Doble inhibición del colesterol: papel de la regulación intestinal y hepática

1984, Reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease, JAMA, 251, 351, 10.1001/jama.1984.03340270029025 1984, The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention trial results. II. The relationship of reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease to cholesterol lowering, JAMA, 251, 365, 10.1001/jama.1984.03340270043026 Goldstein, 1990, Regulation of the mevalonate pathway, Nature, 343, 425, 10.1038/343425a0 Endo, 1992, The discovery and development of HMG CoA reductase inhibitors, J Lipid Res, 33, 1569, 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)41379-3 Maron, 2000, Current perspectives on statins, Circulation, 101, 207, 10.1161/01.CIR.101.2.207 Bellosta, 2004, Safety of statins: focus on clinical pharmacokinetics and drug interactions, Circulation, 109, III50, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000131519.15067.1f Law, 2003, Quantifying effect of statins on low density lipoprotein cholesterol, ischaemic heart disease, and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis, BMJ, 326, 1423, 10.1136/bmj.326.7404.1423 Wood, 1998, Prevention of coronary heart disease in clinical practice: Recommendations of the Second Joint Task Force of European and other Societies on Coronary Prevention, Atherosclerosis, 140, 199, 10.1016/S0021-9150(98)90209-X Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo, Sociedad Española de Cardiología y Sociedad Española de Arteriosclerosis. Control de la colesterolemia en España, 2000. Un instrumento para la prevención cardiovascular. Clin Invest Arterioscler. 2000;12:125-52 2001, JAMA, 285, 2486, 10.1001/jama.285.19.2486 Pearson, 2000, The Lipid Treatment Assessment Project (L-TAP): a multicenter survey to evaluate the percentages of dyslipidemic patients receiving lipid-lowering therapy and achieving low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goals, Arch Intern Med, 160, 459, 10.1001/archinte.160.4.459 2001, Lifestyle and risk factor management and use of drug therapies in coronary patients from 15 countries: principal results from the EUROASPIRE II Euro Heart Survey Programme, Eur Heart J, 22, 554, 10.1053/euhj.2001.2610 Jones, 1998, Comparative dose efficacy study of atorvastatin versus pravastatin, lovastatin and fluvastatin in patients with hypercholesterolemia (the CURVES Study), Am J Cardiol, 81, 582, 10.1016/S0002-9149(97)00965-X Andrews, 2001, Achieving and maintaining National Cholesterol Education Program lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol goals with five statins, Am J Med, 111, 185, 10.1016/S0002-9343(01)00799-9 Grundy, 2004, NCEP Report. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III Guidelines, Circulation, 110, 227, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000133317.49796.0E Farmer, 2001, Learning from the cerivastatin experience, Lancet, 358, 1383, 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06489-3 Thompson, 2002, Why some patients respond poorly to statins and how this might be remedied, Eur Heart J, 23, 200, 10.1053/euhj.2001.3071 Dietschy, 1993, Role of the liver in the maintenance of cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein homeostasis in different animal species, including humans, J Lipid Res, 34, 1637, 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)35728-X Ros, 2000, Intestinal absorption of triglyceride and cholesterol. Dietary and pharmacological inhibition to reduce cardiovascular risk, Atherosclerosis, 151, 357, 10.1016/S0021-9150(00)00456-1 Sudhop, 2002, Cholesterol absorption inhibitors for the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia, Drugs, 62, 2333, 10.2165/00003495-200262160-00002 Turley, 2003, Sterol absorption by the small intestine, Curr Opin Lipidol, 14, 233, 10.1097/00041433-200306000-00002 Hui, 2005, Molecular mechanisms