Does influenza vaccination of older adult Medicare beneficiaries lower treatment costs for acute and chronic respiratory disease?

Thompson, 2003, Mortality associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the United States, JAMA., 289, 179, 10.1001/jama.289.2.179 2006, Prevention and control of influenza: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), MMWR, 55, 1 Hak, 2002, Influence of high-risk medical conditions on the effectiveness of influenza vaccination among elderly members of 3 large managed-care organizations, Clin Infect Dis., 35, 370, 10.1086/341403 Nichol, 1999, The additive benefits of influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations during influenza seasons among elderly persons with chronic lung disease, Vaccine., 17, S91, 10.1016/S0264-410X(99)00114-0 Nichol, 1999, Relation between influenza vaccination and outpatient visits, hospitalization, and mortality in elderly persons with chronic lung disease, Ann Intern Med., 130, 397, 10.7326/0003-4819-130-5-199903020-00003 Nichol, 1999, The health and economic benefits of influenza vaccination for healthy and at-risk persons aged 65 to 74 years, PharmacoEconomics., 16, 63, 10.2165/00019053-199916001-00009 Mullooly, 1994, Influenza vaccination programs for elderly persons: Cost-effectiveness in a health maintenance organization, Ann Intern Med., 121, 947, 10.7326/0003-4819-121-12-199412150-00008 Molinari, 2007, The annual impact of seasonal influenza in the US: Measuring disease burden and costs, Vaccine., 25, 5086, 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.03.046 Gilman, 2007, Impact of influenza immunization on medical expenditures among Medicare elderly, 1999–2003, Am J Prev Med., 32, 107, 10.1016/j.amepre.2006.10.010 Nichol, 2006, Influence of clinical outcome and outcome period definitions on estimates of absolute clinical and economic benefits of influenza vaccination in community dwelling elderly persons, Vaccine., 24, 1562, 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.10.004 Nichol, 2002, Cost effectiveness of influenza vaccination for healthy persons between ages 65 and 74 years, Vaccine., 20, S21, 10.1016/S0264-410X(02)00124-X Nichol, 1998, Benefits of influenza vaccination for low-, intermediate-, and highrisk senior citizens, Arch Intern Med., 158, 1769, 10.1001/archinte.158.16.1769 Aballéa, 2007, The cost-effectiveness of influenza vaccination for people aged 50 to 64 years: An international model, Value Health., 10, 98, 10.1111/j.1524-4733.2006.00157.x Maciosek, 2006, Influenza vaccination health impact and cost effectiveness among adults aged 50 to 64 and 65 and older, Am J Prev Med., 31, 72, 10.1016/j.amepre.2006.03.008 Turner, 2006, The cost-effectiveness of influenza vaccination of healthy adults 50–64 years of age, Vaccine., 24, 1035, 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.12.033 2007 2007 2007 2008, Prevention and control of influenza: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2008, MMWR, 57, 1 Buntin, 2004, Too much ado about two-part models and transformation? Comparing methods of modeling Medicare expenditures, J Health Econ., 23, 525, 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2003.10.005 Leuven 2006, Influenza and pneumococcal vaccination coverage among persons aged >65 years—United States, 2004–2005, MMWR, 55, 1065 Yoo, 2006, The instrumental variable method to study self-selection mechanism: A case of influenza vaccination, Value Health., 9, 114, 10.1111/j.1524-4733.2006.00089.x Jefferson, 2005, Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines in elderly people: A systematic review [published correction appears in Lancet. 2006;367:986], Lancet, 366, 1165, 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67339-4 Thompson, 2004, Influenza-associated hospitalizations in the United States, JAMA., 292, 1333, 10.1001/jama.292.11.1333 Jackson, 2008, Influenza vaccination and risk of community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent elderly people: A population-based, nested case-control study, Lancet., 372, 398, 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61160-5 Jackson, 2006, Evidence of bias in estimates of influenza vaccine effectiveness in seniors, Int J Epidemiol., 35, 337, 10.1093/ije/dyi274 Jackson, 2006, Functional status is a confounder of the association of influenza vaccine and risk of all cause mortality in seniors, Int J Epidemiol., 35, 345, 10.1093/ije/dyi275 Simonsen, 2005, Impact of influenza vaccination on seasonal mortality in the US elderly population, Arch Intern Med., 165, 265, 10.1001/archinte.165.3.265