Diurnal cortisol slopes and mental and physical health outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Psychoneuroendocrinology - Tập 83 - Trang 25-41 - 2017
Emma K. Adam1, Meghan E. Quinn2,3, Royette Tavernier4, Mollie T. McQuillan1, Katie Dahlke5, Kirsten Gilbert6
1School of Education and Social Policy and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, 2120 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
2Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 912 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
3Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, 2029 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
4Department of Psychology, Wesleyan University, 207 High Street, Middletown, CT, 06459, USA
5American Institutes for Research, 1120 E. Diehl Road, Suite 200, Naperville, IL, 60563, USA
6Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, 4444 Forest Park Parkway, Suite 2100, St. Louis, MO, USA

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

*Abercrombie, 2004, Flattened cortisol rhythms in metastatic breast cancer patients, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 29, 1082, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2003.11.003

Adam, 2001, Relationship functioning and home and work demands predict individual differences in diurnal cortisol patterns in women, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 26, 189, 10.1016/S0306-4530(00)00045-7

Adam, 2009, Assessing salivary cortisol in large-scale, epidemiological research, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34, 1423, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.06.011

Adam, 2006, Day-to-day dynamics of experience-cortisol associations in a population-based sample of older adults, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 103, 17058, 10.1073/pnas.0605053103

Adam, 2007, Social regulation of the adrenocortical response to stress in infants, children and adolescents: implications for psychopathology and education, 264

Adam, 2008, Incorporating hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis measures into preventive interventions for adolescent depression: are we there yet?, Dev. Psychopathol., 20, 975, 10.1017/S0954579408000461

*Adam, 2010, Prospective prediction of major depressive disorder from cortisol awakening responses in adolescence, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 35, 921, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.12.007

Adam, 2015, Developmental histories of perceived racial discrimination and diurnal cortisol profiles in adulthood: a 20-year prospective study, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 62, 279, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.08.018

*Adam, 2006, Transactions among adolescent trait and state emotion and diurnal and momentary cortisol activity in naturalistic settings, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 31, 664, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.01.010

Adam, 2012, Emotion-cortisol transactions occur over multiple time scales in development: implications for research on emotion and the development of emotional disorders, 77 (2, 17

Arjona, 2012, Immunity’s fourth dimension: approaching the circadian–immune connection, Trends Immunol., 33, 607, 10.1016/j.it.2012.08.007

*Baird, 2012, Adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is associated with alterations in circadian rhythms at the behavioural, endocrine and molecular levels, Mol Psychiatr, 17, 988, 10.1038/mp.2011.149

*Bao, 2004, Diurnal rhythms of free estradiol and cortisol during the normal menstrual cycle in women with major depression, Horm. Behav., 45, 93, 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2003.09.004

Bass, 2016, Circadian time signatures of fitness and disease, Science, 354, 994, 10.1126/science.aah4965

*Bhattacharyya, 2008, Depression is associated with flatter cortisol rhythms in patients with coronary artery disease, J. Psychosom. Res., 65, 107, 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.03.012

Borenstein, 2009, Subgroup analyses, Introduction to Meta-analysis, 149, 10.1002/9780470743386.ch19

Borenstein, 2014

*Bosch, 2007, Depressive symptoms predict mucosal wound healing, Psychosom. Med., 69, 597, 10.1097/PSY.0b013e318148c682

*Bower, 2005, Diurnal cortisol rhythm and fatigue in breast cancer survivors, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30, 92, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2004.06.003

*Buss, 2014, Associations of ghrelin with eating behaviors, stress, metabolic factors, and telomere length among overweight and obese women: preliminary evidence of attenuated ghrelin effects in obesity?, Appetite, 76, 84, 10.1016/j.appet.2014.01.011

*Carnegie, 2014, Cortisol awakening response and subsequent depression: prospective longitudinal study, Br. J. Psychiatry, 204, 137, 10.1192/bjp.bp.113.126250

Cavadini, 2007, TNF-α suppresses the expression of clock genes by interfering with E-box-mediated transcription, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 104, 12843, 10.1073/pnas.0701466104

Cermakian, 2013, Crosstalk between the circadian clock circuitry and the immune system, Chronobiol. Int., 30, 870, 10.3109/07420528.2013.782315

Cermakian, 2014, Circadian clocks and inflammation: reciprocal regulation and shared mediators, Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. (Warsz), 62, 303, 10.1007/s00005-014-0286-x

