity during agonist muscle contraction, J. Pain, 12, 1282 Irnich, 2001, Randomised trial of acupuncture compared with conventional massage and "sham" laser acupuncture for treatment of chronic neck pain, BMJ, 322, 1574, 10.1136/bmj.322.7302.1574 Imamura, 1998, Treatment of myofascial pain components in plantar fasciitis speeds up recovery: documentation by algometry, J. Muscoskel. Pain, 6, 91, 10.1300/J094v06n01_07 Irnich, 2002, Immediate effects of dry needling and acupuncture at distant points in chronic neck pain: results of a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled crossover trial, Pain, 99, 83, 10.1016/S0304-3959(02)00062-3 Itoh, 2004, Trigger point acupuncture treatment of chronic low back pain in elderly patients--a blinded RCT, Acupunct. Med., 22, 170, 10.1136/aim.22.4.170 Itoh, 2006, Effects of trigger point acupuncture on chronic low back pain in elderly patients--a sham-controlled randomised trial, Acupunct. Med., 24, 5, 10.1136/aim.24.1.5 Itoh, 2007, Randomised trial of trigger point acupuncture compared with other acupuncture for treatment of chronic neck pain, Compl. Ther. Med., 15, 172, 10.1016/j.ctim.2006.05.003 Itoh, 2008, Trigger point acupuncture for treatment of knee osteoarthritis--a preliminary RCT for a pragmatic trial, Acupunct. Med., 26, 17, 10.1136/aim.26.1.17 Itoh, 2014, Randomized trial of trigger point acupuncture treatment for chronic shoulder pain: a preliminary study, J Acupunct Meridian Stud, 7, 59, 10.1016/j.jams.2013.02.002 Jena, 2008, Acupuncture in patients with headache, Cephalalgia, 28, 969, 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2008.01640.x Johansson, 2011, Subacromial corticosteroid injection or acupuncture with home exercises when treating patients with subacromial impingement in primary care--a randomized clinical trial, Fam. Pract., 28, 355, 10.1093/fampra/cmq119 Jubb, 2008, A blinded randomised trial of acupuncture (manual and electroacupuncture) compared with a non-penetrating sham for the symptoms of osteoarthritis of the knee, Acupunct. Med., 26, 69, 10.1136/aim.26.2.69 Kamali, 2018, Comparison of upper trapezius and infraspinatus myofascial trigger point therapy by dry needling in overhead athletes with unilateral shoulder impingement syndrome, J. Sport Rehabil., 1 Kamali, 2019, Dry needling versus friction massage to treat tension type headache: a randomized clinical trial, J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther., 23, 89, 10.1016/j.jbmt.2018.01.009 Karagounis, 2011, Treatment of plantar fasciitis in recreational athletes: two different therapeutic protocols, Foot Ankle Spec., 4, 226, 10.1177/1938640011407320 Karakurum, 2001, The 'dry-needle technique': intramuscular stimulation in tension-type headache, Cephalalgia, 21, 813, 10.1046/j.1468-2982.2001.218238.x Kennedy, 2015, Fluoroscopically guided diagnostic and therapeutic intra-articular sacroiliac joint injections: a systematic review, Pain Med., 16, 1500, 10.1111/pme.12833 Kietrys, 2013, Effectiveness of dry needling for upper-quarter myofascial pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis, J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther., 43, 620, 10.2519/jospt.2013.4668 Kleinhenz, 1999, Randomised clinical trial comparing the effects of acupuncture and a newly designed placebo needle in rotator cuff tendinitis, Pain, 83, 235, 10.1016/S0304-3959(99)00107-4 Koppenhaver, 2016, Effects of dry needling to the symptomatic versus control shoulder in patients with unilateral subacromial pain syndrome, Man. Ther., 26, 62, 10.1016/j.math.2016.07.009 Kuan, 2009, Current studies on myofascial pain syndrome, Curr. Pain Headache Rep., 13, 365, 10.1007/s11916-009-0059-0 Kumnerddee, 2012, Efficacy of electro-acupuncture in chronic plantar fasciitis: