Docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid in infant development

Svennerholm, 1968, Distribution and fatty acid composition of phosphoglycerides in normal human brain, J Lipid Res, 9, 570, 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)42702-6 Anderson, 1975, Lipids of ocular tissues. X. Lipid composition of subcellular fractions of bovine retina, Vision Res, 15, 1087, 10.1016/0042-6989(75)90005-X Martin, 1992, Changing fatty acid content of growth cone lipids prior to synaptogenesis, J Neurochem, 59, 318, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1992.tb08906.x Clandinin, 1980, Intrauterine fatty acid accretion rates in human brain: Implications for fatty acid requirements, Early Hum Dev, 4, 121, 10.1016/0378-3782(80)90015-8 Martinez, 1991, Developmental profiles of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the brain of normal infants and patients with peroxisomal diseases: severe deficiency of docosahexaenoic acid in Zellweger's and Pseudo-Zellweger's Syndromes, 87 Dutta-Roy, 2000, Transport mechanisms for long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the human placenta, Am J Clin Nutr, 71, 315S, 10.1093/ajcn/71.1.315s Sanders, 1979, A comparison of the influence of breast-feeding and bottle-feeding on the fatty acid composition of erythrocytes, Br J Nutr, 41, 619, 10.1079/BJN19790077 Putnam, 1982, The effect of variations in dietary fatty acids on the fatty acid composition of erythrocyte phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine in human infants, Am J Clin Nutr, 36, 106, 10.1093/ajcn/36.1.106 Sauerwald, 1995, Effect of dietary 18:ω-3 intake and postnatal age on the kinetics of elongation and desaturation of 18:ω-6 and 18:ω-3, Pediatr Res, 37, 319A Carnielli, 1996, The very low birth weight premature infant is capable of synthesizing arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids from linoleic and linolenic acids, Pediatr Res, 40, 169, 10.1203/00006450-199607000-00029 Salem, 1996, Arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids are biosynthesized from their 18-carbon precursors in human infants, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 93, 49, 10.1073/pnas.93.1.49 Sauerwald, 1997, Intermediates in endogenous synthesis of C22:6 omega 3 and C20:4 omega 6 by term and pre-term infants, Pediatr Res, 41, 183, 10.1203/00006450-199702000-00005 Carlson, 1986, Docosahexaenoic acid status of preterm infants at birth and following feeding with human milk or formula, Am J Clin Nutr, 44, 798, 10.1093/ajcn/44.6.798 Carlson, 1987, Effect of fish oil supplementation on the omega-3 fatty acid content of red blood cell membranes in pre-term infants, Pediatr Res, 21, 507, 10.1203/00006450-198705000-00017 Liu, 1987, Increase in plasma phospholipid docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acids as a reflection of their intake and mode of administration, Pediatr Res, 22, 292, 10.1203/00006450-198709000-00011 Farquharson, 1992, Infant cerebral cortex phospholipid fatty-acid composition and diet, Lancet, 340, 810, 10.1016/0140-6736(92)92684-8 Farquharson, 1993, Effect of diet on infant subcutaneous tissue triglyceride fatty acids, Arch Dis Child, 69, 589, 10.1136/adc.69.5.589 Makrides, 1994, Fatty acid composition of brain, retina, and erythrocytes in breast- and formula-fed infants, Am J Clin Nutr, 60, 189, 10.1093/ajcn/60.2.189 Farquharson, 1995, Age- and dietary-related distributions of hepatic arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid in early infancy, Pediatr Res, 38, 361, 10.1203/00006450-199509000-00015 Holman, 1968, Essential fatty acid deficiency, Prog Chem Fats and Other Lipids, 9, 258 Wainwright, 1993, Lipids and behavior: the evidence from animal models, 69 Galli, 1971, Effects of dietary fatty acids on the fatty acid composition of brain ethanolamine phosphoglyceride: Reciprocal replacement of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, Biochim Biophys Acta, 248, 449, 10.1016/0005-2760(71)90233-5 Neuringer, 1986, Biochemical and functional effects of prenatal and postnatal omega-3 fatty acid deficiency on retina and brain in rhesus monkeys, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 83, 4021, 10.1073/pnas.83.11.4021 Carlson, 1986, High fat diets varying in ratios of