Chida, 2009, Cortisol awakening response and psychosocial factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Biol. Psychol., 80, 265, 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2008.10.004

Chrousos, 1992, The concepts of stress and stress system disorders: overview of physical and behavioral homeostasis, J. Am. Med. Assoc., 267, 1244, 10.1001/jama.1992.03480090092034

*Cicchetti, 2010, The effects of maltreatment and neuroendocrine regulation on memory performance, Child Dev., 81, 1504, 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01488.x

*Cima, 2008, Self-reported trauma, cortisol levels, and aggression in psychopathic and non-psychopathic prison inmates, Biol. Psychol., 78, 75, 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.12.011

Clark, 1991, Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications, J. Abnorm. Psychol., 100, 316, 10.1037/0021-843X.100.3.316

Clow, 2004, The awakening cortisol response: methodological issues and significance, Stress, 7, 29, 10.1080/10253890410001667205

Clow, 2010, The cortisol awakening response: more than a measure of HPA axis function, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 35, 97, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.12.011

Cohen, 2006, Socioeconomic status, race and diurnal cortisol decline in the coronary artery risk development in young adults (CARDIA) study, Psychosom. Med., 68, 41, 10.1097/01.psy.0000195967.51768.ea

*Cohen, 2012, Depressive symptoms and cortisol rhythmicity predict survival in patients with renal cell carcinoma: role of inflammatory signaling, PLoS One, 7, e42324, 10.1371/journal.pone.0042324

Cuthbert, 2013, Toward the future of psychiatric diagnosis: the seven pillars of RDoC, BMC Med., 11, 1, 10.1186/1741-7015-11-126

Dahl, 1991, 24-Hour cortisol measures in adolescents with major depression: a controlled study, Biol. Psychiatry, 30, 25, 10.1016/0006-3223(91)90067-V

*Daniel, 2006, Associations among education, cortisol rhythm, and BMI in blue-collar women, Obesity (Silver Spring), 14, 327, 10.1038/oby.2006.42

Dantzer, 2008, From inflammation to sickness and depression: when the immune system subjugates the brain, Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 9, 46, 10.1038/nrn2297

Davis, 2010, The timing of prenatal exposure to maternal cortisol and psychosocial stress is associated with human infant cognitive development, Child Dev., 81, 131, 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01385.x

*Dekker, 2008, Salivary cortisol is related to atherosclerosis of carotid arteries, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 93, 3741, 10.1210/jc.2008-0496

*den Hartog, 2003, Salivary cortisol patterns and cognitive speed in major depression: a comparison with allergic rhinitis and healthy control subjects, Biol. Psychol., 63, 1, 10.1016/S0301-0511(03)00050-4

Dickerson, 2004, Acute stressors and cortisol responses: a theoretical integration and synthesis of laboratory research, Psychol. Bull., 130, 355, 10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.355

*Dienes, 2013, Cortisol secretion in depressed, and at-risk adults, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 38, 927, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.09.019

*Dmitrieva, 2013, A day-centered approach to modeling cortisol: diurnal cortisol profiles and their associations among U. S. adults, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 38, 2354, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.05.003

*Doane, 2010, Loneliness and cortisol: momentary, day-to-day, and trait associations, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 35, 430, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.08.005

Doane, 2010, Associations between jet lag and cortisol diurnal rhythms after domestic travel, Health Psychol., 29, 117, 10.1037/a0017865

*Doane, 2011, Negative emotionality, depressive symptoms and cortisol diurnal rhythms: analysis of a community sample of middle-aged males, Horm. Behav., 60, 202, 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.05.003

*Doane, 2013, Are flatter diurnal cortisol rhythms associated with major depression and anxiety disorders in late adolescence?: The role of life stress and daily negative emotion, Dev. Psychopathol., 25, 629, 10.1017/S0954579413000060

*Du, 2013, Sputum interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and salivary cortisol as new biomarkers of depression in lung cancer patients, Prog Neuro-Psychoph, 47, 69, 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.08.004

Duval, 2000, A nonparametric trim and fill method of accounting for publication bias in meta-analysis, J. Am. Stat. Assoc., 95, 89

Duval, 2000, Trim and fill: a simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis, Biometrics, 56, 455, 10.1111/j.0006-341X.2000.00455.x

*Eckart, 2009, No PTSD-related differences in diurnal cortisol profiles of genocide survivors, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34, 523, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.10.012