a randomized controlled trial, Am. J. Chin. Med., 40, 1167, 10.1142/S0192415X12500863 Landorf, 2008, Minimal important difference: values for the foot health status questionnaire, foot function index and visual analogue scale, Foot, 18, 15, 10.1016/j.foot.2007.06.006 Lang, 2010, Bilateral acupuncture analgesia observed by quantitative sensory testing in healthy volunteers, Anesth. Analg., 110, 1448, 10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181d3e7ef Langevin, 2014, Acupuncture, connective tissue, and peripheral sensory modulation, Crit. Rev. Eukaryot. Gene Expr., 24, 249, 10.1615/CritRevEukaryotGeneExpr.2014008284 Langevin, 2015, Executive Board of the Society for Acupuncture R 2015 Manual and electrical needle stimulation in acupuncture research: pitfalls and challenges of heterogeneity, J. Alternative Compl. Med., 21, 113, 10.1089/acm.2014.0186 Langevin, 2001, Mechanical signaling through connective tissue: a mechanism for the therapeutic effect of acupuncture, Faseb. J., 15, 2275, 10.1096/fj.01-0015hyp Langevin, 2006, Subcutaneous tissue fibroblast cytoskeletal remodeling induced by acupuncture: evidence for a mechanotransduction-based mechanism, J. Cell. Physiol., 207, 767, 10.1002/jcp.20623 Langevin, 2007, Connective tissue fibroblast response to acupuncture: dose-dependent effect of bidirectional needle rotation, J. Alternative Compl. Med., 13, 355, 10.1089/acm.2007.6351 Langevin, 2011, Fibroblast cytoskeletal remodeling contributes to connective tissue tension, J. Cell. Physiol., 226, 1166, 10.1002/jcp.22442 Lathia, 2009, Efficacy of acupuncture as a treatment for chronic shoulder pain, J. Alternative Compl. Med., 15, 613, 10.1089/acm.2008.0272 Lee, 2011, Acupuncture for pain: an overview of Cochrane reviews, Chin. J. Integr. Med., 17, 187, 10.1007/s11655-011-0665-7 Leung, 2008, The effect of acupuncture duration on analgesia and peripheral sensory thresholds, BMC Compl. Alternative Med., 8, 18, 10.1186/1472-6882-8-18 Li, 2012, Acupuncture for migraine prophylaxis: a randomized controlled trial, CMAJ (Can. Med. Assoc. J.), 184, 401, 10.1503/cmaj.110551 Li, 2014, Miniscalpel-needle versus steroid injection for plantar fasciitis: a randomized controlled trial with a 12-month follow-up, Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 164714 Li, 2018, Comparison of efficacy of eight treatments for plantar fasciitis: a network meta-analysis, J. Cell. Physiol., 234, 860, 10.1002/jcp.26907 Li, 2019, A new perspective of acupuncture: the interaction among three networks leads to neutralization, Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2019, 2326867 Lin, 2016, Effect of acupuncture 'dose' on modulation of the default mode network of the brain, Acupunct. Med., 34, 425, 10.1136/acupmed-2016-011071 Linde, 2005, Acupuncture for patients with migraine: a randomized controlled trial, J. Am. Med. Assoc., 293, 2118, 10.1001/jama.293.17.2118 Linde, 2009, Acupuncture for migraine prophylaxis, Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD001218 Linde, 2009, Acupuncture for tension-type headache, Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD007587 Linde, 2016, Acupuncture for the prevention of tension-type headache, Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 4, CD007587 Linde, 2016, Acupuncture for the prevention of episodic migraine, Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD001218 Liu, 2013, New insights into the mechanisms of itch: are pain and itch controlled by distinct mechanisms?, Pflügers Archiv, 465, 1671, 10.1007/s00424-013-1284-2 Liu, 2015, Effectiveness of dry needling for myofascial trigger points associated with neck and shoulder pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil., 96, 944, 10.1016/j.apmr.2014.12.015 Liu, 