polyunsaturated to saturated fat and linolenic acid: A comparison of rat neural and red cell membrane phospholipids, J Nutr, 116, 718, 10.1093/jn/116.5.718 Yamamoto, 1987, Effect of dietary α-linolenate/linoleate balance on lipid compositions and learning ability in rats, J Lipid Res, 28, 144, 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)38713-7 Bourre, 1989, The effects of dietary alpha-linolenic acid on the composition of nerve membranes, enzymatic activity, amplitude of electrophysiological parameters, resistance to poisons and performance of learning tasks in rats, J Nutr, 119, 1880, 10.1093/jn/119.12.1880 Carlson, 1999, Polyunsaturated fatty acid status and neurodevelopment: A summary and critical analysis of the literature, Lipids, 34, 171, 10.1007/s11745-999-0351-2 Sinclair, 1972, The accumulation of arachidonate and docosahexaenoate in the developing rat brain, J Neurochem, 19, 1753, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1972.tb06219.x Dobbing, 1979, Comparative aspects of the brain growth spurt, Early Hum Dev, 3, 79083, 10.1016/0378-3782(79)90022-7 Neuringer, 1984, Dietary omega-3 fatty acid deficiency and visual loss in infant rhesus monkeys, J Clin Invest, 73, 272, 10.1172/JCI111202 Neuringer, M, The relationship of fatty acid composition to function in the retina and visual system, Dobbing, J, Lipids, Learning and the Brain: Fats in Infant Formulas, Columbus, OH, Ross Laboratories, 134, 158 Neuringer, 1990, Supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (22:63) fails to correct electroretinogram abnormalities produced by omega-3 fatty acid deficiency in rhesus monkeys, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 31, 426 Neuringer, M, Connor, WE, Lin, DS, Anderson, GJ, Effects of n-3 fatty acid deficiency on retinal physiology and visual function, Sinclair, AJGibson, RA, Proceedings of the Third International Congress on Essential Fatty Acids and Eicosanoids, Champaign, IL, American Oil Chemists' Society, 161, 164 Reisbick, 1997, Visual attention in infant monkeys: Effects of dietary fatty acids and age, Devel Psych, 33, 387, 10.1037/0012-1649.33.3.387 Neuringer, 1996, Relationships between visual acuity and visual attention measures in rhesus monkey infants, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 37, S532 Carlson, 1993, Visual acuity development in healthy pre-term infants. Effect of marine oil supplementation, Am J Clin Nutr, 58, 35, 10.1093/ajcn/58.1.35 Carlson, 1996, The effect of long chain n-3 fatty acid supplementation on visual acuity and growth of pre-term infants with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia, Am J Clin Nutr, 63, 687, 10.1093/ajcn/63.5.687 Werkman, 1996, A randomized trial of visual attention of pre-term infants fed docosahexaenoic acid until 9 months, Lipids, 31, 91, 10.1007/BF02522417 Carlson, 1996, A randomized trial of visual attention of pre-term infants fed docosahexaenoic acid until 2 months, Lipids, 31, 85, 10.1007/BF02522416 Carlson, SE, Early visual acuity does not correlate with later evidence of visual processing in pre-term infants although each is improved by the addition of docosahexaenoic acid to infant formula Jacobson, 1999, Assessment of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid nutritional supplementation on infant neurobehavioral development and visual acuity, Lipids, 34, 151, 10.1007/s11745-999-0349-9 O'Connor, 2001, Growth and development in pre-term infants fed long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: A prospective, randomized controlled trial, Pediatr, 108, 359, 10.1542/peds.108.2.359 Colombo, J, Mitchell, DW, Individual differences in early visual attention: Fixation time and information processing, Colombo, JFagan, J, Individual Differences in Infancy: Reliability, Stability and Prediction, Hillsdale, NJ, Erlbaum, 193, 227 Colombo, 1991, Individual differences in infant visual attention: Are short lookers faster processors or feature processors?, Child Devel, 62, 1247, 10.2307/1130804 Johnson, 1991, Components of visual orienting in early infancy: Contingency learning, anticipatory looking and disengaging, J Cog Neurosci, 3, 335, 10.1162/jocn.1991.3.4.335 Reisbick, S, Neuringer, M, Connor, WE, Effect of n-3 fatty acid deficiency in nonhuman