Drug injecting and HIV risk among injecting drug users in Hai Phong, Vietnam: a qualitative analysis

Tanvir Ahmed1, Thanh Nguyen Long2, Phan Thi Thu Huong2, Donald Edwin Stewart1
1School of Medicine, Griffith University, Griffith Graduate Centre, South Bank Campus, 226 Grey Street, South Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia
2Vietnam Authority of HIV/AIDS Control, Lane 135/3 Nui Truc Street, Ba Đinh District, Hanoi, Vietnam

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

UNAIDS. UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic 2013. Geneva, Switzerland: UNAIDS; 2013.

Mathers BM, Degenhardt L, Phillips B, Wiessing L, Hickman M, Strathdee SA, et al. Global epidemiology of injecting drug use and HIV among people who inject drugs: a systematic review. Lancet. 2008;372(9651):1733–45.

National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology and Family Health International. Results from the HIV/STI Integrated Biological and Behavioral Surveillance. Ministry of Health, Editor. 2011, Ministry of Health,: Hanoi.

Nguyen TH, Hoang TL, Pham KC, van Ameijden EJ, Walter D, Wolffers I. HIV monitoring in Vietnam: System, methodology, and results of sentinel surveillance. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1999;21(4):338–46.

Hien N, Wolffers I. HIV infection in Vietnam. Lancet. 1994;343(8894):410.

Quan VM, Chung A, Long HT, Dondero TJ. HIV in Vietnam: The evolving epidemic and the prevention response, 1996 through 1999. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2000;25(4):360–9.

Nguyen TH, Nguyen TL, Trinh QH. HIV/AIDS epidemics in Vietnam: Evolution and responses. AIDS Educ Prev. 2004;16(3 Suppl A):137–54.

Beyrer C, Razak MH, Lisam K, Chen J, Lui W, Yu XF. Overland heroin trafficking routes and HIV-1 spread in south and south-east Asia. AIDS. 2000;14(1):75–83.

Maher L. Entwined epidemics: HIV and injecting drug use in Vietnam. Int J Drug Pol. 2004;15(3):169–70.

Tran TM, Nguyen HT, Yatsuya H, Hamajima N, Nishimura A, Ito K. HIV prevalence and factors associated with HIV infection among male injection drug users under 30: A cross-sectional study in Long An, Vietnam. BMC Publ Health. 2006;6:248.

Thanh DC, Hien NT, Tuan NA, Thang BD, Long NT, Fylkesnes K. HIV risk behaviours and determinants among people living with HIV/AIDS in Vietnam. AIDS Behav. 2009;13(6):1151–9.

Duong CT, Nguyen TH, Hoang TT, Ha NV, Do TM, Detels R. Sexual risk and bridging behaviors among young people in Hai Phong, Vietnam. AIDS Behav. 2008;12(4):643–51.

UNAIDS. Hai Phong Enhances. HIV Prev ention Work. 2013 21 June, 2014]; Available from: http://www.unaids.org.vn .

Nguyen TT, Nguyen TL, Pham MD, Hoang HV, Kevin M. Methadone maintenance therapy in Vietnam: An overview and scaling-up plan. Adv Prev Med. 2012;2012:732484.

Quan V, Hien N, Go V. The HIV Epidemic in Vietnam: Past, Present, and Opportunities. In: Celentano D, Beyrer C, editors. Public Health Aspects of HIV/AIDS in Low and Middle Income Countries. New York: Springer; 2009. p. 457–79.

Thanh DC, Moland KM, Fylkesnes K. The context of HIV risk behaviours among HIV-positive injection drug users in Viet Nam: Moving toward effective harm reduction. BMC Public Health. 2009;9:98.

Nguyen TA, Hoang LT, Pham VQ, Detels R. Risk factors for HIV-1 seropositivity in drug users under 30 years old in Haiphong, Vietnam. Addiction. 2001;96(3):405–13.

Guest G, Bunce A, Johnson L. How Many Interviews Are Enough?: An Experiment with Data Saturation and Variability. Field Methods. 2006;18(1):59–82.

Power R. The application of qualitative research methods to the study of sexually transmitted infections. Sex Transm Infect. 2002;78(2):87–9.

Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol. 2006;3(2):77–101.

Huberman AM, Miles MB, i. Sage Publications. The qualitative researcher’s companion. 2002.

Pierce RK, Kuhns JB. Alcohol and Drug Use Among Robbery-Related Homicide Victims in Trinidad and Tobago. Criminal Justice Policy Review. 2012;23(2):211–30.

Hien NT, Long NT, Huan TQ. Risk factors of HIV infection and needle sharing among injecting drug users in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. J Subst Abuse. 2001;13(1–2):45–58.

Koester S, Glanz J, Barón A. Drug sharing among heroin networks: implications for HIV and hepatitis B and C prevention. AIDS Behav. 2005;9(1):27–39.

López M, Finlinson HA, Colón HM, López MS, Robles RR, Cant GH. Injecting Shared Drugs: An Observational Study of the Process of Drug Acquisition, Preparation, and Injection by Puerto Rican Drug Users. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2005;37(1):37.

Needle RH. HIV Risk Behaviors Associated with the Injection Process: Multiperson Use of Drug Injection Equipment and Paraphernalia in Injection Drug User Networks. Subst Use Misuse. 1998;33(12):2403–23.

Koester S, Booth RE, Zhang Y. The prevalence of additional injection-related HIV risk behaviors among injection drug users. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1996;12(2):202–7.

