Doping of graphitic carbon nitride for photocatalysis: A review

Applied Catalysis B: Environmental - Tập 217 - Trang 388-406 - 2017
Longbo Jiang1,2, Xingzhong Yuan1,2, Yang Pan1,2, Jie Liang1,2, Guangming Zeng1,2, Zhibin Wu1,2, Hou Wang1,2,3
1College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
2Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
3School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Yang, 2015, Tuning the morphology of g-C3N4 for improvement of Z-Scheme photocatalytic water oxidation, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 7, 15285, 10.1021/acsami.5b02649

Zhang, 2014, Tantalum-based semiconductors for solar water splitting, Chem. Soc. Rev., 43, 4395, 10.1039/C3CS60438A

Miseki, 2013, Photocatalytic water splitting under visible light utilizing I3−/I− and IO3−/I− redox mediators by Z-scheme system using surface treated PtOx/WO3 as O2 evolution photocatalyst, Catal. Sci. Technol., 3, 1750, 10.1039/c3cy00055a

Meyer, 2015, Metal organic frameworks for photo-catalytic water splitting, Energy Environ. Sci., 8, 1923, 10.1039/C5EE00161G

Kiss, 2014, Photocatalytic water oxidation by a pyrochlore oxide upon irradiation with visible light: rhodium substitution into yttrium titanate, Angew. Chem.—Int. Ed., 53, 14480, 10.1002/anie.201407179

Yu, 2015, Enhanced photocatalytic activity of g-C3N4 for selective CO2 reduction to CH3OH via facile coupling of ZnO: a direct Z-scheme mechanism, J. Mater. Chem. A, 0, 1

Arai, 2013, Solar CO2 reduction using H2O by a semiconductor/metal-complex hybrid photocatalyst: enhanced efficiency and demonstration of a wireless system using SrTiO3 photoanodes, Energy Environ. Sci., 6, 1274, 10.1039/c3ee24317f

Sun, 2013, Studies on photocatalytic CO2 reduction over NH2-Uio-66(Zr) and its derivatives: towards a better understanding of photocatalysis on metal-organic frameworks, Chem. Eur. J., 19, 14279, 10.1002/chem.201301728

Lan, 2016, Phosphorous-modified bulk graphitic carbon nitride: facile preparation and application as an acid-base bifunctional and efficient catalyst for CO2 cycloaddition with epoxides, Carbon, 100, 81, 10.1016/j.carbon.2015.12.098

Savage, 2014, A novel bismuth-based metal-organic framework for high volumetric methane and carbon dioxide adsorption, Chem.—A Eur. J., 20, 8024, 10.1002/chem.201304799

Wang, 2015, Synthesis and applications of novel graphitic carbon nitride/metal-organic frameworks mesoporous photocatalyst for dyes removal, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 174–175, 445, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.03.037

Wu, 2017, Facile synthesis of a novel full-spectrum-responsive Co2.67S4 nanoparticles for UV-, vis- and NIR-driven photocatalysis, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 202, 104, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.08.064

Wang, 2016, Facile synthesis of Sb2S3/ultrathin g-C3N4 sheets heterostructures embedded with g-C3N4 quantum dots with enhanced NIR-light photocatalytic performance, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 193, 36, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.03.075

Jiang, 2016, Nanostructured core-shell electrode materials for electrochemical capacitors, J. Power Sources, 331, 408, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.09.054

Wu, 2016, Photocatalytic decontamination of wastewater containing organic dyes by metal-Organic frameworks and their derivatives, ChemCatChem, 41

Wang, 2015, Facile synthesis of amino-functionalized titanium metal-organic frameworks and their superior visible-light photocatalytic activity for Cr (VI) reduction, J. Hazard. Mater., 286, 187, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.11.039

Liu, 2015, Novel visible light-induced g-C3N4-Sb2S3/Sb4O5Cl2 composite photocatalysts for efficient degradation of methyl orange, Catal. Commun., 70, 17, 10.1016/j.catcom.2015.07.015

