Drug-Induced Liver Injury Associated with HIV Medications

Hogg, 1997, Decline in deaths from AIDS due to new antiretrovirals, Lancet, 349, 1294, 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)62505-6 Palella, 1998, Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators, N Engl J Med, 338, 853, 10.1056/NEJM199803263381301 Lohse, 2007, Survival of persons with and without HIV infection in Denmark, 1995-2005, Ann Intern Med, 146, 87, 10.7326/0003-4819-146-2-200701160-00003 Carr, 2003, Toxicity of antiretroviral therapy and implications for drug development, Nat Rev Drug Discov, 2, 624, 10.1038/nrd1151 Hammer, 1997, A controlled trial of two nucleoside analogues plus indinavir in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection and CD4 cell counts of 200 per cubic millimeter or less. AIDS Clinical Trials Group 320 Study Team, N Engl J Med, 337, 725, 10.1056/NEJM199709113371101 Katzenstein, 1996, The relation of virologic and immunologic markers to clinical outcomes after nucleoside therapy in HIV-infected adults with 200 to 500 CD4 cells per cubic millimeter. AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study 175 Virology Study Team, N Engl J Med, 335, 1091, 10.1056/NEJM199610103351502 Palmon, 2002, Lack of hepatotoxicity associated with nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 29, 340, 10.1097/00126334-200204010-00003 Hernandez, 2001, Antiretroviral hepatotoxicity in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 15, 1627, 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2001.01086.x Aceti, 2002, Hepatotoxicity development during antiretroviral therapy containing protease inhibitors in patients with HIV: the role of hepatitis B and C virus infection, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 29, 41, 10.1097/00042560-200201010-00005 den Brinker, 2000, Hepatitis B and C virus co-infection and the risk for hepatotoxicity of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 infection, AIDS, 14, 2895, 10.1097/00002030-200012220-00011 Gisolf, 2000, Risk factors for hepatotoxicity in HIV-1-infected patients receiving ritonavir and saquinavir with or without stavudine. Prometheus Study Group, Clin Infect Dis, 31, 1234, 10.1086/317449 Nunez, 2001, Risk factors for severe hepatic injury after introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 27, 426, 10.1097/00042560-200108150-00002 Nunez, 2002, Role of hepatitis C virus genotype in the development of severe transaminase elevation after the introduction of antiretroviral therapy, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 30, 65, 10.1097/00042560-200205010-00008 Puoti, 2003, Severe hepatotoxicity during combination antiretroviral treatment: incidence, liver histology, and outcome, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 32, 259, 10.1097/00126334-200303010-00004 Sanne, 2005, Severe hepatotoxicity associated with nevirapine use in HIV-infected subjects, J Infect Dis, 191, 825, 10.1086/428093 Servin-Abad, 2005, Liver enzymes elevation after HAART in HIV-HCV co-infection, J Viral Hepat, 12, 429, 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2005.00617.x Servoss, 2006, Predictors of antiretroviral-related hepatotoxicity in the adult AIDS Clinical Trial Group (1989-1999), J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 43, 320, 10.1097/01.qai.0000243054.58074.59 Sherman, 2005, Liver injury and changes in hepatitis C Virus (HCV) RNA load associated with protease inhibitor-based antiretroviral therapy for treatment-naive HCV-HIV-coinfected patients: lopinavir-ritonavir versus nelfinavir, Clin Infect Dis, 41, 1186, 10.1086/444501 Sulkowski, 2004, Hepatotoxicity associated with protease inhibitor-based antiretroviral regimens with or without concurrent ritonavir, AIDS, 18, 2277, 10.1097/00002030-200411190-00008 Sulkowski, 2000, Hepatotoxicity associated with antiretroviral therapy in adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus and the role of hepatitis C or B virus infection, JAMA, 283, 74, 10.1001/jama.283.1.74 Wit, 2002, Incidence of and risk factors for severe hepatotoxicity associated with antiretroviral combination therapy, J Infect Dis, 186, 