2015, Acupuncture for low back pain: an overview of systematic reviews, Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med., 328196 Llamas-Ramos, 2014, Comparison of the short-term outcomes between trigger point dry needling and trigger point manual therapy for the management of chronic mechanical neck pain: a randomized clinical trial, J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther., 44, 852, 10.2519/jospt.2014.5229 Lluch, 2015, Prevalence, incidence, localization, and pathophysiology of myofascial trigger points in patients with spinal pain: a systematic literature review, J. Manip. Physiol. Ther., 38, 587, 10.1016/j.jmpt.2015.08.004 Loaiza, 2002, Electro-acupuncture stimulation to muscle afferents in anesthetized rats modulates the blood flow to the knee joint through autonomic reflexes and nitric oxide, Auton. Neurosci., 97, 103, 10.1016/S1566-0702(02)00051-6 Lund, 2015, Effects triggered in the periphery by acupuncture, Acupuncture and Related Therapies, 3, 24, 10.1016/j.arthe.2015.08.002 Lundeberg, 2013, Acupuncture mechanisms in tissue healing: contribution of NO and CGRP, Acupunct. Med., 31, 7, 10.1136/acupmed-2013-010313 Lv, 2019, Effects of intensity of electroacupuncture on chronic pain in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial, Arthritis Res. Ther., 21, 120, 10.1186/s13075-019-1899-6 Ma, 2017, Nitric oxide signaling molecules in acupoints: toward mechanisms of acupuncture, Chin. J. Integr. Med., 23, 812, 10.1007/s11655-017-2789-x MacPherson, 2013, Characteristics of acupuncture treatment associated with outcome: an individual patient meta-analysis of 17,922 patients with chronic pain in randomised controlled trials, PloS One, 8, 10.1371/annotation/23629d97-3b72-474b-9d89-c7198ba43d60 MacPherson, 2004, Acupuncture for low back pain: traditional diagnosis and treatment of 148 patients in a clinical trial, Compl. Ther. Med., 12, 38, 10.1016/S0965-2299(03)00125-0 MacPherson, 2015, Alexander technique Lessons or acupuncture sessions for persons with chronic neck pain: a randomized trial, Ann. Intern. Med., 163, 653, 10.7326/M15-0667 Manheimer, 2010, CD001977 Martin-Pintado Zugasti, 2014, Effects of spray and stretch on postneedling soreness and sensitivity after dry needling of a latent myofascial trigger point, Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil., 95, 1925, 10.1016/j.apmr.2014.05.021 Martín-Pintado-Zugasti, 2016, 301 Martin-Pintado-Zugasti, 2015, Ischemic compression after dry needling of a latent myofascial trigger point reduces postneedling soreness intensity and duration, Pharm. Manag. PM R, 7, 1026, 10.1016/j.pmrj.2015.03.021 Mayoral, 2013, Efficacy of myofascial trigger point dry needling in the prevention of pain after total knee arthroplasty: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial, Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 694941 McShane, 2006, Sonographically guided percutaneous needle tenotomy for treatment of common extensor tendinosis in the elbow, J. Ultrasound Med., 25, 1281, 10.7863/jum.2006.25.10.1281 Mejuto-Vazquez, 2014, Short-term changes in neck pain, widespread pressure pain sensitivity, and cervical range of motion after the application of trigger point dry needling in patients with acute mechanical neck pain: a randomized clinical trial, J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther., 44, 252, 10.2519/jospt.2014.5108 Min, 2015, Local changes in microcirculation and the analgesic effects of acupuncture: a laser Doppler perfusion imaging study, J. Alternative Compl. Med., 21, 46, 10.1089/acm.2013.0442 Molsberger, 2012, The role of acupuncture in the treatment of migraine, CMAJ (Can. Med. Assoc. J.), 184, 391, 10.1503/cmaj.112032 Molsberger, 2002, Does acupuncture improve the orthopedic management