Li, 2016, Enhancing the sludge dewaterability by electrolysis/electrocoagulation combined with zero-valent iron activated persulfate process, Chem. Eng. J., 303, 636, 10.1016/j.cej.2016.06.041

Wang, 2017, Plasmonic Bi nanoparticles and BiOCl sheets as cocatalyst deposited on perovskite-type ZnSn(OH)6 microparticle with facet-oriented polyhedron for improved visible-light-driven photocatalysis, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 209, 543, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.03.024

Xu, 2014, Synthesis of magnetically separable Ag3PO4/TiO2/Fe3O4 heterostructure with enhanced photocatalytic performance under visible light for photoinactivation of bacteria, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 6, 15122, 10.1021/am5032727

Zhu, 2015, Microwave-assisted synthesis of Ag-doped MOFs-like organotitanium polymer with high activity in visible-light driven photocatalytic NO oxidization, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 172–173, 46, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.02.003

Xia, 2015, Visible-light-driven inactivation of Escherichia coli K-12 over thermal treated natural pyrrhotite, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 176–177, 749, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.04.024

Huang, 2012, Tunable synthesis of metal-graphene complex nanostructures and their catalytic ability for solvent-free cyclohexene oxidation in air, Nanoscale, 4, 4964, 10.1039/c2nr30962a

Mosconi, 2015, Synthesis and photochemical applications of processable polymers enclosing photoluminescent carbon quantum dots, ACS Nano, 9, 4156, 10.1021/acsnano.5b00319

Ding, 2013, Highly selective synthesis of phenol from benzene over a vanadium-doped graphitic carbon nitride catalyst, ChemCatChem, 5, 192, 10.1002/cctc.201200502

Xie, 2014, Selective oxidation of aromatic alcohols to corresponding aromatic aldehydes using In2S3 microsphere catalyst under visible light irradiation, Chem. Eng. J., 245, 107, 10.1016/j.cej.2014.02.029

Zhao, 2014, Graphitic carbon nitride based nanocomposites: a review, Nanoscale, 7, 15, 10.1039/C4NR03008G

Fujishima, 1972, Electrochemical photolysis of water at a semiconductor electrode, Nature, 238, 37, 10.1038/238037a0

Roose, 2015, Doping of TiO2 for sensitized solar cells, Chem. Soc. Rev., 44, 8326, 10.1039/C5CS00352K

Yao, 2015, One-pot approach for synthesis of N-doped TiO2/ZnFe2O4 hybrid as an efficient photocatalyst for degradation of aqueous organic pollutants, J. Hazard. Mater., 291, 28, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.02.042

Wang, 2016, In situ synthesis of In2S3@MIL-125(Ti) core–shell microparticle for the removal of tetracycline from wastewater by integrated adsorption and visible-light-driven photocatalysis, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 186, 19, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.12.041

Zhang, 2015, Facile preparation of an Ag/AgVO3/BiOCl composite and its enhanced photocatalytic behavior for methylene blue degradation, RSC Adv., 5, 98184, 10.1039/C5RA21453J

Li, 2013, Selective deposition of Ag3PO4 on monoclinic BiVO4(040) for highly efficient photocatalysis, Small, 9, 3951, 10.1002/smll.201301276

Zhou, 2014, All-solid-state Z-scheme photocatalytic systems, Adv. Mater., 26, 4920, 10.1002/adma.201400288

Wang, 2013, Graphene-based materials: fabrication, characterization and application for the decontamination of wastewater and wastegas and hydrogen storage/generation, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci., 195–196, 19, 10.1016/j.cis.2013.03.009

Ong, 2016, Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)-Based photocatalysts for artificial photosynthesis and environmental remediation: are we a step closer to achieving sustainability?, Chem. Rev., 116, 7159, 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00075

Song, 2013, Two-dimensional semiconductors: recent progress and future perspectives, J. Mater. Chem. C, 1, 2952, 10.1039/c3tc00710c

