Divergence of Macrophage Phagocytic and Antimicrobial Programs in Leprosy

Arredouani, 2005, MARCO is the major binding receptor for unopsonized particles and bacteria on human alveolar macrophages, J. Immunol., 175, 6058, 10.4049/jimmunol.175.9.6058 Babu, 2009, Alternatively activated and immunoregulatory monocytes in human filarial infections, J. Infect. Dis., 199, 1827, 10.1086/599090 Backman, 1994, Gamma-interferon inhibits Fc receptor II-mediated phagocytosis of tumor cells by human macrophages, Cancer Res., 54, 2456 Barnetson, 1976, Cell mediated and humoral immunity in “reversal reactions”, Int. J. Lepr., 44, 267 Bjune, 1976, Lymphocyte transformation test in leprosy: correlation of the response with inflammation of lesions, Clin. Exp. Immunol., 25, 85 Bleharski, 2003, Use of genetic profiling in leprosy to discriminate clinical forms of the disease, Science, 301, 1527, 10.1126/science.1087785 Bligh, 1959, A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification, Can. J. Biochem. Physiol., 37, 911, 10.1139/o59-099 Bockle, 2008, DC-sign+ CD163+ macrophages expressing hyaluronan receptor LYVE-1 are located within chorion villi of the placenta, Placenta, 29, 187, 10.1016/j.placenta.2007.11.003 Caputo, 1986, Normolipemic eruptive cutaneous xanthomatosis, Arch. Dermatol., 122, 1294, 10.1001/archderm.1986.01660230086016 Chan, 1991, Lipoarabinomannan, a possible virulence factor involved in persistence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis within macrophages, Infect. Immun., 59, 1755, 10.1128/IAI.59.5.1755-1761.1991 Cho, 2001, Detection of phenolic glycolipid I of Mycobacterium leprae in sera from leprosy patients before and after start of multidrug therapy, Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol., 8, 138, 10.1128/CDLI.8.1.138-142.2001 Cruz, 2008, Host-derived oxidized phospholipids and HDL regulate innate immunity in human leprosy, J. Clin. Invest., 118, 2917, 10.1172/JCI34189 Desnues, 2006, Whipple's disease: a macrophage disease, Clin. Vaccine Immunol., 13, 170, 10.1128/CVI.13.2.170-178.2006 Ehrt, 2007, Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence: lipids inside and out, Nat. Med., 13, 284, 10.1038/nm0307-284 Endemann, 1993, CD36 is a receptor for oxidized low density lipoprotein, J. Biol. Chem., 268, 11811, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)50272-1 Fabriek, 2005, CD163-positive perivascular macrophages in the human CNS express molecules for antigen recognition and presentation, Glia, 51, 297, 10.1002/glia.20208 Fukuhara-Takaki, 2005, Expression of class A scavenger receptor is enhanced by high glucose in vitro and under diabetic conditions in vivo: one mechanism for an increased rate of atherosclerosis in diabetes, J. Biol. Chem., 280, 3355, 10.1074/jbc.M408715200 Godal, 1973, Mechanism of reactions in borderline tuberculoid (BT) leprosy, Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand., 236, 45 Greaves, 2008, The macrophage scavenger receptor at 30 years of age: current knowledge and future challenges, J. Lipid Res., 50, S282, 10.1194/jlr.R800066-JLR200 Gringhuis, 2007, C-type lectin DC-SIGN modulates Toll-like receptor signaling via Raf-1 kinase-dependent acetylation of transcription factor NF-kappaB, Immunity, 26, 605, 10.1016/j.immuni.2007.03.012 Halvorsen, 2005, Interleukin-10 enhances the oxidized LDL-induced foam cell formation of macrophages by antiapoptotic mechanisms, J. Lipid Res., 46, 211, 10.1194/jlr.M400324-JLR200 Hunter, 2007, Pathology of postprimary tuberculosis in humans and mice: contradiction of long-held beliefs, Tuberculosis (Edinb.), 87, 267, 10.1016/j.tube.2006.11.003 Jullien, 1997, IL-15, an immunomodulator of T cell responses in intracellular infection, J. Immunol., 158, 800, 10.4049/jimmunol.158.2.800 Komohara, 2006, AM-3K, an anti-macrophage antibody, recognizes CD163, a molecule associated with an anti-inflammatory macrophage phenotype, J. Histochem. Cytochem., 54, 763, 10.1369/jhc.5A6871.2006 Konopski, 1994, IFN-gamma inhibits internalization of soluble aminated beta-1,3-D-glucan by macrophages and thereby down-regulates the glucan induced release of TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta, Scand. J. Immunol., 40, 57, 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1994.tb03433.x Kristiansen, 2001, Identification of the haemoglobin scavenger receptor, Nature, 409, 198, 10.1038/35051594 Kruth, 2005, Macropinocytosis is the endocytic pathway that mediates macrophage foam cell formation with native low density lipoprotein, J. Biol. Chem., 280, 2352, 10.1074/jbc.M407167200 Krutzik, 2005, TLR activation triggers the rapid differentiation of monocytes into macrophages and dendritic cells, Nat. Med., 11, 653, 10.1038/nm1246 Krutzik, 2008, IL-15 links TLR2/1-induced macrophage differentiation to the vitamin D-dependent antimicrobial pathway, J. Immunol., 181, 7115, 10.4049/jimmunol.181.10.7115 Li, 2002, The macrophage foam cell