primates, Bindels, JGGoedhart, ACVisser, HKA, Recent Developments in Infant Nutrition, Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 157, 172 Reisbick, 1994, Home cage behavior of rhesus monkeys with long-term deficiency of omega-3 fatty acids, Physiol Behav, 55, 231, 10.1016/0031-9384(94)90128-7 Reisbick, 1992, Postnatal deficiency of omega-3 fatty acids in monkeys: Fluid intake and urine concentration, Physiol Behav, 51, 473, 10.1016/0031-9384(92)90167-Z Colombo, 2001, Recent advances in infant cognition: Implications for LC-PUFA supplementation studies, Lipids, 36, 919, 10.1007/s11745-001-0802-9 Colombo, 1997 Willatts, 1998, Effect of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in infant formula on problem solving at 10 month of age, Lancet, 352, 688, 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11374-5 Willats, 1998, Influence of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on infant cognitive function, Lipids, 33, 973, 10.1007/s11745-998-0294-7 Carlson, 1997, Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation of pre-term infants, 41 Clouet, 1989, Pathway of alpha-linolenic acid through the mitochondrial outer membrane in the rat liver and influence on the rate of oxidation. Comparison with linoleic and oleic acids, Biochem J, 263, 867, 10.1042/bj2630867 Ide, 1996, Stimulation of the activities of hepatic fatty acid oxidation enzymes by dietary fat rich in alpha-linolenic acid in rats, J Lipid Res, 37, 448, 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)37590-8 Perichon, 1995, Peroxisomal beta-oxidation and catalase activity during development and aging in mouse liver, Biochimie, 77, 288, 10.1016/0300-9084(96)88138-7 Carlson, SE, Huang, M, Smuts, M, Mundy, D, Plasse, T, Major, S, A randomized clinical trial of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation during the third trimester of pregnancy and pregnancy outcome, ISSIAL abstracts Otto, 1997, Maternal and neonatal essential fatty acid status in phospholipids: An international comparative study, Eur J Clin Nutr, 51, 232, 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600390 Al, 1995, Maternal essential fatty acid patterns during normal pregnancy and their relationship to the neonatal essential fatty acid status, Br J Nutr, 74, 55, 10.1079/BJN19950106 Guesnet, 1999, Blood lipid concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid at birth determine their relative postnatal changes in term infants fed breast milk or formula, Am J Clin Nutr, 70, 280, 10.1093/ajcn.70.2.292 Harris, 1984, Will dietary omega-3 fatty acids change the composition of human milk?, Am J Clin Nutr, 40, 780, 10.1093/ajcn/40.4.780 Connor, 1996, Increased docosahexaenoic acid levels in human newborn infants by administration of sardines and fish oil during pregnancy, Lipids, 31, S183, 10.1007/BF02637073 Gibson, 1997, Effect of increasing breast milk docosahexaenoic acid on plasma and erythrocyte phospholipid fatty acids and neural indices of exclusively breast fed infants, Eur J Clin Nutr, 51, 578, 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600446 Arbuckle, 1993, Docosahexaenoic acid is transferred through maternal diet to milk and to tissues of natural milk-fed piglets, J Nutr, 123, 1668, 10.1093/jn/123.10.1668 Carlson, 1992, Effect of vegetable and marine oils in pre-term infant formulas on blood arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids, J Pediatr, 120, S159, 10.1016/S0022-3476(05)81251-X Otto, 2001, Changes in the maternal essential fatty acid profile during early pregnancy and the relation of the profile to diet, Am J Clin Nutr, 73, 302, 10.1093/ajcn/73.2.302 Carlson, 1989, Docosahexaenoate (DHA) and eicosapentaenoate (EPA) supplementation of pre-term (PT) infants: Effects on phospholipid DHA and visual acuity, FASEB J, 3, A1056 Uauy, 1990, Effect of dietary omega-3 fatty acids on retinal function of very-low-birth-weight neonates, Pediatr Res, 28, 485, 10.1203/00006450-199011000-00014 Birch, 1992, Retinal development in very low birth weight infants fed diets differing in omega-3 fatty acids, Phthalmol Vis Sci, 650 Makrides, 1995, Are long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids essential nutrients in infancy?, Lancet, 345, 1463, 10.1016/S0140-6736(95)91035-2 Arbuckle, 1992, Docosahexaenoic