Wang, 2016, Quantum dots derived from two-dimensional materials and their applications for catalysis and energy, Chem. Soc. Rev., 45, 2239, 10.1039/C5CS00811E

Mamba, 2016, Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanocomposites: a new and exciting generation of visible light driven photocatalysts for environmental pollution remediation, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 198, 347, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.05.052

Wu, 2014, Adsorptive removal of methylene blue by rhamnolipid-functionalized graphene oxide from wastewater, Water Res., 67, 330, 10.1016/j.watres.2014.09.026

Wu, 2016, Enhanced adsorptive removal of p-nitrophenol from water by aluminum metal-organic framework/reduced graphene oxide composite, Sci. Rep., 6, 25638, 10.1038/srep25638

Xu, 2013, Graphene-like two-dimensional materials, Chem. Rev., 113, 3766, 10.1021/cr300263a

He, 2015, New application of z scheme Ag3PO4/g-C3N4 composite in converting CO2 to fuel, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 649, 10.1021/es5046309

Wang, 2009, A metal-free polymeric photocatalyst for hydrogen production from water under visible light, Nat. Mater., 8, 76, 10.1038/nmat2317

Zhu, 2014, Graphitic carbon nitride: synthesis, properties, and applications in catalysis, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 6, 16449, 10.1021/am502925j

Ou, 2017, Tri-s-triazine-based crystalline carbon nitride nanosheets for an improved hydrogen evolution, Adv. Mater., 1700008, 10.1002/adma.201700008

Yang, 2017, A facile steam reforming strategy to delaminate layered carbon nitride semiconductors for photoredox catalysis, Angew. Chem.-Int. Ed., 56, 3992, 10.1002/anie.201700286

Cao, 2015, Polymeric photocatalysts based on graphitic carbon nitride, Adv. Mater., 27, 2150, 10.1002/adma.201500033

Tachibana, 2012, Artificial photosynthesis for solar water-splitting, Nat. Photonics, 6, 511, 10.1038/nphoton.2012.175

Zhou, 2015, Brand new P-doped g-C3N4: enhanced photocatalytic activity for H2 evolution and Rhodamine B degradation under visible light, J. Mater. Chem. A, 3, 3862, 10.1039/C4TA05292G

Chu, 2013, Band structure engineering of carbon nitride: in search of a polymer photocatalyst with high photooxidation property, ACS Catal., 3, 912, 10.1021/cs4000624

Shi, 2015, Tetraethylorthosilicate induced preparation of mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride with improved visible light photocatalytic activity, Catal. Commun., 59, 131, 10.1016/j.catcom.2014.10.014

Lin, 2015, Efficient synthesis of monolayer carbon nitride 2D nanosheet with tunable concentration and enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activities, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 163, 135, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2014.07.053

Liao, 2012, Graphene oxide modified g-C3N4 hybrid with enhanced photocatalytic capability under visible light irradiation, J. Mater. Chem., 22, 2721, 10.1039/C1JM13490F

Zhao, 2015, In situ light-assisted preparation of MoS2 on graphitic C3N4 nanosheets for enhanced photocatalytic H2 production from water, J. Mater. Chem. A, 3, 7375, 10.1039/C5TA00402K

Fang, 2016, Dyed graphitic carbon nitride with greatly extended visible-light- responsive range for hydrogen evolution, J. Catal., 339, 93, 10.1016/j.jcat.2016.03.021

Dong, 2014, A fantastic graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) material: electronic structure, photocatalytic and photoelectronic properties, J. Photochem. Photobiol. C Photochem. Rev., 20, 33, 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2014.04.002

Chen, 2016, Novel mesoporous P-doped graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets coupled with ZnIn2S4 heterostructures with remarkably enhanced, Nanoscale, 3711, 10.1039/C5NR07695A

Xu, 2015, Sulfur-doped graphitic carbon nitride decorated with graphene quantum dots for an efficient metal-free electrocatalyst, J. Mater. Chem. A, 3, 1841, 10.1039/C4TA06149G