as a target for therapeutic intervention, Nat. Med., 8, 1235, 10.1038/nm1102-1235 Liu, 2006, Toll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial response, Science, 311, 1770, 10.1126/science.1123933 Liu, 2007, Cutting edge: vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis is dependent on the induction of cathelicidin, J. Immunol., 179, 2060, 10.4049/jimmunol.179.4.2060 Lucas, 1988, Histopathology of leprosy and tuberculosis—an overview, Br. Med. Bull., 44, 584, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072269 Metschnikoff, 1884, Ueber eine Sprosspilzkrankheit der Daphnien. Beitrag zur Lehre uber den Kampf der Phagocyten gegen Krankheitserrenger, Archiv f. pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und f. klinische Medicin, 96, 177 Modlin, 1983, In situ characterization of T lymphocyte subsets in the reactional states of leprosy, Clin. Exp. Immunol., 53, 17 Mosser, 2008, Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 8, 958, 10.1038/nri2448 Nakata, 1999, CD36, a novel receptor for oxidized low-density lipoproteins, is highly expressed on lipid-laden macrophages in human atherosclerotic aorta, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 19, 1333, 10.1161/01.ATV.19.5.1333 Ochoa, 2008, “Dermal dendritic cells” comprise two distinct populations: CD1+ dendritic cells and CD209+ macrophages, J. Invest. Dermatol., 128, 2225, 10.1038/jid.2008.56 Pagel, 1925, Zur Histochemie der Lungentuberkulose, mit besonderer Berrucksichtung der Fettsubstanzen und Lipode (Fat and lipoid content to tuberculous tissue. Histochemical investigation), Virchows Archiv. A Pathol. Anat., 256, 629, 10.1007/BF01891650 Parthasarathy, 1987, Recognition of solubilized apoproteins from delipidated, oxidized low density lipoprotein (LDL) by the acetyl-LDL receptor, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 84, 537, 10.1073/pnas.84.2.537 Philippidis, 2004, Hemoglobin scavenger receptor CD163 mediates interleukin-10 release and heme oxygenase-1 synthesis: antiinflammatory monocyte-macrophage responses in vitro, in resolving skin blisters in vivo, and after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery, Circ. Res., 94, 119, 10.1161/01.RES.0000109414.78907.F9 Platt, 1996, Role for the class A macrophage scavenger receptor in the phagocytosis of apoptotic thymocytes in vitro, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93, 12456, 10.1073/pnas.93.22.12456 Ratledge, 2000, Iron metabolism in pathogenic bacteria, Annu. Rev. Microbiol., 54, 881, 10.1146/annurev.micro.54.1.881 Rea, 1977, Serum and tissue lysozyme in leprosy, Infect. Immun., 18, 847, 10.1128/IAI.18.3.847-856.1977 Ridley, 1987, Rationale for the histological spectrum of tuberculosis. A basis for classification, Pathology, 19, 186, 10.3109/00313028709077132 Sakurai, 1970, Lipids in leprosy. 2. Histochemistry of lipids in human leprosy, Int. J. Lepr. Other Mycobact. Dis., 38, 389 Soilleux, 2002, Constitutive and induced expression of DC-SIGN on dendritic cell and macrophage subpopulations in situ and in vitro, J. Leukoc. Biol., 71, 445, 10.1189/jlb.71.3.445 Soilleux, 2002, Human atherosclerotic plaques express DC-SIGN, a novel protein found on dendritic cells and macrophages, J. Pathol., 198, 511, 10.1002/path.1205 Sozzani, 1998, Interleukin 10 increases CCR5 expression and HIV infection in human monocytes, J. Exp. Med., 187, 439, 10.1084/jem.187.3.439 Tanaka, 1982, Reconstitution of a variant macrophage cell line defective in oxygen metabolism with a H2O2-generating system, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 79, 2584, 10.1073/pnas.79.8.2584 Terpstra, 1998, Evidence that the lipid moiety of oxidized low density lipoprotein plays a role in its interaction with macrophage receptors, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95, 1806, 10.1073/pnas.95.4.1806 Tripp, 1995, Immune complexes inhibit antimicrobial responses through interleukin-10 production. Effects in severe combined immunodeficient mice during Listeria infection, J. Clin. Invest., 95, 1628, 10.1172/JCI117837 Van den Heuvel, 1999, Regulation of CD 163 on human macrophages: cross-linking of CD163 induces signaling and activation, J. Leukoc. Biol., 66, 858, 10.1002/jlb.66.5.858 Virchow, 1860 Virchow, 1863 Waters, 1971, Mechanisms of reaction in leprosy, Int. J. Lepr., 39, 417 Witztum, 2005, You are right too!, J. Clin. Invest., 115, 2072, 10.1172/JCI26130 Yamamura, 1991, Defining protective responses to pathogens: cytokine profiles in leprosy lesions, Science, 254, 277, 10.1126/science.1925582 Yamamura, 1992, Cytokine patterns of immunologically mediated tissue damage, J. Immunol., 149, 1470, 10.4049/jimmunol.149.4.1470 Zaba, 2007, Normal human dermis contains distinct populations of CD11cBDCA-1 dendritic cells and CD163FXIIIA macrophages, J. Clin. Invest., 117, 2517, 10.1172/JCI32282 Zeyda, 2007, Adipose tissue macrophages, Immunol. Lett., 112, 61, 10.1016/j.imlet.2007.07.003