of chronic low back pain--a randomized, blinded, controlled trial with 3 months follow up, Pain, 99, 579, 10.1016/S0304-3959(02)00269-5 Molsberger, 2008, Chinese acupuncture for chronic low back pain: an international expert survey, J. Alternative Compl. Med., 14, 1089, 10.1089/acm.2008.0138.A Molsberger, 2010, German Randomized Acupuncture Trial for chronic shoulder pain (GRASP) - a pragmatic, controlled, patient-blinded, multi-centre trial in an outpatient care environment, Pain, 151, 146, 10.1016/j.pain.2010.06.036 Morihisa, 2016, Dry needling in subjects with muscular trigger points in the lower quarter: a systematic review, Int J Sports Phys Ther, 11, 1 Napadow, 2010, Intrinsic brain connectivity in fibromyalgia is associated with chronic pain intensity, Arthritis Rheum., 62, 2545, 10.1002/art.27497 Okubo, 2010, Electromyographic analysis of transversus abdominis and lumbar multifidus using wire electrodes during lumbar stabilization exercises, J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther., 40, 743, 10.2519/jospt.2010.3192 Ong, 2014, The effect of dry needling for myofascial trigger points in the neck and shoulders: a systematic review and meta-analysis, J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther., 18, 390, 10.1016/j.jbmt.2013.11.009 Otti, 2013, Frequency shifts in the anterior default mode network and the salience network in chronic pain disorder, BMC Psychiatr., 13, 84, 10.1186/1471-244X-13-84 Paley, 2015, Investigation into the effects of using two or four acupuncture needles with bidirectional rotation on experimentally-induced contact heat pain in healthy subjects, Acupunct. Med., 33, 23, 10.1136/acupmed-2014-010617 Perez-Millan, 2001, Low-frequency electroacupuncture in the management of refractory plantar fasciitis: a case series, Med. Acupunct., 13, 47 Pérez-Palomares, 2010, Percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation versus dry needling: effectiveness in the treatment of chronic low back pain, J. Muscoskel. Pain, 18, 23, 10.3109/10582450903496047 Perez-Palomares, 2017, Contribution of dry needling to individualized physical therapy treatment of shoulder pain: a randomized clinical trial, J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther., 47, 11, 10.2519/jospt.2017.6698 Perreault, 2017, The local twitch response during trigger point dry needling: is it necessary for successful outcomes?, J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther., 3 Qerama, 2006, A double-blind, controlled study of botulinum toxin A in chronic myofascial pain, Neurology, 67, 241, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000224731.06168.df Qian, 2015, Efficacy of warm needling plus Chinese Herb Fumigation in patients with chronic heel pain due to plantar fasciitis: a randomized controlled trial, Shanghai J Acu Mox, 34, 362 Salter, 2006, Acupuncture for chronic neck pain: a pilot for a randomised controlled trial, BMC Muscoskel. Disord., 7, 99, 10.1186/1471-2474-7-99 Savigny, 2009, Early management of persistent non-specific low back pain: summary of NICE guidance, BMJ, 338, b1805, 10.1136/bmj.b1805 Scharf, 2006, Acupuncture and knee osteoarthritis: a three-armed randomized trial, Ann. Intern. Med., 145, 12, 10.7326/0003-4819-145-1-200607040-00005 Sedighi, 2017, Comparison of acute effects of superficial and deep dry needling into trigger points of suboccipital and upper trapezius muscles in patients with cervicogenic headache, J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther., 21, 810, 10.1016/j.jbmt.2017.01.002 Sergienko, 2015, Myofascial origin of shoulder pain: a literature review, J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther., 19, 91, 10.1016/j.jbmt.2014.05.004 Shah, 2008, Uncovering the biochemical milieu of