Dong, 2012, Carbon self-doping induced high electronic conductivity and photoreactivity of g-C3N4, Chem. Commun., 48, 6178, 10.1039/c2cc32181e

Han, 2015, One-step preparation of iodine-doped graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets as efficient photocatalysts for visible light water splitting, J. Mater. Chem. A, 3, 4612, 10.1039/C4TA06093H

Sagara, 2016, Photoelectrochemical CO2 reduction by a p-type boron-doped g-C3N4 electrode under visible light, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 192, 193, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.03.055

Xiong, 2016, Bridging the g-C3N4 interlayers for enhanced photocatalysis, ACS Catal., 6, 2462, 10.1021/acscatal.5b02922

Tonda, 2014, Fe-doped and −mediated graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets for enhanced photocatalytic performance under natural sunlight, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2, 6772, 10.1039/c3ta15358d

Li, 2016, Visible photocatalytic water splitting and photocatalytic two-Electron oxygen formation over Cu- and Fe-Doped g-C3N4, J. Phys. Chem. C, 120, 56, 10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b09469

Ding, 2015, Remarkable enhancement in visible-light absorption and electron transfer of carbon nitride nanosheets with 1% tungstate dopant, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 176–177, 91

Hu, 2015, Band gap-tunable potassium doped graphitic carbon nitride with enhanced mineralization ability, Dalt. Trans., 44, 1084, 10.1039/C4DT02658F

W. Ong, L., Tan, Y.H., Ng, S., Yong, S. Chai, Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4)-Based Photocatalysts for Artificial Photosynthesis and Environmental Remediation: Are We a Step Closer To Achieving Sustainability? 116 (2016) 7159–7329.

Dong, 2014, A fantastic graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) material: electronic structure, photocatalytic and photoelectronic properties, J. Photochem. Photobiol. C Photochem. Rev., 20, 33, 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2014.04.002

X. Wang, S. Blechert, M. Antonietti, Polymeric Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Heterogeneous Photocatalysis, 2 (2012) 1596–1606.

Zheng, 2015, Graphitic carbon nitride polymers toward sustainable photoredox catalysis, Angew. Chem.—Int. Ed., 54, 12868, 10.1002/anie.201501788

Xu, 2014, Upconversion-agent induced improvement of g-C3N4 photocatalyst under visible light, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 6, 16481, 10.1021/am5051263

Zhang, 2015, Enhanced catalytic activity of potassium-doped graphitic carbon nitride induced by lower valence position, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 164, 77, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2014.09.020

Zhang, 2014, A convenient method to prepare a novel alkali metal sodium doped carbon nitride photocatalyst with a tunable band structure, RSC Adv., 4, 62912, 10.1039/C4RA11377B

Wang, 2015, Simple synthesis of Zr-doped graphitic carbon nitride towards enhanced photocatalytic performance under simulated solar light irradiation, Catal. Commun., 72, 24, 10.1016/j.catcom.2015.08.022

Hu, 2015, Simultaneous nanostructure and heterojunction engineering of graphitic carbon nitride via in situ Ag doping for enhanced photoelectrochemical activity, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 163, 611, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2014.08.023

Wang, 2016, Facile synthesis of Y-doped graphitic carbon nitride with enhanced photocatalytic performance, Catal. Commun., 84, 179, 10.1016/j.catcom.2016.06.020

Gao, 2014, Ion coordination significantly enhances the photocatalytic activity of graphitic-phase carbon nitride, Dalton Trans., 43, 8178, 10.1039/C3DT53224K

Pan, 2011, Ab initio study on a novel photocatalyst: functionalized graphitic carbon nitride nanotube, ACS Catal., 1, 99, 10.1021/cs100045u

Le, 2016, Cu-doped mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride for enhanced visible-light driven photocatalysis, RSC Adv., 6, 38811, 10.1039/C6RA03982K

B. Yue, Q., Li, H., Iwai, T., Kako, J. Ye, Hydrogen production using zinc-doped carbon nitride catalyst irradiated with visible light, 34401 (2011) 1–8.

