Drugs acting on the respiratory tract

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budesonide Turbuhaler in children, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 168, 779, 10.1164/rccm.200302-200OC Thorsson, 2001, Pharmacokinetics and systemic activity of fluticasone via Diskus and pMDI, and of budesonide via Turbuhaler, Br J Clin Pharmacol, 52, 529, 10.1046/j.0306-5251.2001.01493.x Yiallouros, 1997, Adrenal function and high dose inhaled corticosteroids for asthma, Arch Dis Child, 76, 405, 10.1136/adc.76.5.405 Shapiro, 1998, Dose-related efficacy of budesonide administered via a dry powder inhaler in the treatment of children with moderate to severe persistent asthma, J Pediatr, 132, 976, 10.1016/S0022-3476(98)70394-4 Priftis, 2006, The effect of inhaled budesonide on adrenal and growth suppression in asthmatic children, Eur Respir J, 27, 316, 10.1183/09031936.06.00071905 Patel, 2001, Symptomatic adrenal insufficiency during inhaled corticosteroid treatment, Arch Dis Child, 85, 330, 10.1136/adc.85.4.330 Agertoft, 1994, Effects of long-term treatment with an inhaled corticosteroid on growth and pulmonary function in asthmatic children, Respir Med, 88, 373, 10.1016/0954-6111(94)90044-2 Merkus, 1993, Long-term effect of inhaled corticosteroids on growth rate in adolescents with asthma, Pediatrics, 91, 1121, 10.1542/peds.91.6.1121 Reid, 1996, Linear growth of very young asthmatic children treated with high-dose nebulized budesonide, Acta Paediatr, 85, 421, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1996.tb14053.x Baker, 1999, A multiple-dosing, placebo-controlled study of budesonide inhalation suspension given once or twice daily for treatment of persistent asthma in young children and infants, Pediatrics, 103, 414, 10.1542/peds.103.2.414 Kemp, 1999, Once-daily budesonide inhalation suspension for the treatment of persistent asthma in infants and young children, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 83, 231, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62646-4 Shapiro, 1998, Efficacy and safety of budesonide inhalation suspension (Pulmicort Respules) in young children with inhaled steroid-dependent, persistent asthma, J 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density in children with asthma receiving long-term treatment with inhaled budesonide, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 157, 178, 10.1164/ajrccm.157.1.9707072 Agertoft, 1998, Posterior subcapsular cataracts, bruises and hoarseness in children with asthma receiving long-term treatment with inhaled budesonide, Eur Respir J, 12, 130, 10.1183/09031936.98.12010130 Leflein, 2005, Safety features of budesonide inhalation suspension in the long-term treatment of asthma in young children, Adv Ther, 22, 198, 10.1007/BF02849929 Lahelma, 2005, Equivalent lung deposition of budesonide in vivo: a comparison of dry powder inhalers using a pharmacokinetic method, Br J Clin Pharmacol, 59, 167, 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2004.02238.x Christie, 2004, Ciclesonide: a novel inhaled corticosteroid for asthma, Drugs Today (Barc), 40, 569, 10.1358/dot.2004.40.7.850475 Buhl, 2006, Comparable efficacy of ciclesonide once daily versus fluticasone propionate twice daily in asthma, Pulm Pharmacol Ther, 19, 404, 10.1016/j.pupt.2005.10.003 Niphadkar, 2005, Comparison of the efficacy of ciclesonide 160 mug QD and budesonide 200 mug BID in adults with persistent asthma: a phase III, randomized, double-dummy, open-label study, Clin Ther, 27, 1752, 10.1016/j.clinthera.2005.11.005 Bethke, 2002, High lung deposition fo ciclesonide in 2D- and 3D-imaging, S38 Drollmann, 2002, Ciclesonide shows high lung deposition in 2D and 3D-imaging, 165 Nave, 2005, Lower oropharyngeal deposition of inhaled ciclesonide via hydrofluoroalkane metered-dose inhaler compared with budesonide via chlorofluorocarbon metered-dose inhaler in healthy subjects, Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 61, 203, 10.1007/s00228-005-0910-0 Nave, 2004, Pharmacokinetics of [14C]ciclesonide after oral and intravenous administration to healthy subjects, Clin Pharmacokinet, 43, 479, 10.2165/00003088-200443070-00004 Richter, 2005, Comparison of the oropharyngeal deposition of inhaled ciclesonide and fluticasone propionate in patients with asthma, J Clin Pharmacol, 45, 146, 10.1177/0091270004271094 Gelfand, 2005, Ciclesonide, administered once daily, has a low incidence of oropharyngeal adverse events in pediatric asthma patients, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 115, 213, 10.1016/j.jaci.2004.12.860 Bernstein, 2004, Ciclesonide has minimal oropharyngeal side effects in the treatment of patients with moderate-to-severe asthma, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 113, 113, 10.1016/j.jaci.2003.12.397 Engelstätter, 2004, Low incidence of oropharyngeal adverse events in asthma patients treated with ciclesonide: results from a pooled analysis Lipworth, 2005, Effect