acid in developing brain and retina of piglets fed high or low alpha-linolenate formula with and without fish oil, Lipids, 27, 89, 10.1007/BF02535805 Carlson, 1996, Arachidonic acid status of human infants: Influences of gestational age at birth and diets with very long chain n-3 and n-6 fatty acids, J Nutr, 126, 1092S, 10.1093/jn/126.suppl_4.1092S Carlson, 1993, Arachidonic acid status correlates with first year growth in pre-term infants, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 90, 1073, 10.1073/pnas.90.3.1073 Carlson, 1992, First year growth of pre-term infants fed standard compared to marine oil n-3 supplemented formula, Lipids, 27, 901, 10.1007/BF02535870 Ryan, 1999, Effect of DHA-containing formula on growth of pre-term infants to 59 weeks postmenstrual age, Am J Hum Biol, 11, 457, 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6300(1999)11:4<457::AID-AJHB5>3.0.CO;2-B Lapillone, 2001, Polyunsaturated fatty acids and infant growth, Lipids, 36, 901, 10.1007/s11745-001-0800-y Auestad, 1997, Visual acuity, erythrocyte fatty acid composition, and growth in term infants fed formulas with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids for one year. Ross Pediatric Lipid Study, Pediatr Res, 41, 1, 10.1203/00006450-199701000-00001 Lucas, 1999, Efficacy and safety of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation of infant-formula milk: a randomized trial, Lancet, 354, 1948, 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)02314-4 Auestad, 2001, Growth and development in term infants fed long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: A double-masked, randomized, parallel prospective, multivariate study, Pediatrics, 108, 372, 10.1542/peds.108.2.372 Carlson, 1999, Growth and development of term infants fed formulas with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from algal oil or fish oil and arachidonic acid from fungal oil, Pediatr Res, 45, 278A Diersen-Schade, 1998, Docosahexaenoic acid plus arachidonic acid enhance pre-term infant growth, 123 Vanderhoof, 1999, Evaluation of a long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplemented formula on growth, tolerance, and plasma lipids in pre-term infants up to 48 weeks postconceptional age, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 29, 318, 10.1097/00005176-199909000-00015 Vanderhoof, 2000, A multicenter long-term safety and efficacy trial of pre-term formula supplemented with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 31, 121, 10.1097/00005176-200008000-00007 Uauy, 2001, Essential fatty acids in visual and brain development, Lipids, 36, 885, 10.1007/s11745-001-0798-1 Gibson, 2001, Randomized trials with polyunsaturated fatty acid interventions in pre-term and term infants: functional and clinical outcomes, Lipids, 36, 873, 10.1007/s11745-001-0797-2 Jeffrey, 2001, The role of docosahexaenoic acid in retinal function, Lipids, 36, 859, 10.1007/s11745-001-0796-3 Lauritzen, 2001, The essentiality of long chain n-3 fatty acids in relation to development and function of the brain and retina, Prog Lipid Res, 40, 1, 10.1016/S0163-7827(00)00017-5 Tolley, 2000, Considerations of statistical power in studies of visual development and DHA status. Invited editorial, Am J Clin Nutr, 71, 1, 10.1093/ajcn/71.1.1 Simmer, 2000, Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in pre-term infants, Cochrane Database System Rev SanGiovanni, 2000, Meta-analysis of dietary essential fatty acids and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids as they relate to visual resolution acuity in healthy pre-term infants, Pediatrics, 105, 1292, 10.1542/peds.105.6.1292 SanGiovanni, 2000, Dietary essential fatty acids, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, and visual resolution acuity in healthy fullterm infants: a systematic review, Early Hum Develop, 57, 165, 10.1016/S0378-3782(00)00050-5 Simmer, 2000, Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infants born at term, Cochrane Database Syst Rev Jensen, 1999, Effects of maternal docosahexaenoic acid supplementation on visual function and growth of breast-fed infants, Lipids, 34, S225, 10.1007/BF02562299 Jensen, 2001, Effects of maternal docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation on visual function and