Wang, 2016, Synthesis of Mo-doped graphitic carbon nitride catalysts and their photocatalytic activity in the reduction of CO2 with H2O, Catal. Commun., 74, 75, 10.1016/j.catcom.2015.10.029

Ye, 2014, Selective oxidation of benzene to phenol by Fe-CN/TS-1 catalysts under visible light irradiation, Appl. Catal.. B Environ., 152–153, 383, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2014.01.050

Chen, 2009, Fe-g-C3N4-catalyzed oxidation of benzene to phenol using hydrogen peroxide and visible light, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 131, 11658, 10.1021/ja903923s

Zhou, 2016, Recent advances in non-metal modification of graphitic carbon nitride for photocatalysis: a historic review, Catal. Sci. Technol., 6, 7002, 10.1039/C6CY01195K

Song, 2014, Synthesis of Fe/g-C3N4 composites with improved visible light photocatalytic activity, Mater. Lett., 116, 265, 10.1016/j.matlet.2013.11.043

Gao, 2015, One-pot synthesis of copper-doped graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet by heating Cu-melamine supramolecular network and its enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalysis, J. Solid State Chem., 228, 60, 10.1016/j.jssc.2015.04.027

Jin, 2015, A convenient method to prepare novel rare earth metal Ce-doped carbon nitride with enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible light, Bull. Korean Chem. Soc., 36, 17, 10.1002/bkcs.10001

Chen, 2017, Cobalt-doped graphitic carbon nitride photocatalysts with high activity for hydrogen evolution, Appl. Surf. Sci., 392, 608, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.09.086

Xu, 2013, Synthesis and photocatalytic performance of europium-doped graphitic carbon nitride, J. Rare Earths, 31, 1085, 10.1016/S1002-0721(12)60408-6

Rong, 2016, Enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity of W-doped porous g-C3N4 and effect of H2O2, Mater. Lett., 164, 127, 10.1016/j.matlet.2015.10.131

Ran, 2015, Porous P-doped graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets for synergistically enhanced visible-light photocatalytic H2 production, Energy Environ. Sci., 8, 3708, 10.1039/C5EE02650D

Guo, 2016, Phosphorus-Doped carbon nitride tubes with a layered micro-nanostructure for enhanced visible-Light photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, Angew. Chem.—Int. Ed., 55, 1830, 10.1002/anie.201508505

Liu, 2010, Unique electronic structure induced high photoreactivity of sulfur-doped graphitic C3N4, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 132, 11642, 10.1021/ja103798k

Wang, 2015, Sulfur-doped g-C3N4 with enhanced photocatalytic CO2-reduction performance, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 176–177, 44

Lu, 2017, Photocatalytic reduction elimination of UO22+ pollutant under visible light with metal-free sulfur doped g-C3N4 photocatalyst, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 200, 378, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.07.036

He, 2015, The sulfur-bubble template-mediated synthesis of uniform porous g-C3N4 with superior photocatalytic performance, Chem. Commun., 51, 425, 10.1039/C4CC07106A

Zhao, 2015, Template synthesis of carbon self-doped g-C3N4 with enhanced visible to near-infrared absorption and photocatalytic performance, RSC Adv., 5, 39549, 10.1039/C5RA03433G

Fang, 2015, Nitrogen self-doped graphitic carbon nitride as efficient visible light photocatalyst for hydrogen evolution, J. Mater. Chem. A, 3, 13819, 10.1039/C5TA02257F

Huang, 2015, Carbon nitride with simultaneous porous network and O-doping for efficient solar-energy-driven hydrogen evolution, Nano Energy, 12, 646, 10.1016/j.nanoen.2015.01.043

She, 2016, Template-free synthesis of 2D porous ultrathin nonmetal-doped g-C3N4 nanosheets with highly efficient photocatalytic H2 evolution from water under visible light, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 187, 144, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.12.046

Guo, 2016, Holey structured graphitic carbon nitride thin sheets with edge oxygen doping via photo-Fenton reaction with enhanced photocatalytic activity, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 185, 315, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.11.030