myofascial trigger points using in vivo microdialysis: an application of muscle pain concepts to myofascial pain syndrome, J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther., 12, 371, 10.1016/j.jbmt.2008.06.006 Shangqing, 2019, Immediate analgesia effect of contralateral needling at Tiaokou (ST38) in patients with chronic shoulder pain: a randomized controlled exploratory trial, Journal of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences, 6, 95, 10.1016/j.jtcms.2019.01.007 Shen, 1999, 41 cases of acupuncture-moxibustion in comparison to electro-acupuncture in the treatment of lateral epicondylitis, Jilin Chin Med J, 4 Shinbara, 2008, Effects of manual acupuncture with sparrow pecking on muscle blood flow of normal and denervated hindlimb in rats, Acupunct. Med., 26, 149, 10.1136/aim.26.3.149 Shinbara, 2017, Contribution of adenosine to the increase in skeletal muscle blood flow caused by manual acupuncture in rats, Acupunct. Med., 35, 284, 10.1136/acupmed-2016-011152 Sim, 2011, Acupuncture for carpal tunnel syndrome: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials, J. Pain, 12, 307 Srbely, 2010, Dry needle stimulation of myofascial trigger points evokes segmental anti-nociceptive effects, J. Rehabil. Med., 42, 463, 10.2340/16501977-0535 Steinhoff, 2006, Neurophysiological, neuroimmunological, and neuroendocrine basis of pruritus, J. Invest. Dermatol., 126, 1705, 10.1038/sj.jid.5700231 Stenhouse, 2013, Do blood growth factors offer additional benefit in refractory lateral epicondylitis? A prospective, randomized pilot trial of dry needling as a stand-alone procedure versus dry needling and autologous conditioned plasma, Skeletal Radiol., 42, 1515, 10.1007/s00256-013-1691-7 Su, 2011, Cannabinoid CB2 receptors contribute to upregulation of beta-endorphin in inflamed skin tissues by electroacupuncture, Mol. Pain, 7, 98, 10.1186/1744-8069-7-98 Takano, 2012, Traditional acupuncture triggers a local increase in adenosine in human subjects, J. Pain, 13, 1215 Tamaddonfard, 2011, Interaction between histamine and morphine at the level of the hippocampus in the formalin-induced orofacial pain in rats, Pharmacol. Rep., 63, 423, 10.1016/S1734-1140(11)70508-4 Thomas, 2006, Randomised controlled trial of a short course of traditional acupuncture compared with usual care for persistent non-specific low back pain, BMJ, 333, 623, 10.1136/bmj.38878.907361.7C Tillu, 1998, Effect of acupuncture treatment on heel pain due to plantar fasciitis, Acupunct. Med., 16, 66, 10.1136/aim.16.2.66 Trinh, 2007, Acupuncture for neck disorders, Spine, 32, 236, 10.1097/01.brs.0000252100.61002.d4 Trinh, 2016, Acupuncture for neck disorders, Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 10.1002/14651858.CD004870.pub4 Uygur, 2017, Dry needling in lateral epicondylitis: a prospective controlled study, Int. Orthop., 41, 2321, 10.1007/s00264-017-3604-1 Valera-Garrido, 2014, Ultrasound-guided percutaneous needle electrolysis in chronic lateral epicondylitis: short-term and long-term results, Acupunct. Med., 32, 446, 10.1136/acupmed-2014-010619 Vas, 2007, Evidence from RCTs on optimal acupuncture treatment for knee osteoarthritis--an exploratory review, Acupunct. Med., 25, 29, 10.1136/aim.25.1-2.29 Vas, 2004, Acupuncture as a complementary therapy to the pharmacological treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee: randomised controlled trial, BMJ, 329, 1216, 10.1136/bmj.38238.601447.3A Vas, 2006, Efficacy and safety of acupuncture for chronic uncomplicated neck pain: a randomised controlled study, Pain, 126, 245, 10.1016/j.pain.2006.07.002 Vas, 2008, Single-point acupuncture and physiotherapy for the treatment of painful shoulder: a multicentre randomized controlled trial, Rheumatology, 47, 887, 