neurodevelopment of breast-fed infants, Pediatr Res, 49, 448A Bayley, N, Manual for the Bayley Scales of Infant Development Delion, 1994, Chronic dietary alpha-linolenic acid deficiency alters dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmission in rats, J Nutr, 124, 2466, 10.1093/jn/124.12.2466 Delion, 1996, α-Linolenic acid dietary deficiency alters age-related changes of dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmission in the rat frontal cortex, J Neurochem, 66, 1582, 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1996.66041582.x Chalon, 2001, PUFAs and cerebral function: Focus on monoaminergic neurotransmission, Lipids, 36, 937, 10.1007/s11745-001-0804-7 Reisbick, S, Neuringer, M, Omega-3 fatty acid deficiency and behavior: A critical review and directions for future research, Yehuda, SMostofsky, DI, Handbook of Essential Fatty Acid Biology: Biochemistry, Physiology, and Behavioral Neurobiology, Totowa, NJ, Humana Press Inc. 397, 425 De la Presa-Owens, 2000, Diverse, regionspecific effects of addition of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids to formula with low or adequate linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids on piglet brain monoaminergic neurotransmitters, Pediatr Res, 48, 125, 10.1203/00006450-200007000-00022 Innis, 2001, Dietary fatty acid in composition in pregnancy alters neurite membrane fatty acids and dopamine in newborn rat brain, J Nutr, 131, 118, 10.1093/jn/131.1.118 Hamano, 1996, Docosahexaenoic acid reduces GABA response in substantia nigra neuron of rat, J Neurophysiol, 75, 1264, 10.1152/jn.1996.75.3.1264 Minami, 1997, Dietary docosahexaenoic acid increases cerebral acetylcholine levels and improves passive avoidance performance in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats, Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 58, 1123, 10.1016/S0091-3057(97)00300-6 Di Marzo, 1996, Biosynthesis of anandamide and related acylethanolamides in mouse J774 macrophages and N18 neuroblastoma cells, Biochem J, 316, 977, 10.1042/bj3160977 Calignano, 1997, Inhibition of intestinal motility by anandamide, an endogenous cannabinoid, Eur J Pharmacol, 340, R7 Murillo-Rodriquez, 1998, Anadamide modulates sleep and memory in rats, Brain Res, 812, 270, 10.1016/S0006-8993(98)00969-X Self, 1999, Anandamide: A candidate neurotransmitter heads for the big leagues, Nat Neurosci, 2, 303, 10.1038/7210 Berger, 2001, Anandamide and diet: Inclusion of dietary arachidonate and docosahexaenoate leads to increased brain levels of the corresponding N-acylethanolamines in piglets, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 98, 6402, 10.1073/pnas.101119098 Lin, 1994, Effect of dietary n-3 fatty acids upon the phospholipid molecular species of the monkey retina, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 35, 794 Salem, 2001, Mechanisms of action of docosahexaenoic acid in the nervous system, Lipids, 36, 945, 10.1007/s11745-001-0805-6 Rotstein, 2000, Docosahexaenoic acid protects retinal photoreceptors from apoptosis induced by oxidative stress Akbar, M, Kim, H-Y, Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) mediates anti-apoptotic effects through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway: A novel observation in neural apoptosis, Am Oil Chem Soc Program and Abstracts, 12 Lin, 1999, Ligand selectivity of the peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor alpha, Biochem, 38, 185, 10.1021/bi9816094 De Urquiza, 2000, Docosahexaenoic acid, a ligand for the retinoid X receptor in mouse brain, Science, 290, 2140, 10.1126/science.290.5499.2140 Carlson, 2001, Effect of low brain docosahexaenoic acid on gene expression in rat frontal contex, Pediatr Res, 49, 294A Politi, 2001, Effects of docosahexaenoic acid on retinal development. Cellular and molecular aspects, Lipids, 36, 927, 10.1007/s11745-001-0803-8 Koletzko, 2001, Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) and perinatal development, Acta Pediatr, 90, 460, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2001.tb00452.x Innis, 1992, Human milk and formula fatty acids, J Pediatr, 120, S56, 10.1016/S0022-3476(05)81237-5 Koletzko, 1992, The fatty acid composition of human milk in Europe and Africa, J Pediatr, 120, S62, 10.1016/S0022-3476(05)81238-7