Lu, 2016, Boron doped g-C3N4 with enhanced photocatalytic UO22+ reduction performance, Appl. Surf. Sci., 360, 1016, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.11.112

Zhang, 2014, Iodine modified carbon nitride semiconductors as visible light photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution, Adv. Mater., 26, 805, 10.1002/adma.201303611

Lan, 2016, A facile synthesis of Br-modified g-C3N4 semiconductors for photoredox water splitting, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 192, 116, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.03.062

Wang, 2010, Excellent visible-light photocatalysis of fluorinated polymeric carbon nitride solids, Chem. Mater., 22, 5119, 10.1021/cm1019102

Zhang, 2010, Phosphorus-doped carbon nitride solid: enhanced electrical conductivity and photocurrent generation, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 132, 6294, 10.1021/ja101749y

Zhang, 2013, Facile synthesis of phosphorus doped graphitic carbon nitride polymers with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity, Mater. Res. Bull., 48, 3485, 10.1016/j.materresbull.2013.05.040

Hu, 2014, A simple and efficient method to prepare a phosphorus modified g-C3N4 visible light photocatalyst, RSC Adv., 4, 21657, 10.1039/C4RA02284J

Deng, 2017, Insight into highly efficient simultaneous photocatalytic removal of Cr(VI) and 2,4-diclorophenol under visible light irradiation by phosphorus doped porous ultrathin g-C3N4 nanosheets from aqueous media: performance and reaction mechanism, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 203, 343, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.10.046

Zhu, 2015, Mesoporous phosphorus-doped g-C3N4 nanostructured flowers with superior photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 7, 16850, 10.1021/acsami.5b04947

Chai, 2016, Enhanced visible light photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B over phosphorus doped graphitic carbon nitride, Appl. Surf. Sci., 4

Ma, 2015, Phosphorus-doped graphitic carbon nitrides grown in situ on carbon-Fiber paper: flexible and reversible oxygen electrodes, Angew. Chem.—Int. Ed., 54, 4646, 10.1002/anie.201411125

Ma, 2014, Graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet-carbon nanotube three-dimensional porous composites as high-performance oxygen evolution electrocatalysts, Angew. Chem.—Int. Ed., 53, 7281, 10.1002/anie.201403946

She, 2014, Exfoliated graphene-like carbon nitride in organic solvents: enhanced photocatalytic activity and highly selective and sensitive sensor for the detection of trace amounts of Cu2+, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2, 2563, 10.1039/c3ta13768f

Xu, 2014, Graphene-analogue carbon nitride: novel exfoliation synthesis and its application in photocatalysis and photoelectrochemical selective detection of trace amount of Cu2+, Nanoscale, 6, 1406, 10.1039/C3NR04759H

Yaghoubi, 2015, Toward a visible light-driven photocatalyst: the effect of midgap-states-induced energy gap of undoped TiO2 nanoparticles, ACS Catal., 5, 327, 10.1021/cs501539q

Lin, 2015, Mechanistic insight into the water photooxidation on pure and sulfur-doped g-C3N4 photocatalysts from DFT calculations with dispersion corrections, J. Mol. Catal. A Chem., 406, 137, 10.1016/j.molcata.2015.05.018

Fan, 2016, A simple fabrication for sulfur doped graphitic carbon nitride porous rods with excellent photocatalytic activity degrading RhB dye, Appl. Surf. Sci., 391, 360, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.04.055

Hong, 2012, Mesoporous carbon nitride with in situ sulfur doping for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from water under visible light, J. Mater. Chem., 22, 15006, 10.1039/c2jm32053c

Feng, 2014, Nanoporous sulfur-doped graphitic carbon nitride microrods: a durable catalyst for visible-light-driven H2 evolution, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 39, 15373, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.07.160

Cao, 2015, Synthesis and characterization of sulfur self-doped g-C3N4 with efficient visible-light photocatalytic activity, Mater. Lett., 149, 50, 10.1016/j.matlet.2015.02.119