*Edwards, 2003, Components of the diurnal cortisol cycle in relation to upper respiratory symptoms and perceived stress, Psychosom. Med., 65, 320, 10.1097/01.PSY.0000033123.70631.8E

Egger, 1997, Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple graphical test, Br. Med. J., 315, 629, 10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629

Epel, 2001, Stress may add bite to appetite in women: a laboratory study of stress-induced cortisol and eating behavior, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 26, 37, 10.1016/S0306-4530(00)00035-4

*Ferguson, 2008, Health anxiety moderates the daytime cortisol slope, J. Psychosom. Res., 64, 487, 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.01.011

*Fidan, 2013, Variance of melatonin and cortisol rhythm in patients with allergic rhinitis, Am. J. Otolaryngol., 34, 416, 10.1016/j.amjoto.2013.03.004

*Fidan, 2013, Melatonin and cortisol rhythm in patients with extensive nasal polyposis, Am. J. Otolaryngol., 34, 61, 10.1016/j.amjoto.2012.09.001

*Fiocco, 2006, Diurnal cycle of salivary cortisol in older adult men and women with subjective complaints of memory deficits and/or depressive symptoms: relation to cognitive functioning, Stress, 9, 143, 10.1080/10253890600965674

Fries, 2009, The cortisol awakening response (CAR): facts and future directions, Int. J. Psychophysiol., 72, 67, 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.03.014

*Gallagher-Thompson, 2006, Ethnicity, stress, and cortisol function in hispanic and non-hispanic white women: a preliminary study of family dementia caregivers and noncaregivers, Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry, 14, 334, 10.1097/01.JGP.0000206485.73618.87

*Goel, 2009, Circadian rhythm profiles in women with night eating syndrome, J. Biol. Rhythms, 24, 85, 10.1177/0748730408328914

*Gold, 2009, Flatter diurnal cortisol slope is associated with regional hippocampal atrophy and depressive symptoms in multiple sclerosis, Mult. Scler., 15, 1390

Granger, 1996, Reciprocal influences among adrenocortical activation, psychosocial processes, and the behavioral adjustment of clinic-referred children, Child Dev., 67, 3259, 10.2307/1131777

Gunnar, 2001, Low cortisol and a flattening of the expected daytime rhythm: potential indices of risk in human development, Stress Dev. Behav. Biol. Consequences, 13, 516

Gunnar, 2001, Long-term effects of institutional rearing on cortisol levels in adopted Romanian children, Dev. Psychopathol., 13, 611, 10.1017/S095457940100311X

Gunnar, 2009, Stressor paradigms in developmental studies: what does and does not work to produce mean increases in salivary cortisol, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34, 953, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.02.010

Gunnar, 2009, Developmental changes in HPA activity over the transition to adolescence: normative changes and associations with puberty, Dev. Psychopathol., 21, 69, 10.1017/S0954579409000054

*Hackett, 2014, Association of diurnal patterns in salivary cortisol with type 2 diabetes in the Whitehall II Study, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 99, 4625, 10.1210/jc.2014-2459

*Hagger-Johnson, 2010, The SF-36 component summary scales and the daytime diurnal cortisol profile, Qual. Life Res., 19, 643, 10.1007/s11136-010-9626-4

*Hajat, 2013, Examining the association between salivary cortisol levels and subclinical measures of atherosclerosis: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 38, 1036, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.10.007

Hall, 2004, Acute stress affects heart rate variability during sleep, Psychosom. Med., 66, 56, 10.1097/01.PSY.0000106884.58744.09

Heim, 2008, The link between childhood trauma and depression: insights from HPA axis studies in humans, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 33, 693, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.03.008

*Ho, 2013, The associations between diurnal cortisol patterns, self-perceived social support, and sleep behavior in Chinese breast cancer patients, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 38, 2337, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.05.004

Hoyt, 2016, Balancing scientific accuracy and participant burden: testing the impact of sampling intensity on diurnal cortisol indices, Stress, 19, 476, 10.1080/10253890.2016.1206884

*Hsiao, 2010, The self-perceived symptom distress and health-related conditions associated with morning to evening diurnal cortisol patterns in outpatients with major depressive disorder, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 35, 503, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.08.019

Hunter, 1982

*Jabben, 2011, Co-occurring manic symptomatology influences HPA axis alterations in depression, J. Psychiatr. Res., 45, 1208, 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.03.010