23, 10.1086/341084 Sulkowski, 2002, Hepatotoxicity associated with nevirapine or efavirenz-containing antiretroviral therapy: role of hepatitis C and B infections, Hepatology, 35, 182, 10.1053/jhep.2002.30319 Bonnet, 2002, A cohort study of nevirapine tolerance in clinical practice: French Aquitaine Cohort, 1997-1999, Clin Infect Dis, 35, 1231, 10.1086/343046 Clark, 2002, Acute liver failure associated with antiretroviral treatment for HIV: a report of six cases, J Hepatol, 36, 295, 10.1016/S0168-8278(01)00291-4 Ena, 2003, Risk and determinants of developing severe liver toxicity during therapy with nevirapine-and efavirenz-containing regimens in HIV-infected patients, Int J STD AIDS, 14, 776, 10.1258/09564620360719840 Bonfanti, 2005, Low incidence of hepatotoxicity in a cohort of HIV patients treated with lopinavir/ritonavir, AIDS, 19, 1433, 10.1097/01.aids.0000180791.85003.3b De Maat, 2002, Hepatotoxicity following nevirapine-containing regimens in HIV-1-infected individuals, Pharmacol Res, 46, 295, 10.1016/S1043-6618(02)00146-9 Saves, 2000, Hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus infection is a risk factor for severe hepatic cytolysis after initiation of a protease inhibitor-containing antiretroviral regimen in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. The APROCO Study Group, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 44, 3451, 10.1128/AAC.44.12.3451-3455.2000 Sulkowski, 2004, Drug-induced liver injury associated with antiretroviral therapy that includes HIV-1 protease inhibitors, Clin Infect Dis, 38, S90, 10.1086/381444 Torti, 2006, Influence of genotype 3 hepatitis C coinfection on liver enzyme elevation in HIV-1-positive patients after commencement of a new highly active antiretroviral regimen: results from the EPOKA-MASTER Cohort, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 41, 180, 10.1097/01.qai.0000192005.08153.a3 French, 2004, Longitudinal effect of antiretroviral therapy on markers of hepatic toxicity: impact of hepatitis C coinfection, Clin Infect Dis, 39, 402, 10.1086/422142 Maida, 2006, Severe liver disease associated with prolonged exposure to antiretroviral drugs, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 42, 177, 10.1097/01.qai.0000221683.44940.62 Martinez, 2001, Hepatotoxicity in HIV-1-infected patients receiving nevirapine-containing antiretroviral therapy, AIDS, 15, 1261, 10.1097/00002030-200107060-00007 Kramer, 2005, Hepatitis C coinfection increases the risk of fulminant hepatic failure in patients with HIV in the HAART era, J Hepatol, 42, 309, 10.1016/j.jhep.2004.11.017 Qurishi, 2003, Effect of antiretroviral therapy on liver-related mortality in patients with HIV and hepatitis C virus coinfection, Lancet, 362, 1708, 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14844-1 Rancinan, 2002, Is hepatitis C virus co-infection associated with survival in HIV-infected patients treated by combination antiretroviral therapy?, AIDS, 16, 1357, 10.1097/00002030-200207050-00007 Mocroft, 2005, Is there evidence for an increase in the death rate from liver-related disease in patients with HIV?, AIDS, 19, 2117, 10.1097/01.aids.0000194799.43799.ea Monforte Ade, 2001, Low frequency of severe hepatotoxicity and association with HCV coinfection in HIV-positive patients treated with HAART, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 28, 114, 10.1097/00042560-200110010-00002 Bica, 2001, Increasing mortality due to end-stage liver disease in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection, Clin Infect Dis, 32, 492, 10.1086/318501 Mocroft, 2005, Reasons for stopping antiretrovirals used in an initial highly active antiretroviral regimen: increased incidence of stopping due to toxicity or patient/physician choice in patients with hepatitis C coinfection, AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses, 21, 743, 10.1089/aid.2005.21.743 Saves, 1999, Severe hepatic cytolysis: incidence and risk factors in patients treated by antiretroviral combinations. Aquitaine Cohort, France, 1996-1998. Groupe dEpidemiologie Clinique de Sida en Aquitaine (GECSA), AIDS, 13, F115, 10.1097/00002030-199912030-00002 Livry, 2003, Acute