of ciclesonide and fluticasone on hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis function in adults with mild-to-moderate persistent asthma, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 94, 465, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)61117-9 Szefler, 2005, Ciclesonide, a novel inhaled steroid, does not affect hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis function in patients with moderate-to-severe persistent asthma, Chest, 128, 1104, 10.1378/chest.128.3.1104 Derom, 2005, Effects of inhaled ciclesonide and fluticasone propionate on cortisol secretion and airway responsiveness to adenosine 5'monophosphate in asthmatic patients, Pulm Pharmacol Ther, 18, 328, 10.1016/j.pupt.2005.01.004 Langdon, 2005, Once-daily ciclesonide 80 or 320 microg for 12 weeks is safe and effective in patients with persistent asthma, Respir Med, 99, 1275, 10.1016/j.rmed.2005.05.024 Pearlman, 2005, Once-daily ciclesonide improves lung function and is well tolerated by patients with mild-to-moderate persistent asthma, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 116, 1206, 10.1016/j.jaci.2005.08.037 Postma, 2001, Treatment of asthma by the inhaled corticosteroid ciclesonide given either in the morning or evening, Eur Respir J, 17, 1083, 10.1183/09031936.01.00099701 Szefler, 2005, Ciclesonide, a novel inhaled steroid, does not affect hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis function in patients with moderate-to-severe persistent asthma, Chest, 128, 1104, 10.1378/chest.128.3.1104 Weinbrenner, 2002, Circadian rhythm of serum cortisol after repeated inhalation of the new topical steroid ciclesonide, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 87, 2160, 10.1210/jcem.87.5.8447 Lee, 2005, Airway and systemic effects of hydrofluoroalkane formulations of high-dose ciclesonide and fluticasone in moderate persistent asthma, Chest, 127, 851, 10.1378/chest.127.3.851 Rohatagi, 2005, Model-based covariate pharmacokinetic analysis and lack of cortisol suppression by the new inhaled corticosteroid ciclesonide using a novel cortisol release model, Am J Ther, 12, 385, 10.1097/01.mjt.0000155110.69831.75 Chapman, 2004, Long-term administration of ciclesonide is safe and well tolerated in patients with persistent asthma, 61 Agertoft, 2005, Short-term lower-leg growth rate and urine cortisol excretion in children treated with ciclesonide, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 115, 940, 10.1016/j.jaci.2005.01.066 Carlsen, 2005, The efficacy and safety of fluticasone propionate in very young children with persistent asthma symptoms, Respir Med, 99, 1393, 10.1016/j.rmed.2005.04.008 Garcia Garcia, 2005, Montelukast, compared with fluticasone, for control of asthma among 6- to 14-year-old patients with mild asthma: the MOSAIC study, Pediatrics, 116, 360, 10.1542/peds.2004-1172 Ostrom, 2005, Comparative efficacy and safety of low-dose fluticasone propionate and montelukast in children with persistent asthma, J Pediatr, 147, 213, 10.1016/j.jpeds.2005.03.052 Bisgaard, 2004, Twelve-month safety and efficacy of inhaled fluticasone propionate in children aged 1 to 3 years with recurrent wheezing, Pediatrics, 113, e87, 10.1542/peds.113.2.e87 Whelan, 2005, Fluticasone propionate plasma concentration and systemic effect: effect of delivery device and duration of administration, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 116, 525, 10.1016/j.jaci.2005.05.044 Corren, 2003, Comparison of once-daily mometasone furoate versus once-daily budesonide in patients with moderate persistent asthma, Int J Clin Pract, 57, 567, 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2003.tb10559.x Wardlaw, 2004, Efficacy and safety of mometasone furoate dry powder inhaler vs fluticasone propionate metered-dose inhaler in asthma subjects previously using fluticasone propionate, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 93, 49, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)61446-9 Chrousos, 2005, Effects of mometasone furoate dry powder inhaler and beclomethasone dipropionate hydrofluoroalkane and chlorofluorocarbon on the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in asthmatic subjects, Chest, 128, 70, 10.1378/chest.128.1.70 Fardon, 2004, Adrenal suppression with dry powder formulations of fluticasone propionate and mometasone furoate, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 170, 960, 10.1164/rccm.200404-500OC D'Urzo, 2005, Efficacy and safety of mometasone furoate administered once-daily in the evening in patients with persistent asthma dependent on inhaled corticosteroids, Curr Med Res Opin, 21, 1281, 10.1185/030079905X56402 Karpel, 2005, Effects of mometasone furoate given once daily in the evening on lung function and symptom control in persistent asthma, Ann Pharmacother, 39, 1977, 10.1345/aph.1G410 Greening, 1994, Added salmeterol versus higher-dose corticosteroid in asthma patients with symptoms on existing inhaled corticosteroid. 