*Jarcho, 2013, Dysregulated diurnal cortisol pattern is associated with glucocorticoid resistance in women with major depressive disorder, Biol. Psychol., 93, 150, 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.01.018

*Johar, 2014, Blunted Diurnal Cortisol Pattern Is Associated With Frailty: A Cross-Sectional Study of 745 Participants Aged 65–90 Years, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 99, E464, 10.1210/jc.2013-3079

Juonala, 2006, Childhood C-reactive protein in predicting CRP and carotid intima-media thickness in adulthood: the cardiovascular risk in young finns study, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 26, 1883, 10.1161/01.ATV.0000228818.11968.7a

*Kiefte-de Jong, 2011, Cortisol diurnal rhythm and stress reactivity in constipation and abdominal pain: the Generation R Study, J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr., 53, 394, 10.1097/MPG.0b013e31821e73cf

*Kim, 2012, Association of worse prognosis with an aberrant diurnal cortisol rhythm in patients with advanced lung cancer, Chronobiol. Int., 29, 1109, 10.3109/07420528.2012.706767

*Knight, 2010, Cortisol and depressive symptoms in a population-based cohort of midlife women, Psychosom. Med., 72, 855, 10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181f4ab87

Kudielka, 2003, Compliance with saliva sampling protocols: electronic monitoring reveals invalid cortisol daytime profiles in noncompliant subjects, Psychosom. Med., 65, 313, 10.1097/01.PSY.0000058374.50240.BF

*Kumari, 2009, Cortisol secretion and fatigue: associations in a community based cohort, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34, 1476, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.05.001

*Kumari, 2010, A nonlinear relationship of generalized and central obesity with diurnal cortisol secretion in the Whitehall II study, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 95, 4415, 10.1210/jc.2009-2105

*Kumari, 2011, Association of diurnal patterns in salivary cortisol with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: findings from the Whitehall II study, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 96, 1478, 10.1210/jc.2010-2137

*Kurina, 2004, Stress, symptoms of depression and anxiety, and cortisol patterns in working parents, Stress Health, 20, 53, 10.1002/smi.998

*Lamers, 2013, Evidence for a differential role of HPA-axis function, inflammation and metabolic syndrome in melancholic versus atypical depression, Mol. Psychiatr., 18, 692, 10.1038/mp.2012.144

*Lederbogen, 2011, Flattened circadian cortisol rhythm in type 2 diabetes, Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes, 119, 573, 10.1055/s-0031-1275288

*Ludescher, 2007, Gender specific correlations of adrenal gland size and body fat distribution: a whole body MRI study, Horm. Metab. Res., 39, 515, 10.1055/s-2007-982518

Lupien, 2009, Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition, Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 10, 434, 10.1038/nrn2639

Man, 2016, Immunity around the clock, Science, 354, 999, 10.1126/science.aah4966

*Matthews, 2006, Diurnal cortisol decline is related to coronary calcification: CARDIA study, Psychosom. Med., 68, 657, 10.1097/01.psy.0000244071.42939.0e

McEwen, 2015, Sleep deprivation and circadian disruption: stress, allostasis, and allostatic load, Sleep Med. Clin., 10, 1, 10.1016/j.jsmc.2014.11.007

McEwen, 1998, Stress, adaptation, and disease: allostasis and allostatic load, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 840, 33, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09546.x

McEwen, 2007, Physiology and neurobiology of stress and adaptation: central role of the brain, Physiol. Rev., 87, 873, 10.1152/physrev.00041.2006

Miller, 2016, The role of inflammation in depression: from evolutionary imperative to modern treatment target, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 16, 22, 10.1038/nri.2015.5

Moher, 2009, Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement, Ann. Intern. Med., 151, 264, 10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135

Nader, 2010, Interactions of the circadian CLOCK system and the HPA axis, ABBV Trends Endocrinol. Metab., 21, 277, 10.1016/j.tem.2009.12.011

*Nater, 2008, Alterations in diurnal salivary cortisol rhythm in a population-based sample of cases with chronic fatigue syndrome, Psychosom. Med., 70, 298, 10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181651025

Nicolson, 2004, Childhood parental loss and cortisol levels in adult men, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 29, 1012, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2003.09.005

Niu, 2011, The effect of shift rotation on employee cortisol profile, sleep quality, fatigue, and attention level: a systematic review, J. Nurs. Res., 19, 68, 10.1097/JNR.0b013e31820c1879