Grund JP, Friedman SR, Stern LS, Jose B, Neaigus A, Curtis R, et al. Syringe-mediated drug sharing among injecting drug users: Patterns, social context and implications for transmission of blood-borne pathogens. Soc Sci Med. 1996;42(5):691–703.

Institute of Medicine. Preventing HIV Infection Among Injecting Drug Users in High-Risk Countries: An Assessment of the Evidence. Washington DC: National Academic Press; 2006.

Power R. Rapid assessment of the drug-injecting situation at Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam. Bull Narc. 1996;48(1–2):35–52.

Quan VM, Go VF, Nam le V, Bergenstrom A, Thuoc NP, Zenilman J, et al. Risks for HIV, HBV, and HCV infections among male injection drug users in northern Vietnam: a case–control study. AIDS Care. 2009;21(1):7–16.

Vian T, Semrau K, Hamer DH, le TT L, Sabin LL. HIV/AIDS-Related Knowledge and Behaviors Among Most-at-Risk Populations in Vietnam. Open AIDS J. 2012;6:259–65.

Rácz J, Gyarmathy VA, Neaigus A, Ujhelyi E. Injecting equipment sharing and perception of HIV and hepatitis risk among injecting drug users in Budapest. AIDS Care. 2007;19(1):59–66.

Rhodes T, Mikhailova L, Sarang A, Lowndes CM, Rylkov A, Khutorskoy M, et al. Situational factors influencing drug injecting, risk reduction and syringe exchange in Togliatti City, Russian Federation: a qualitative study of micro risk environment. Soc Sci Med. 2003;57(1):39–54.

Harris M, Rhodes T. Venous access and care: harnessing pragmatics in harm reduction for people who inject drugs. Addiction. 2012;107(6):1090–6. Abingdon, England.

Koester S. Commentary on Harris & Rhodes (2012): discouraging syringe re-use by addressing drug injectors’ everyday suffering. Addiction. 2012;107(6):1097–8. Abingdon, England.

Thiede H, Hagan H, Campbell JV, Strathdee SA, Bailey SL, Hudson SM, et al. Prevalence and correlates of indirect sharing practices among young adult injection drug users in five U.S. cities. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007;91:S39–47.

Rhodes T. The ‘risk environment’: a framework for understanding and reducing drug-related harm. Int J Drug Pol. 2002;13(2):85–94.

Rhodes T. Risk environments and drug harms: a social science for harm reduction approach. Int J Drug Policy. 2009;20(3):193–201.

Schumacher CM, Go VF, Nam le V, Latkin CA, Bergenstrom A, Celentano DD, et al. Social injecting and other correlates of high-risk sexual activity among injecting drug users in northern Vietnam. Int J Drug Policy. 2009;20(4):352–6.

Hien NT, Giang LT, Binh PN, Wolffers I, et al. The social context of HIV risk behaviour by drug injectors in Ho Chi Minh City. Vietnam AIDS Care. 2000;12(4):483–95.

Barber JG, Crisp BR, Ross MW, Wodak A, Miller ME, Gold J. The social-behavior of injecting drug users. Br J Soc Work. 1992;22(4):455–62.

Nguyen NT, Keithly SC. A qualitative study on the sexual behaviour of people living with HIV in Vietnam. AIDS Care. 2012;24(7):921–8.

Des Jarlais DC, Friedman SR. HIV infection among intravenous drug users: epidemiology and risk reduction. AIDS. 1987;1(2):67–76.

Poudel KC, Poudel-Tandukar K, Yasuoka J, Joshi AB, Jimba M, et al. Correlates of sharing injection equipment among male injecting drug users in Kathmandu, Nepal. Int J Drug Pol. 2010;21(6):507–10.

Wood E, Tyndall MW, Spittal PM, Li K, Hogg RS, Montaner JS, et al. Factors associated with persistent high-risk syringe sharing in the presence of an established needle exchange programme. AIDS. 2002;16(6):941–3.

Ha PN, Anastasia P, Nguyen TH, Nguyen TKC, Ruairi B, & Anna T The evolution of HIV policy in Vietnam: from punitive control measures to a more rights-based approach. Glob Health Action, 2010. 3.

Cooper H, Lisa M, Sofia G, Nancy K. The impact of a police drug crackdown on drug injectors’ ability to practice harm reduction: a qualitative study. Soc Sci Med. 2005;61(3):673–84.

Amon J, Pearshouse R, Cohen J, Schleifer R. Compulsory drug detention centers in China, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Laos: health and human rights abuses. Health Hum Rights. 2013;15(2):124–37.

Hayashi K, Will S, Joanne C, Sattara H, Thomas K. Experiences with policing among people who inject drugs in Bangkok, Thailand: a qualitative study. PLoS Med. 2013;10(12):e1001570–discussion e1001570.

Human Rights Watch. Torture in the name of treatment: Human rights abuses in Vietnam, Vhina, Combodia, and Lao PDR. United States of America: Human Rights Watch; 2012.

Baldwin S. Drug policy advocacy in Asia: Challenges, opportunities and prospects. London: International Drug Policy Consortium; 2013.

Rosmarin A, Eastwood N. A quiet revolution: Drug decriminalisation policies in practice across the globe. London: Release: Drugs, the Law and Human Rights; 2012.

Barbour RS. Checklists for improving rigour in qualitative research: a case of the tail wagging the dog? BMJ. 2001;322(7294):1115–7.