liver enzyme elevations in HIV-1-infected patients, HIV Clin Trials, 4, 400, 10.1310/2L6M-EE7G-5PGN-FJYP Bessesen, 1999, Chronic active hepatitis B exacerbations in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients following development of resistance to or withdrawal of lamivudine, Clin Infect Dis, 28, 1032, 10.1086/514750 Jain, 2006, Aminotransferase elevation in HIV/hepatitis B virus co-infected patients treated with two active hepatitis B virus drugs, AIDS Patient Care STDS, 20, 817, 10.1089/apc.2006.20.817 Chung, 2002, Immune recovery is associated with persistent rise in hepatitis C virus RNA, infrequent liver test flares, and is not impaired by hepatitis C virus in co-infected subjects, AIDS, 16, 1915, 10.1097/00002030-200209270-00008 Gavazzi, 2000, Change in transaminases in hepatitis C virus- and HIV-coinfected patients after highly active antiretroviral therapy: differences between complete and partial virologic responders?, AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses, 16, 1021, 10.1089/08892220050075264 John, 1998, Hepatitis C virus-associated hepatitis following treatment of HIV-infected patients with HIV protease inhibitors: an immune restoration disease?, AIDS, 12, 2289, 10.1097/00002030-199817000-00010 Rutschmann, 1998, Impact of treatment with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors on hepatitis C viremia in patients coinfected with HIV, J Infect Dis, 177, 783, 10.1086/517808 Vento, 1998, Enhancement of hepatitis C virus replication and liver damage in HIV-coinfected patients on antiretroviral combination therapy, AIDS, 12, 116 Martin-Carbonero, 2002, Liver injury after beginning antiretroviral therapy in HIV/hepatitis C virus co-infected patients is not related to immune reconstitution, AIDS, 16, 1423, 10.1097/00002030-200207050-00016 Stone, 2002, Association of increased hepatitis C virus (HCV)-specific IgG and soluble CD26 dipeptidyl peptidase IV enzyme activity with hepatotoxicity after highly active antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus-HCV-coinfected patients, J Infect Dis, 186, 1498, 10.1086/344892 Uberti-Foppa, 2003, Pretreatment of chronic active hepatitis C in patients coinfected with HIV and hepatitis C virus reduces the hepatotoxicity associated with subsequent antiretroviral therapy, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 33, 146, 10.1097/00126334-200306010-00005 Maida, 2006, Liver enzyme elevation in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-HIV-coinfected patients prior to and after initiating HAART: role of HCV genotypes, AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses, 22, 139, 10.1089/aid.2006.22.139 Aranzabal, 2005, Influence of liver fibrosis on highly active antiretroviral therapy-associated hepatotoxicity in patients with HIV and hepatitis C virus coinfection, Clin Infect Dis, 40, 588, 10.1086/427216 Murcia, 2002, Drug toxicity or syndrome of immune restoration causing fulminant cirrhosis after HAART-induced immune recovery, Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 21, 153, 10.1007/s10096-001-0675-z Macias, 2004, Effect of antiretroviral drugs on liver fibrosis in HIV-infected patients with chronic hepatitis C: harmful impact of nevirapine, AIDS, 18, 767, 10.1097/00002030-200403260-00007 Mehta, 2005, The effect of antiretroviral therapy on liver disease among adults with HIV and hepatitis C coinfection, Hepatology, 41, 123, 10.1002/hep.20541 Brau, 2006, Slower fibrosis progression in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients with successful HIV suppression using antiretroviral therapy, J Hepatol, 44, 47, 10.1016/j.jhep.2005.07.006 Meraviglia, 2004, Lopinavir/ritonavir treatment in HIV antiretroviral-experienced patients: evaluation of risk factors for liver enzyme elevation, HIV Med, 5, 334, 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2004.00232.x Martin-Carbonero, 2003, Incidence of liver injury after beginning antiretroviral therapy with efavirenz or nevirapine, HIV Clin Trials, 4, 115, 10.1310/N4VT-3E9U-4BKN-CRPW Verucchi, 2003, Incidence of liver toxicity in HIV-infected patients receiving isolated dual nucleoside analogue