Ma, 2012, A strategy of enhancing the photoactivity of g-C3N4 via doping of nonmetal elements: a first-principles study, J. Phys. Chem. C, 116, 23485, 10.1021/jp308334x

Li, 2012, A facile approach to synthesize novel oxygen-doped g-C3N4 with superior visible-light photoreactivity, Chem. Commun., 4, 1

Yang, 2013, Exfoliated graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets as efficient catalysts for hydrogen evolution under visible light, Adv. Mater., 25, 2452, 10.1002/adma.201204453

Niu, 2012, Graphene-like carbon nitride nanosheets for improved photocatalytic activities, Adv. Funct. Mater., 22, 4763, 10.1002/adfm.201200922

Li, 2014, Synthesis of carbon-doped g-C3N4 composites with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity, Mater. Lett., 137, 281, 10.1016/j.matlet.2014.08.142

Zhang, 2015, Hydrothermal synthesis of carbon-rich graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets for photoredox catalysis, J. Mater. Chem. A, 3, 3281, 10.1039/C5TA00202H

Yan, 2010, Photodegradation of rhodamine B and methyl orange over boron-doped g-C3N4 under visible light irradiation, Langmuir, 26, 3894, 10.1021/la904023j

Lin, 2013, Nanostructure engineering and doping of conjugated carbon nitride semiconductors for hydrogen photosynthesis, Angew. Chem.—Int. Ed., 52, 1735, 10.1002/anie.201209017

Ge, 2013, Enhanced visible light photocatalytic hydrogen evolution of sulfur-doped polymeric g-C3N4 photocatalysts, Mater. Res. Bull., 48, 3919, 10.1016/j.materresbull.2013.06.002

Chen, 2015, One-step synthesis of sulfur-doped and nitrogen-deficient g-C3N4 photocatalyst for enhanced hydrogen evolution under visible light, Mater. Lett., 145, 129, 10.1016/j.matlet.2015.01.073

Nasir, 2014, Characterization and activity of the Ce and N co-doped TiO2 prepared through hydrothermal method, Chem. Eng. J., 236, 388, 10.1016/j.cej.2013.09.095

X. Shen, Z., Liu, S., Xie, J. Guo, Degradation of nitrobenzene using titania photocatalyst co-doped with nitrogen and cerium under visible light illumination, 162 (2009) 1193–1198.

Fu, 2016, Photocatalytic enhancement of TiO2 by B and Zr co-doping and modulation of microstructure, Appl. Surf. Sci., 379, 83, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.03.192

Zhao, 2015, Novel band gap-tunable K-Na co-doped graphitic carbon nitride prepared by molten salt method, Appl. Surf. Sci., 332, 625, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.01.233

Hu, 2014, Enhanced visible light photocatalytic performance of g-C3N4 photocatalysts co-doped with iron and phosphorus, Appl. Surf. Sci., 311, 164, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.05.036

Zhang, 2014, Bandgap engineering and mechanism study of nonmetal and metal ion codoped carbon nitride: C+ Fe as an example, Chem.-A Eur. J., 20, 9805, 10.1002/chem.201400060

Ma, 2015, Novel PO codoped g-C3N4 with large specific surface area: hydrothermal synthesis assisted by dissolution?precipitation process and their visible light activity under anoxic conditions, Appl. Surf. Sci., 357, 131, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.09.009

Lin, 2014, Ionic liquid promoted synthesis of conjugated carbon nitride photocatalysts from urea, ChemSusChem, 7, 1547, 10.1002/cssc.201400016

Ma, 2015, A facile approach to synthesizing S-Co-O tridoped g-C3N4 with enhanced oxygen-free photocatalytic performance via a hydrothermal post-treatment, RSC Adv., 5, 79585, 10.1039/C5RA14081A

Hu, 2015, Hydrothermal synthesis of oxygen functionalized S-P codoped g-C3N4 nanorods with outstanding visible light activity under anoxic conditions, Dalt. Trans., 44, 20889, 10.1039/C5DT04035C

J. Zhang, Y., Wu, M., Xing, S., Ahmed, K., Leghari, S. Sajjad, Development of modified N doped TiO2 photocatalyst with metals, nonmetals and metal oxides, (2010) 715–726.

