Distribution and tensile strength of Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) roots growing on slopes of Caspian Forests, Iran

Ehsan Abdi1, Baris Majnounian1, Hassan Rahimi2, Mahmud Zobeiri1
1Department of Forestry, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
2Department of Irrigation, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Abe K, Iawamoto M. 1986. An evaluation of tree-root effect on slope stability by tree-root strength. J Jpn Forest Soc, 68: 505–510.

Abernethy B, Rutherfurd ID. 2000. The effect of riparian tree roots on the mass-stability of riverbanks. Earth Surf Process Landforms, 25: 921–937.

Bischetti GB, Chiaradia EA, Simonato T, Speziali B, Vitali B, Vullo P, Zocco A. 2005. Root strength and root area ratio of forest species in Lombardy (Northern Italy). Plant and Soil, 278: 11–22.

Burke MK, Raynal DJ. 1994. Fine root growth phenology, production and turnover in a northern hardwood forest ecosystem. Plant and Soil, 162, 135–146.

Canadell J, Roda F. 1991. Root biomass of Quercus ilex in a mountain mediterranean forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 21: 1771–1778.

Chiaradia EA, Bischetti GB. 2004. Estimation of the effect of forest on soil slip phenomena by means of a spatially distributed model. Conference “The use of vegetation to improve slope stability”, Thessaloniki, Greece, 13–17 September 2004.

Chiatante D, Scippa GS, Di Dorio A, Sarnataro M. 2003. The influence of steep slope on root system development. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 21: 247–260.

Cofie P, Koolen AJ. 2001. Test speed and other factors affecting the measurements of tree root properties used in soil reinforcement models. Soil and Tillage Research, 63: 51–56.

Coutts MP, Nielsen CCN, Nicoll BC. 1999. The development of symmetry, rigidity and anchorage in the structural root system of conifers. Plant and Soil, 217: 1–15.

Di Iorio A, Lasserre B, Scippa GS, Chiatante D. 2005. Root system architecture of quercus pubescens trees growing on different sloping conditions. Annals of Botany, 95: 351–361.

Ennos AR. 1990. The anchorage of leek seedlings - the effect of root length and soil strength. Annals of Botany, 65: 409–416.

Genet M, Stokes A, Salin F, Mickovski SB, Fourcaud T, Dumail JF, VanBeek R. 2005. The influence of cellulose content on tensile strength in tree roots. Plant and Soil, 258: 1–9.

Gray DH, Sotir RB. 1996. Biotechnical and Soil Bioengineering Slope Stabilization: A Practical Guide for Erosion Control. Chichester: J. Wiley.

Gray DH, Leiser AT. 1982. Biotechnical slope protection and erosion control. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 271 pp.

Greenway DR. 1987. Vegetation and slope stability. In: Slope Stability, Eds. M G Anderson and K S Richards. New York: J Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Greenwood JR, Norris JR, Wint JO. 2006. Site investigation for the effects of vegetation on ground stability. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 24: 467–481

Lyford WH. 1980. Development of the root system of northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.). Harward Forest Paper 21. Petersham, MA, 30 pp.

Marler TE, Discekici HM. 1997. Root development of “Red Lady” papaya plants grown on a hillside. Plant and Soil, 195: 37–42.

Mattia C, Bischetti G B, Gentile F. 2005. Biotechnical characteristics of root systems of typical Mediterranean species. Plant and Soil, 278: 23–32.

Morgan RP, Rickson RJ. 1995. Slope Stabilization and Erosion Control-A Bioengineering Approach. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Nicoll BC, Ray D. 1996. Adaptive growth of tree root systems in response to wind action and site conditions. Tree Physiology, 16: 891–898.

Nilaweera NS. 1994. Effects of tree roots on slope stability: the case of Khao Luang Mountain area, So. Thailand. Dissert. No. Gt-93-2.

Normaniza O, Faisal HA, Barakbah SS. 2008. Engineering properties of Leucaena leucocephala for prevention of slope failure. Ecological engineering, 32: 215–221.

O’Loughlin C, Watson A. 1979. Root-wood strength deterioration in radiata pine after clearfelling. New Zealand Journal of Forest Science, 9: 284–293.

Paukkonen K, Kauppi A. 1998. Effect of coppicing on root system morphology and its significance for subsequent shoot regeneration of birches. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 28: 1870–1878.

Pollen N. 2007. Temporal and spatial variability in root reinforcement of stream banks: Accounting for soil shear strength and moisture. Catena, 69: 197–205.

Quine CP, Burnand AC, Coutts MP, Reynard BR. 1991. Effect of mounds and stumps on the root architecture of Sitka spruce on a peaty gley restocking site. Forestry, 64: 385–401.

Schmid I, Kazda M. 2001. Vertical distribution and radial growth of coarse roots in pure and mixed stands of Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 31: 539–548.

Schmidt KM, Roering JJ, Stock JD, Dietrich WE, Montgomery DR, Schaub T. 2001. The variability of root cohesion as an influence on shallow landslide susceptibility in the Oregon Coast Range. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 38: 995–1024.

Shields FD, Gray DH. 1993. Effects of woody vegetation on the structural integrity of sandy levees. Water Resour. Bull, 28(5): 917–931.

Simon A, Collison AJC. 2002. Quantifying the mechanical and hydrologic effects of riparian vegetation on streambank stability. Earth Surf Process Landforms, 27: 527–546

Stokes A, Fitter AH, Coutts MP. 1995. Responses of young trees to wind and shading: effects on root architecture. Journal of Experimental Botany, 46: 1139–1146.

Stokes A, Nicoll BC, Coutts MP, Fitter A. 1997. Responses of young Sitka spruce clones to mechanical perturbation and nutrition: effects on biomass allocation, root development and resistance to bending. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 27: 1049–1057.

Sun HL, Li SC, Xiong WL, Yang ZR, Cui BS, Yang T. 2008. Influence of slope on root system anchorage of Pinus yunnanensis. Ecological Engineering, 32: 60–67.

Watson A, Phillips C, Marden M. 1999. Root strength, growth, and rates of decay: root reinforcement changes of two tree species and their contribution to slope stability. Plant and Soil, 217: 39–47.

Watson A, Marden M. 2004. Live root-wood tensile strengths of some common New Zealand indigenous and plantation tree species. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 34(3): 344–353.

Wu TH, McKinnell WP, Swanston DN. 1979. Strength of tree root and landslides on Prince of Wales Island. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 16: 19–33.

Zhou Y, Watts D, Li Y, Cheng X. 1998. A case study of effect of lateral roots of Pinus yunnanensis on shallow soil reinforcement. Forest Ecology and Management, 103: 107–120.