antiretroviral therapy, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 33, 546, 10.1097/00126334-200308010-00019 Bleeker-Rovers, 2000, Hepatic steatosis and lactic acidosis caused by stavudine in an HIV-infected patient, Neth J Med, 57, 190, 10.1016/S0300-2977(00)00064-4 Charton-Bain, 1997, [Lactic acidosis and hepatic mitochondrial changes during a treatment with zidovudine], Gastroenterol Clin Biol, 21, 979 Finkle, 1999, Hepatic mitochondrial toxicity from nucleoside analog therapy, Arch Pathol Lab Med, 123, 189, 10.5858/1999-123-0189-HMTFNA John, 2001, Chronic hyperlactatemia in HIV-infected patients taking antiretroviral therapy, AIDS, 15, 717, 10.1097/00002030-200104130-00007 Olano, 1995, Massive hepatic steatosis and lactic acidosis in a patient with AIDS who was receiving zidovudine, Clin Infect Dis, 21, 973, 10.1093/clinids/21.4.973 Coghlan, 2001, Symptomatic lactic acidosis in hospitalized antiretroviral-treated patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection: a report of 12 cases, Clin Infect Dis, 33, 1914, 10.1086/323783 Gerard, 2000, Symptomatic hyperlactataemia: an emerging complication of antiretroviral therapy, AIDS, 14, 2723, 10.1097/00002030-200012010-00012 Miller, 2000, Lactic acidosis and hepatic steatosis associated with use of stavudine: report of four cases, Ann Intern Med, 133, 192, 10.7326/0003-4819-133-3-200008010-00010 Mokrzycki, 2000, Lactic acidosis associated with stavudine administration: a report of five cases, Clin Infect Dis, 30, 198, 10.1086/313594 Ogedegbe, 2003, Hyperlactataemia syndromes associated with HIV therapy, Lancet Infect Dis, 3, 329, 10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00654-6 Carr, 2001, Fatal portal hypertension, liver failure, and mitochondrial dysfunction after HIV-1 nucleoside analogue-induced hepatitis and lactic acidaemia, Lancet, 357, 1412, 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04579-7 Mallal, 2002, Association between presence of HLA-B∗5701, HLA-DR7, and HLA-DQ3 and hypersensitivity to HIV-1 reverse-transcriptase inhibitor abacavir, Lancet, 359, 727, 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07873-X Montaner, 2004, Nucleoside-related mitochondrial toxicity among HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy: insights from the evaluation of venous lactic acid and peripheral blood mitochondrial DNA, Clin Infect Dis, 38, S73, 10.1086/381449 Moyle, 2002, Hyperlactataemia and lactic acidosis during antiretroviral therapy: relevance, reproducibility and possible risk factors, AIDS, 16, 1341, 10.1097/00002030-200207050-00005 Gerard, 2003, Hyperlactataemia during antiretroviral therapy: incidences, clinical data and treatment, Therapie, 58, 153, 10.2515/therapie:2003022 Lonergan, 2000, Hyperlactatemia and hepatic abnormalities in 10 human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients receiving nucleoside analogue combination regimens, Clin Infect Dis, 31, 162, 10.1086/313912 Hetherington, 2002, Genetic variations in HLA-B region and hypersensitivity reactions to abacavir, Lancet, 359, 1121, 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08158-8 Stekler, 2006, Abacavir hypersensitivity reaction in primary HIV infection, AIDS, 20, 1269, 10.1097/01.aids.0000232234.19006.a2 Hughes, 2004, Cost-effectiveness analysis of HLA B∗5701 genotyping in preventing abacavir hypersensitivity, Pharmacogenetics, 14, 335, 10.1097/00008571-200406000-00002 Arnaudo, 1991, Depletion of muscle mitochondrial DNA in AIDS patients with zidovudine-induced myopathy, Lancet, 337, 508, 10.1016/0140-6736(91)91294-5 Cote, 2002, Changes in mitochondrial DNA as a marker of nucleoside toxicity in HIV-infected patients, N Engl J Med, 346, 811, 10.1056/NEJMoa012035 Bissell, 2001, Drug-induced liver injury: mechanisms and test systems, Hepatology, 33, 1009, 10.1053/jhep.2001.23505 Mira, 2006, Incidence of and risk factors for severe hepatotoxicity of nelfinavir-containing regimens among HIV-infected patients with chronic hepatitis C, J Antimicrob Chemother, 58, 140, 10.1093/jac/dkl214 Lyons, 2006, Maternal hepatotoxicity with nevirapine as part of combination antiretroviral therapy in pregnancy, HIV Med, 7, 