of cholesterol absorption and transport in the intestine, Sem Cell Developm Biol, 16, 183, 10.1016/j.semcdb.2005.01.003 Lammert, 2005, New insights into the genetic regulation of intestinal cholesterol absorption, Gastroenterology, 129, 718, 10.1016/j.gastro.2004.11.017 Bosner, 1999, Percent cholesterol absorption in normal women and men quantified with dual stable isotopic tracers and negative ion mass spectrometry, J Lipid Res, 40, 302, 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)33370-8 Carey, 1970, The characteristics of mixed micellar solutions with particular reference to bile, Am J Med, 49, 590, 10.1016/S0002-9343(70)80127-9 Ostlund, 2002, Phytosterols in human nutrition, Annu Rev Nutr, 22, 533, 10.1146/annurev.nutr.22.020702.075220 Salen, 1970, Metabolism of betasitosterol in man, J Clin Invest, 49, 952, 10.1172/JCI106315 Miettinen, 1990, Serum plant sterol and cholesterol precursors reflect cholesterol absorption and synthesis in volunteers of a randomly selected male population, Am J Epidemiol, 131, 20, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115479 Connor, 1981, Absorption and transport of shellfish sterols in human subjects, Gastroenterology, 81, 276, 10.1016/S0016-5085(81)80058-3 Schmitz, 2001, Role of ABCG1 and other ABCG family members in lipid metabolism, J Lipid Res, 42, 1513, 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)32205-7 Berge, 2000, Accumulation of dietary cholesterol in sitosterolemia caused by mutations in adjacent ABC transporters, Science, 290, 1771, 10.1126/science.290.5497.1771 Lee, 2001, Identification of a gene, ABCG5, important in the regulation of dietary cholesterol absorption, Nat Genet, 27, 79, 10.1038/83799 Altmann, 2004, Niemann-Pick C1 Like 1 protein is critical for intestinal cholesterol absorption, Science, 303, 1201, 10.1126/science.1093131 Davis, 2004, Niemann-Pick C1 Like 1 (NPC1L1) is the intestinal phytosterol and cholesterol transporter and a key modulator of whole body cholesterol homeostasis, J Biol Chem, 279, 33586, 10.1074/jbc.M405817200 Carstea, 1997, Niemann-Pick C1 disease gene: homology to mediators of cholesterol homeostasis, Science, 277, 228, 10.1126/science.277.5323.228 Smart, 2004, Annexin 2-caveolin 1 complex is a target of ezetimibe and regulates intestinal cholesterol transport, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 101, 3450, 10.1073/pnas.0400441101 Joyce, 1999, Acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase 2, Curr Opin Lipidol, 10, 89, 10.1097/00041433-199904000-00002 Chawla, 2001, Nuclear receptors and lipid physiology: opening the X-files, Science, 294, 1866, 10.1126/science.294.5548.1866 Field, 1990, Regulation of cholesterol metabolism in the intestine, Gastroenterology, 99, 539, 10.1016/0016-5085(90)91040-D Gordon, 1997, Recent advances in elucidating the role of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein in apolipoprotein B lipoprotein assembly, Curr Opin Lipidol, 8, 131, 10.1097/00041433-199706000-00002 Wetterau, 1992, Absence of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein in individuals with abetalipoproteinemia, Science, 258, 999, 10.1126/science.1439810 McNamara, 1987, Heterogeneity of cholesterol homeostasis in man: response to changes in dietary fat quality and cholesterol quantity, J Clin Invest, 79, 1729, 10.1172/JCI113013 Jones, 1996, Dietary cholesterol feeding suppresses human cholesterol synthesis measured by deuterium incorporation and urinary mevalonic acid levels, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 16, 1222, 10.1161/01.ATV.16.10.1222 Hopkins, 1992, Effects of dietary cholesterol on serum cholesterol: a meta-analysis and review, Am J Clin Nutr, 55, 1060, 10.1093/ajcn/55.6.1060 Ye, 2000, Influence of genetic polymorphisms on responsiveness to dietary fat and cholesterol, Am J Clin Nutr, 72, 1275S, 10.1093/ajcn/72.5.1275s Berge, 2002, Heritability