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polymorphism predisposes to bronchoprotective subsensitivity in patients treated with formoterol and salmeterol, Br J Clin Pharmacol, 57, 68, 10.1046/j.1365-2125.2003.01955.x Israel, 2000, The effect of polymorphisms of the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor on the response to regular use of albuterol in asthma, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 162, 75, 10.1164/ajrccm.162.1.9907092 Taylor, 2000, Asthma exacerbations during long term beta agonist use: influence of beta(2) adrenoceptor polymorphism, Thorax, 55, 762, 10.1136/thorax.55.9.762 Wechsler, 2006, Beta-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms and response to salmeterol, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 173, 519, 10.1164/rccm.200509-1519OC Bristow, 2000, Beta-adrenergic receptor blockade in chronic heart failure, Circulation, 101, 558, 10.1161/01.CIR.101.5.558 Salpeter, 2004, Cardiovascular effects of beta-agonists in patients with asthma and COPD: a meta-analysis, Chest, 125, 2309, 10.1378/chest.125.6.2309 Kallergis, 2005, Acute electrophysiologic effects of inhaled salbutamol in humans, Chest, 127, 2057, 10.1378/chest.127.6.2057 Waring, 2005, Haemodynamic responses to salbutamol and isometric exercise are altered in young adults with mild asthma, Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 61, 9, 10.1007/s00228-004-0880-7 Zanoni, 2005, Myocardial ischemia induced by nebulized fenoterol for severe childhood asthma, Indian Pediatr, 42, 1013 Randell, 2005, Safety of formoterol after cumulative dosing via Easyhaler and Aerolizer, Respir Med, 99, 1485, 10.1016/j.rmed.2005.08.023 Molimard, 2005, A randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, safety crossover trial comparing cumulative doses up to 96 microg of formoterol delivered via an HFA-134a-propelled pMDI vs. same cumulative doses of formoterol DPI and placebo in asthmatic patients, Respiration, 72, 28, 10.1159/000083690 Bousquet, 2005, A randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, single-dose, efficacy crossover trial comparing formoterol-HFA (pMDI) versus formoterol-DPI (Aerolizer) and placebo (pMDI or Aerolizer) in asthmatic patients, Respiration, 72, 6, 10.1159/000083687 Dusser, 2005, Respiration, 72, 20, 10.1159/000083689 LaForce, 2005, Efficacy and safety of formoterol delivered via a new multidose dry powder inhaler (Certihaler) in adolescents and adults with persistent asthma, J Asthma, 42, 101, 10.1081/JAS-51334 Kruse, 2005, Safety and tolerability of high-dose formoterol (Aerolizer) and salbutamol (pMDI) in patients with mild/moderate, persistent asthma, Pulm Pharmacol Ther, 18, 229, 10.1016/j.pupt.2004.12.011 Rosenkranz, 2006, Safety and tolerability of high-dose formoterol (via Aerolizer®) and salbutamol in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Respir Med, 100, 666, 10.1016/j.rmed.2005.07.017 Handley, 2000, Dose-response evaluation of levalbuterol versus racemic albuterol in patients with asthma, J Asthma, 37, 319, 10.3109/02770900009055455 Schreck, 2005, Comparison of racemic albuterol and levalbuterol in the treatment of acute asthma in the ED, Am J Emerg Med, 23, 842, 10.1016/j.ajem.2005.04.003 Skoner, 2005, Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of levalbuterol in 2–5-year-old patients with asthma, Pediatr Pulmonol, 40, 477, 10.1002/ppul.20288 Ralston, 2005, Comparison of levalbuterol and racemic albuterol combined with ipratropium bromide in acute pediatric asthma: a randomized controlled trial, J Emerg Med, 29, 29, 10.1016/j.jemermed.2005.02.003 Rodrigo, 2005, Elevated plasma lactate level associated with high dose inhaled albuterol therapy in acute severe asthma, Emerg Med J, 22, 404, 10.1136/emj.2003.012039 Konig, 2005, Effect of nebulized albuterol on blood glucose in patients with diabetes mellitus with and without cystic fibrosis, Pediatr Pulmonol, 40, 105, 10.1002/ppul.20263 Lundback, 2006, Control of mild to moderate asthma over 1-year with the combination of salmeterol and fluticasone propionate, Respir Med, 100, 2, 10.1016/j.rmed.2005.09.006 Paggiaro, 2006, Minimal tolerance to the bronchoprotective effect of inhaled 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10.1183/09031936.05.00140404 Covelli, 2005, Absence of electrocardiographic findings and improved function with once-daily tiotropium in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Pharmacotherapy, 25, 1708, 10.1592/phco.2005.25.12.1708 Shimbo, 2005, Churg–Strauss syndrome and the leukotriene receptor antagonist pranlukast, Clin Rheumatol, 24, 661, 10.1007/s10067-004-1035-z Khanna, 2005, Henoch–Schonlein purpura probably due to montelukast presenting as subacute intestinal obstruction, Indian J Gastroenterol, 24, 86 van Adelsberg, 2005, Safety, tolerability, and exploratory efficacy of montelukast in 6- to 24-month-old patients with asthma, Curr Med Res Opin, 21, 971, 10.1185/030079905X48456