Divergent age-related humoral correlates of protection against respiratory syncytial virus infection in older and young adults: a pilot, controlled, human infection challenge model

Shi, 2020, Global disease burden estimates of respiratory syncytial virus–associated acute respiratory infection in older adults in 2015: a systematic review and meta-analysis, J Infect Dis, 222, S577, 10.1093/infdis/jiz059 Crooke, 2019, Immunosenescence and human vaccine immune responses, Immun Ageing, 16, 25, 10.1186/s12979-019-0164-9 Wagner, 2020, Vaccines to prevent infectious diseases in the older population: immunological challenges and future perspectives, Front Immunol, 11, 717, 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00717 Hall, 1991, Immunity to and frequency of reinfection with respiratory syncytial virus, J Infect Dis, 163, 693, 10.1093/infdis/163.4.693 Cherukuri, 2013, Adults 65 years old and older have reduced numbers of functional memory T cells to respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein, Clin Vaccine Immunol, 20, 239, 10.1128/CVI.00580-12 Falsey, 1999, Comparison of respiratory syncytial virus humoral immunity and response to infection in young and elderly adults, J Med Virol, 59, 221, 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9071(199910)59:2<221::AID-JMV16>3.0.CO;2-H Falsey, 1992, Humoral immunity to respiratory syncytial virus infection in the elderly, J Med Virol, 36, 39, 10.1002/jmv.1890360108 Habibi, 2017, Controlled human infection with RSV: the opportunities of experimental challenge, Vaccine, 35, 489, 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.08.086 Habibi, 2015, Impaired antibody-mediated protection and defective IgA B-cell memory in experimental infection of adults with respiratory syncytial virus, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 191, 1040, 10.1164/rccm.201412-2256OC Jozwik, 2015, RSV-specific airway resident memory CD8+ T cells and differential disease severity after experimental human infection, Nat Commun, 6, 10.1038/ncomms10224 Jackson, 1958, Transmission of the common cold to volunteers under controlled conditions: I. The common cold as a clinical entity, AMA Arch Intern Med, 101, 267, 10.1001/archinte.1958.00260140099015 McLellan, 2013, Structure-based design of a fusion glycoprotein vaccine for respiratory syncytial virus, Science, 342, 592, 10.1126/science.1243283 Crank, 2019, A proof of concept for structure-based vaccine design targeting RSV in humans, Science, 365, 505, 10.1126/science.aav9033 Saletti, 2013, Enzyme-linked immunospot assays for direct ex vivo measurement of vaccine-induced human humoral immune responses in blood, Nat Protoc, 8, 1073, 10.1038/nprot.2013.058 Ascough, 2019, Local and systemic immunity against respiratory syncytial virus induced by a novel intranasal vaccine. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 200, 481, 10.1164/rccm.201810-1921OC Schepp, 2019, Development and standardization of a high-throughput multiplex immunoassay for the simultaneous quantification of specific antibodies to five respiratory syncytial virus proteins, mSphere, 4, e00236, 10.1128/mSphere.00236-19 Guvenel, 2020, Epitope-specific airway-resident CD4+ T cell dynamics during experimental human RSV infection, J Clin Invest, 130, 523, 10.1172/JCI131696 Lee, 2004, Experimental infection of humans with A2 respiratory syncytial virus, Antiviral Res, 63, 191, 10.1016/j.antiviral.2004.04.005 Falsey, 1998, Relationship of serum antibody to risk of respiratory syncytial virus infection in elderly adults, J Infect Dis, 177, 463, 10.1086/517376 Kubagawa, 1987, Analysis of paraprotein transport into the saliva by using anti-idiotype antibodies, J Immunol, 138, 435, 10.4049/jimmunol.138.2.435 Barría, 2013, Localized mucosal response to intranasal live attenuated influenza vaccine in adults, J Infect Dis, 207, 115, 10.1093/infdis/jis641 Bellanti, 1969, Antibody responses in serum and nasal secretions of children immunized with inactivated and attenuated measles-virus vaccines, N Engl J Med, 280, 628, 10.1056/NEJM196903202801202 Cervia, 2021, Systemic and mucosal antibody responses specific to SARS-CoV-2 during mild versus severe COVID-19, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 147, 545, 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.10.040 Li, 2020, The effects of secretory IgA in the mucosal immune system, BioMed Res Int, 2020 Fukuiwa, 2008, A combination of Flt3 ligand cDNA and CpG ODN as nasal adjuvant elicits NALT dendritic cells for prolonged mucosal immunity, Vaccine, 26, 4849, 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.06.091 Martelli, 2016, Compartmentalization of immunosenescence: a deeper look at the mucosa, Biogerontology, 17, 159, 10.1007/s10522-015-9628-2 Fujihashi, 2014, Mucosal adjuvants for vaccines to control upper respiratory infections in the elderly, Aging Immune Syst, 54, 21 Openshaw, 2017, Protective and harmful immunity to RSV infection, Annu Rev Immunol, 35, 501, 10.1146/annurev-immunol-051116-052206 Heineman, 2019, Understanding the immunology of Shingrix, a recombinant glycoprotein E adjuvanted herpes zoster vaccine, Vaccines Spec Sect Hum Immunol, 59, 42