Hu, 2011, Effect of fluorination on photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B over In(OH)ySz: promotion or suppression?, J. Phys. Chem. C, 115, 460, 10.1021/jp109578g

Zhang, 2012, A facile band alignment of polymeric carbon nitride semiconductors to construct isotype heterojunctions, Angew. Chem.—Int. Ed., 51, 10145, 10.1002/anie.201205333

Liang, 2016, Sulfur-doped graphitic carbon nitride decorated with zinc phthalocyanines towards highly stable and efficient photocatalysis, Appl. Catal. A Gen., 519, 107, 10.1016/j.apcata.2016.03.033

Su, 2015, Novel phosphorus doped carbon nitride modified TiO2 nanotube arrays with improved photoelectrochemical performance, Nanoscale, 7, 16282, 10.1039/C5NR04562B

Raziq, 2016, Enhanced cocatalyst-Free visible-Light activities for photocatalytic fuel production of g-C3N4 by trapping holes and transferring electrons, J. Phys. Chem. C, 120, 98, 10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b10313

Kong, 2016, Sulfur doped g-C3N4/BiVO4 composite photocatalyst for water oxidation under visible light, Chem. Mater., 28, 1318, 10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b04178

Ye, 2016, Fabrication and enhanced photoelectrochemical performance of MoS2/S-Doped g-C3N4 heterojunction film, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 8, 5280, 10.1021/acsami.5b11326

Chen, 2016, Novel mesoporous P-doped graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets coupled with ZnIn2S4 nanosheets as efficient visible light driven heterostructures with remarkably enhanced photo-reduction activity, Nanoscale, 8, 3711, 10.1039/C5NR07695A

Park, 2013, Surface modification of TiO2 photocatalyst for environmental applications, J. Photochem. Photobiol. C Photochem. Rev., 15, 1, 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2012.10.001

Ochiai, 2012, Photoelectrochemical properties of TiO2 photocatalyst and its applications for environmental purification, J. Photochem. Photobiol. C Photochem. Rev., 13, 247, 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2012.07.001

Nakata, 2012, TiO2 photocatalysis: design and applications, J. Photochem. Photobiol. C Photochem. Rev., 13, 169, 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2012.06.001

Bu, 2014, Effect of oxygen-doped C3N4 on the separation capability of the photoinduced electron-hole pairs generated by O-C3N4@TiO2 with quasi-shell-core nanostructure, Electrochim. Acta, 144, 42, 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.08.095

Wang, 2016, In-situ hydrothermal synthesized γ-Al2O3/O-g-C3N4 heterojunctions with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity in water splitting for hydrogen, J. Energy Chem., 25, 594, 10.1016/j.jechem.2016.03.018

Luo, 2015, Enhancing visible-light photocatalytic activity of g-C3N4 by doping phosphorus and coupling with CeO2 for the degradation of methyl orange under visible light irradiation, RSC Adv., 5, 68728, 10.1039/C5RA10848A

Li, 2016, Facile synthesis and enhanced visible-light photoactivity of DyVO4/g-C3N4I composite semiconductors, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 183, 426, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.11.012

Li, 2015, Facile synthesis and enhanced visible-light photocatalysis of graphitic carbon nitride composite semiconductors, ChemSusChem, 8, 1189, 10.1002/cssc.201500024

Yuan, 2014, Novel 3-D nanoporous graphitic-C3N4 nanosheets with heterostructured modification for efficient visible-light photocatalytic hydrogen production, RSC Adv., 4, 52332, 10.1039/C4RA10038G

Tian, 2016, A novel P-doped g-C3N4/Zn0.8Cd0.2S composite photocatalyst for degradation of methylene blue under simulated sunlight, Appl. Surf. Sci., 361, 251, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.11.157