*O'Connor, 2014, Diurnal cortisol patterns and psychiatric symptoms in pregnancy: short-term longitudinal study, Biol. Psychol., 96, 35, 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.11.002

Ohdo, 2001, Changing the dosing schedule minimizes the disruptive effects of interferon on clock function, Nat. Med., 7, 356, 10.1038/85507

Otsuka, 2016, 1

*Pössel, 2015, Do depressive symptoms mediate the relationship between hopelessness and diurnal cortisol rhythm?, Int. J. Behav. Med., 22, 251, 10.1007/s12529-014-9422-6

*Patterson, 2013, Cortisol patterns are associated with T cell activation in HIV, PLoS One, 8

Peterson, 2005, On the use of beta coefficients in meta-analysis, J. Appl. Psychol., 90, 175, 10.1037/0021-9010.90.1.175

Pruessner, 1997, Free cortisol levels after awakening: a reliable biological marker for the assessment of adrenocortical activity, Life Sci., 61, 2539, 10.1016/S0024-3205(97)01008-4

*Ranjit, 2005, Modeling cortisol rhythms in a population-based study, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30, 615, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.02.003

*Rhebergen, 2015, Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activity in older persons with and without a depressive disorder, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 51, 341, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.10.005

Rosenthal, 2003, r equivalent: a simple effect size indicator, Psychol. Methods, 8, 492, 10.1037/1082-989X.8.4.492

Rosmond, 2005, Role of stress in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30, 1, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2004.05.007

Ross, 2014, How stable are diurnal cortisol activity indices in healthy individuals? Evidence from three multi-wave studies, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 39, 184, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.09.016

Rutters, 2014, Is social jetlag associated with an adverse endocrine, behavioral, and cardiovascular risk profile, J. Biol. Rhythms, 29, 377, 10.1177/0748730414550199

*Ruttle, 2011, Disentangling psychobiological mechanisms underlying internalizing and externalizing behaviors in youth: longitudinal and concurrent associations with cortisol, Horm. Behav., 59, 123, 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.10.015

*Ruttle, 2013, Concurrent and longitudinal associations between diurnal cortisol and body mass index across adolescence, J. Adolesc. Health, 52, 731, 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.11.013

*Ruttle, 2014, Longitudinal associations between infections and atopic disorders across childhood and dysregulated adrenocortical functioning in early adolescence, Dev. Psychobiol., 56, 897, 10.1002/dev.21163

Sadeh, 2003, The effects of sleep restriction and extension on school-age children: what a difference an hour makes, Child Dev., 74, 444, 10.1111/1467-8624.7402008

Sadeh, 2004, Effects of stress on sleep: the moderating role of coping style, Health Psychol., 23, 542, 10.1037/0278-6133.23.5.542

*Sannes, 2013, Depressive symptoms and cortisol variability prior to surgery for suspected endometrial cancer, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 38, 241, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.06.001

Sapolsky, 2000, How do glucocorticoids influence stress responses? Integrating permissive, suppressive, stimulatory, and preparative actions, Endocr. Rev., 21, 55

*Saridjan, 2014, The longitudinal association of the diurnal cortisol rhythm with internalizing and externalizing problems in pre-schoolers: the Generation R Study, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 50, 118, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.08.008

Scheiermann, 2013, Circadian control of the immune system, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 13, 190, 10.1038/nri3386

*Schrepf, 2014, Inflammation and inflammatory control in interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome: associations with painful symptoms, Pain, 155, 1755, 10.1016/j.pain.2014.05.029

*Segebladh, 2013, Allopregnanolone serum concentrations and diurnal cortisol secretion in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder, Arch. Womens Ment. Health, 16, 131, 10.1007/s00737-013-0327-1

Sephton, 2003, Circadian disruption in cancer: a neuroendocrine-immune pathway from stress to disease?, Brain Behav. Immun., 17, 321, 10.1016/S0889-1591(03)00078-3

*Sephton, 2000, Diurnal cortisol rhythm as a predictor of breast cancer survival, J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 92, 994, 10.1093/jnci/92.12.994

*Sephton, 2009, Depression, cortisol, and suppressed cell-mediated immunity in metastatic breast cancer, Brain Behav. Immun., 23, 1148, 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.07.007

*Sephton, 2013, Diurnal cortisol rhythm as a predictor of lung cancer survival, Brain Behav. Immun., 30, S163, 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.07.019

*Shirtcliff, 2008, Concurrent and longitudinal associations of basal and diurnal cortisol with mental health symptoms in early adolescence, Dev. Psychobiol., 50, 690, 10.1002/dev.20336