255, 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2006.00369.x Dieterich, 2004, Drug-induced liver injury associated with the use of nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors, Clin Infect Dis, 38, S80, 10.1086/381450 Clarke, 2000, Late onset hepatitis and prolonged deterioration in hepatic function associated with nevirapine therapy, Int J STD AIDS, 11, 336, 10.1258/0956462001915831 2001, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Serious adverse events attributed to nevirapine regimens for postexposure prophylaxis after HIV exposures—worldwide, 1997-2000, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 49, 1153 Benn, 2001, Prophylaxis with a nevirapine-containing triple regimen after exposure to HIV-1, Lancet, 357, 687, 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04139-8 Gonzalez de Requena, 2002, Liver toxicity caused by nevirapine, AIDS, 16, 290, 10.1097/00002030-200201250-00020 Dailly, 2004, No relationship between high nevirapine plasma concentration and hepatotoxicity in HIV-1-infected patients naive of antiretroviral treatment or switched from protease inhibitors, Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 60, 343, 10.1007/s00228-004-0769-5 Gonzalez-Requena, 2004, Short communication: liver toxicity of lopinavir-containing regimens in HIV-infected patients with or without hepatitis C coinfection, AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses, 20, 698, 10.1089/0889222041524562 Kappelhoff, 2005, Are adverse events of nevirapine and efavirenz related to plasma concentrations?, Antivir Ther, 10, 489, 10.1177/135965350501000404 Martin, 2005, Predisposition to nevirapine hypersensitivity associated with HLA-DRB1∗0101 and abrogated by low CD4 T-cell counts, AIDS, 19, 97, 10.1097/00002030-200501030-00014 Haas, 2005, Pharmacogenetics of long-term responses to antiretroviral regimens containing efavirenz and/or nelfinavir: an Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study, J Infect Dis, 192, 1931, 10.1086/497610 Rotger, 2005, Influence of CYP2B6 polymorphism on plasma and intracellular concentrations and toxicity of efavirenz and nevirapine in HIV-infected patients, Pharmacogenet Genomics, 15, 1, 10.1097/01213011-200501000-00001 Ritchie, 2006, Drug transporter and metabolizing enzyme gene variants and nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor hepatotoxicity, Clin Infect Dis, 43, 779, 10.1086/507101 Haas, 2006, Pharmacogenetics of nevirapine-associated hepatotoxicity: an Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group collaboration, Clin Infect Dis, 43, 783, 10.1086/507097 Cooper, 2002, Hepatotoxicity associated with antiretroviral therapy containing dual versus single protease inhibitors in individuals coinfected with hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus, Clin Infect Dis, 34, 1259, 10.1086/339867 Zucker, 2001, Mechanism of indinavir-induced hyperbilirubinemia, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 98, 12671, 10.1073/pnas.231140698 Rodriguez-Novoa, 2007, Genetic factors influencing atazanavir plasma concentrations and the risk of severe hyperbilirubinemia, AIDS, 21, 41, 10.1097/QAD.0b013e328011d7c1 Rodriguez-Rosado, 1998, Hepatotoxicity after introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy, AIDS, 12, 1256, 10.1097/00002030-199810000-00025 2007 2006 Abrescia, 2005, Hepatotoxicity of antiretroviral drugs, Curr Pharm Des, 11, 3697, 10.2174/138161205774580804 Hsu, 1998, Ritonavir. Clinical pharmacokinetics and interactions with other anti-HIV agents, Clin Pharmacokinet, 35, 275, 10.2165/00003088-199835040-00002 Canta, 2005, Pharmacokinetics and hepatotoxicity of lopinavir/ritonavir in non-cirrhotic HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infected patients, J Antimicrob Chemother, 55, 280, 10.1093/jac/dkh516 Molto, 2007, Lopinavir/ritonavir pharmacokinetics in HIV and hepatitis C virus co-infected patients without liver function impairment: influence of liver fibrosis, Clin Pharmacokinet, 46, 85, 10.2165/00003088-200746010-00005 Sulkowski, 2003, Hepatitis C in the HIV-infected person, Ann Intern Med, 138, 197, 10.7326/0003-4819-138-3-200302040-00012