10.1093/rheumatology/ken040 Venancio, 2009, Botulinum toxin, lidocaine, and dry-needling injections in patients with myofascial pain and headaches, Cranio, 27, 46, 10.1179/crn.2009.008 Vickers, 2018, Acupuncture for chronic pain: update of an individual patient data meta-analysis, J. Pain, 19, 455 Wang, 2015, Impact of needle diameter on long-term dry needling treatment of chronic lumbar myofascial pain syndrome, Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil., 95, 483, 10.1097/PHM.0000000000000401 Wang, 2016, Efficacy of warm needling plus Chinese Herb Fumigation in chronic plantar fasciitis: a randomized controlled trial, Modern J Integr Trad Chin West Med, 25, 416 White, 1996, A pilot study of acupuncture for tension headache, using a novel placebo, Acupuncture in Medicine 1996, 11, 10.1136/aim.14.1.11 White, 2000, Acupuncture for episodic tension-type headache: a multicentre randomized controlled trial, Cephalalgia, 20, 632, 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2000.00097.x White, 2004, Acupuncture versus placebo for the treatment of chronic mechanical neck pain: a randomized, controlled trial, Ann. Intern. Med., 141, 911, 10.7326/0003-4819-141-12-200412210-00007 White, 2007, Acupuncture treatment for chronic knee pain: a systematic review, Rheumatology, 46, 384, 10.1093/rheumatology/kel413 White, 2008, Defining an adequate dose of acupuncture using a neurophysiological approach--a narrative review of the literature, Acupunct. Med., 26, 111, 10.1136/aim.26.2.111 Witt, 2006, Acupuncture for patients with chronic neck pain, Pain, 125, 98, 10.1016/j.pain.2006.05.013 Witt, 2005, Acupuncture in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomised trial, Lancet, 366, 136, 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66871-7 Wong Lit Wan, 2015, Local and distant acupuncture points stimulation for chronic musculoskeletal pain: a systematic review on the comparative effects, Eur. J. Pain, 19, 1232, 10.1002/ejp.671 Yang, 2011, Acupuncture versus topiramate in chronic migraine prophylaxis: a randomized clinical trial, Cephalalgia, 31, 1510, 10.1177/0333102411420585 Yao, 2014, Mast cell-nerve cell interaction at acupoint: modeling mechanotransduction pathway induced by acupuncture, Int. J. Biol. Sci., 10, 511, 10.7150/ijbs.8631 Yuan, 2008, Treatment regimens of acupuncture for low back pain--a systematic review, Compl. Ther. Med., 16, 295, 10.1016/j.ctim.2008.04.006 Zeng, 2015, Acupuncture for chronic nonspecific low back pain: an overview of systematic reviews, European Journal of Integrative Medicine, 7, 94, 10.1016/j.eujim.2014.11.001 Zhang, 2007, Acupuncture treatment of tennis elbow, clinical observations, China TCM Inf J, 14, 61 Zhang, 2011, Acupuncture treatment for plantar fasciitis: a randomized controlled trial with six months follow-up, Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 154108 Zhang, 2012, Electroacupuncture inhibition of hyperalgesia in an inflammatory pain rat model: involvement of distinct spinal serotonin and norepinephrine receptor subtypes, Br. J. Anaesth., 109, 245, 10.1093/bja/aes136 Zhang, 2014, Laws of acupoint selection of prescriptions for treatment of cervicogenic headache by acupuncture: a modern literature research], Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi, 34, 1008 Zhang, 2014, Mechanisms of acupuncture-electroacupuncture on persistent pain, Anesthesiology, 120, 482, 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000101 Zhao, 2008, Neural mechanism underlying acupuncture analgesia, Prog. Neurobiol., 85, 355, 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2008.05.004 Zhou, 2014, Significance of "Deqi" response in acupuncture treatment: myth or reality, J Acupunct Meridian Stud, 7, 186, 10.1016/j.jams.2014.02.008