Silverman, 2012, Glucocorticoid regulation of inflammation and its functional correlates: from HPA axis to glucocorticoid receptor dysfunction, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1261, 55, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06633.x

Spiegel, 1999, Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function, Lancet, 354, 1435, 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)01376-8

Stalder, 2016, Assessment of the cortisol awakening response: expert consensus guidelines, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 63, 414, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.10.010

Steptoe, 2007, The effects of acute psychological stress on circulating inflammatory factors in humans: a review and meta-analysis, Brain Behav. Immun., 21, 901, 10.1016/j.bbi.2007.03.011

Sterne, 2001, Investigating and dealing with publication and other biases in meta-analysis, BMJ, 323, 101, 10.1136/bmj.323.7304.101

*Sugaya, 2010, Effect of day-to-day variations in adrenal cortex hormone levels on abdominal symptoms, Biopsychosoc. Med., 4, 2, 10.1186/1751-0759-4-2

*Tell, 2014, Day-to-day dynamics of associations between sleep, napping, fatigue, and the cortisol diurnal rhythm in women diagnosed as having breast cancer, Psychosom. Med., 76, 519, 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000097

*Tomiyama, 2012, Does cellular aging relate to patterns of allostasis? An examination of basal and stress reactive HPA axis activity and telomere length, Physiol. Behav., 106, 40, 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.11.016

*Tordjman, 2014, Altered circadian patterns of salivary cortisol in low-functioning children and adolescents with autism, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 50, 227, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.08.010

*Tu, 2013, Cortisol profile and depressive symptoms in older adults residing in Brazil and in Canada, Aging Clin. Exp. Res., 25, 527, 10.1007/s40520-013-0111-0

Turek, 2016, Circadian clocks: not your grandfather’s clock, Science, 354, 992, 10.1126/science.aal2613

*Turner-Cobb, 2011, Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activity and upper respiratory tract infection in young children transitioning to primary school, Psychopharmacology, 214, 309, 10.1007/s00213-010-1965-x

*Vammen, 2014, Salivary cortisol and depression in public sector employees: cross-sectional and short term follow-up findings, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 41, 63, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.12.006

Van Reeth, 2000, Physiology of sleep (review)–interactions between stress and sleep: from basic research to clinical situations, Sleep Med. Rev., 4, 201, 10.1053/smrv.1999.0097

*Van den Bergh, 2009, Diurnal cortisol profiles and evening cortisol in post-pubertal adolescents scoring high on the Children's Depression Inventory, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34, 791, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.12.008

*Van den Bergh, 2008, Self-reported symptoms of depressed mood, trait anxiety and aggressive behavior in post-pubertal adolescents: associations with diurnal cortisol profiles, Horm. Behav., 54, 253, 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.03.015

*Vedhara, 2006, Psychosocial factors associated with indices of cortisol production in women with breast cancer and controls, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 31, 299, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.08.006

*Veen, 2011, Basal cortisol levels in relation to dimensions and DSM-IV categories of depression and anxiety, Psychiatry Res., 185, 121, 10.1016/j.psychres.2009.07.013

Verburg-van Kemenade, 2017, Neuroendocrine-immune interaction: evolutionarily conserved mechanisms that maintain allostasis in an ever-changing environment, Dev. Comp. Immunol., 66, 2, 10.1016/j.dci.2016.05.015

Webster, 2002, Neuroendocrine regulation of immunity, Annu. Rev. Immunol., 20, 125, 10.1146/annurev.immunol.20.082401.104914

*Weinrib, 2010, Diurnal cortisol dysregulation, functional disability, and depression in women with ovarian cancer, Cancer, 116, 4410, 10.1002/cncr.25299

*Wolf, 2008, Chronic stress, salivary cortisol, and [alpha]-amylase in children with asthma and healthy children, Biol. Psychol., 78, 20, 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.12.004

Yehuda, 1990, Low urinary cortisol excretion in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder, J. Nervous Mental Dis., 178, 366, 10.1097/00005053-199006000-00004

Zeiders, 2011, Reciprocal relations between objectively measured sleep patterns and diurnal cortisol rhythms in late adolescents, J. Adolesc. Health, 48, 566, 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.08.012

de Kloet, 2005, Stress and the brain: from adaptation to disease, Nat. Neurosci. Rev., 6, 463, 10.1038/nrn1683