of plasma noncholesterol sterols and relationship to DNA sequence polymorphism in ABCG5 and ABCG8, J Lipid Res, 43, 486, 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)30155-3 Von Bergmann, 2003, Efficiency of intestinal cholesterol absorption in humans is not related to apoE phenotype, J Lipid Res, 44, 193, 10.1194/jlr.M200319-JLR200 Gylling, 2002, Inheritance of cholesterol metabolism of probands with high or low cholesterol absorption, J Lipid Res, 43, 1472, 10.1194/jlr.M200155-JLR200 Wierzbicki, 2005, Efficacy of ezetimibe in patients with statin-resistant and statin-intolerant familial hyperlipidaemias, Curr Med Res Opin, 21, 333, 10.1185/030079905X28872 Brown, 1999, Cholesterol-lowering effects of dietary fiber: a meta-analysis, Am J Clin Nutr, 69, 30, 10.1093/ajcn/69.1.30 Knuiman, 1989, Lecithin intake and serum cholesterol, Am J Clin Nutr, 49, 266, 10.1093/ajcn/49.2.266 Lichtenstein, 2001, Circulation, 103, 1177, 10.1161/01.CIR.103.8.1177 Samuel, 1979, Treatment of hypercholesterolemia with neomycin - A time for reappraisal, N Engl J Med, 301, 595, 10.1056/NEJM197909133011108 Mittendorfer, 2001, Orlistat inhibits dietary cholesterol absorption, Obes Res, 9, 599, 10.1038/oby.2001.79 Burnett, 1994, 2-Azetidinones as inhibitors of cholesterol absorption, J Med Chem, 37, 1733, 10.1021/jm00038a001 Catapano, 2001, Ezetimibe: a selective inhibitor of cholesterol absorption, Eur Heart J, 3, E6, 10.1016/S1520-765X(01)90106-3 Ballantyne, 2002, Ezetimibe: efficacy and safety in clinical trials, Eur Heart J, 4, J5, 10.1016/S1520-765X(02)90077-5 Bruckert, 2003, Perspectives in cholesterol-lowering therapy. The role of ezetimibe, a new selective inhibitor of intestinal cholesterol absorption, Circulation, 107, 3124, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000072345.98581.24 Salisbury, 1995, Hypocholesterolemic activity of a novel inhibitor of cholesterol absorption, SCH 48461, Atherosclerosis, 115, 45, 10.1016/0021-9150(94)05499-9 Van Heek, 2002, Pharmacology of ezetimibe, Eur Heart J, 4, J17 Repa, 2002, Inhibition of cholesterol absorption by SCH 58053 in the mouse is not mediated via changes in the expression of mRNA for ABCA1, ABCG5 or ABCG8 in the enterocyte, J Lipid Res, 43, 1864, 10.1194/jlr.M200144-JLR200 García-Calvo, 2005, The target of ezetimibe is Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 (NPC1L1), Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 102, 8132, 10.1073/pnas.0500269102 Van Heek, 2001, Ezetimibe selectively inhibits intestinal cholesterol absorption in rodents in the presence and absence of exocrine pancreatic function, Br J Pharmacol, 134, 409, 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704260 Sudhop, 2002, Inhibition of intestinal cholesterol absorption by ezetimibe in humans, Circulation, 106, 1943, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000034044.95911.DC Salen, 2004, Ezetimibe effectively reduces plasma plant sterols in patients with sitosterolemia, Circulation, 109, 966, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000116766.31036.03 Dujovne, 2002, Efficacy and safety of a new selective cholesterol absorption inhibitor, ezetimibe, in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia, Am J Cardiol, 90, 1092, 10.1016/S0002-9149(02)02798-4 Knopp, 2003, Effects of ezetimibe, a new cholesterol absorption inhibitor, on plasma lipids in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia, Eur Heart J, 24, 729, 10.1016/S0195-668X(02)00807-2 van Heek, 2001, Ezetimibe, a potent cholesterol absorption inhibitor, normalizes combined dyslipidemia in obese hyperinsulinemic hamsters, Diabetes, 50, 1330, 10.2337/diabetes.50.6.1330 Davis, 2001, Ezetimibe, a potent cholesterol absorption inhibitor, inhibits the development of atherosclerosis in apoE knockout mice, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 21, 2032, 10.1161/hq1201.100260