Distribution and Functions of Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein in Vertebrate Cells

International Review of Cytology - Tập 166 - Trang 231-280 - 1996
Patricia M. Ingleton1, Janine A. Danks2
1Institutes of Endocrinology and Cancer Studies, Sheffield University Medical School, Sheffield S10 2RX, United Kingdom
2St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia

Tài liệu tham khảo

Abbas, 1989, Stimulation of ovine placental calcium transport by purified natural and recombinant parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) preparations, J. Exptl. Physiol., 74, 549, 10.1113/expphysiol.1989.sp003303 Abou-Samra, 1992, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89, 2732, 10.1073/pnas.89.7.2732 Adachi, 1990, Parathyroid hormone-related protein is a possible autocrine growth inhibitor for lymphocytes, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 166, 1088, 10.1016/0006-291X(90)90978-V Akhurst, 1990, TGF β in murine morphogenetic processes: The early embryo and cardiogenesis, Development, 108, 645, 10.1242/dev.108.4.645 Albright, 1941, Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital (case 27461), N. Engl. J. Med., 225, 789 Alsat, 1993, Increase in epidermal growth factor receptor and its mRNA levels by parathyroid hormone (1–34) and parathyroid hormone-related protein (1–34) during differentiation of human trophoblast cells in culture, J. Cell. Biochem., 53, 32, 10.1002/jcb.240530105 Asa, 1990, Parathyroid hormone-like peptide in normal and neoplastic human endocrine tissues, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 71, 1112, 10.1210/jcem-71-5-1112 Beck, 1993, Expression of parathyroid hormone-related protein mRNA by uterine tissues and extraembryonic membranes during gestation in rats, J. Reprod. Fertil., 99, 343, 10.1530/jrf.0.0990343 Bera, 1994, In situ localization of prolactin receptor message in the mammary glands of pituitary isografted mice, Mol. Cell. Biochem., 132, 145, 10.1007/BF00926923 Blind, 1992, Circulating levels of midregional parathyroid hormone-related protein in hypercalcaemia of malignancy, Clin. Endocrinol. Oxf., 37, 290, 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1992.tb02324.x Blind, 1993, Cyclic AMP formation in rat bone and kidney cells is stimulated equally by parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) 1–34 and PTH 1–34, Exptl. Clin. Endocrinol., 101, 150, 10.1055/s-0029-1211222 Borke, 1989, Calcium pump epitopes in placental trophoblast basal plasma membranes, Am. J. Physiol., 257, C341, 10.1152/ajpcell.1989.257.2.C341 Bouizar, 1993, Polymerase chain reaction analysis of parathyroid hormone-related protein gene expression in breast cancer patients and occurrence of bone metastases, Cancer Res., 53, 5076 Brandt, 1992, The parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) gene preferentially utilizes a GC-rich promoter and the PTHrP1–139 coding pathway in normal human amnion, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 189, 938, 10.1016/0006-291X(92)92294-8 Bucht, 1992, Parathyroid hormone-related peptide measured by midmolecule radioimmunoassay, in various hypercalcaemic and normocalcaemic conditions, Acta Endocrinol., 127, 294, 10.1530/acta.0.1270294 Budayr, 1989, Increased serum levels of a parathyroid hormone-like protein in malignancy-associated hypercalcemia, Ann. Intern. Med., 111, 807, 10.7326/0003-4819-111-10-807 Bundred, 1991, Parathyroid hormone related protein and hypercalcaemia in breast cancer, Br. Med. J., 303, 1506, 10.1136/bmj.303.6816.1506 Burtis, 1990, Immunochemical characterisation of circulating parathyroid hormone-related protein in patients with humoral hypercalcaemia of cancer, N. Engl. J. Med., 322, 1106, 10.1056/NEJM199004193221603 Burtis, 1994, A high abundance midregion species of parathyroid hormone-related protein: Immunological and chromatographic characterization in plasma, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 78, 317, 10.1210/jc.78.2.317 Burtis, 1987, Identification of a novel 17,000-dalton parathyroid hormone-like adenylate cyclase-stimulating protein from a tumor associated with humoral hypercalcaemia of malignancy, J. Biol. Chem., 262, 7151, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)48217-8 Burton, 1994, Parathyroid hormone-related protein in the cardiovascular system, Endocrinology, 135, 253, 10.1210/en.135.1.253 Burton, 1990, Parathyroid hormone related peptide can function as an autocrine growth factor in human renal cell carcinoma, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 167, 1134, 10.1016/0006-291X(90)90641-Y Burton, 1992, Parathyroid hormone-related peptide: Expression in fetal and neonatal development, J. Pathol., 167, 291, 10.1002/path.1711670306 Campbell, 1994, Activation of JAK2 tyrosine kinase by prolactin receptors in Nb2 cells and mouse mammary explants, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91, 5232, 10.1073/pnas.91.12.5232 Campos, 1991, Immunocytochemical localization of parathyroid hormone-like peptide in the fetus, Cancer Res., 51, 6351 Campos, 1994, Differential expression of RNA transcripts encoding unique carboxyterminal sequences of human parathyroid hormone-related peptide, Mol. Endocrinol., 8, 1656, 10.1210/me.8.12.1656 Care, 1990, Stimulation of ovine placental transport of calcium and magnesium by mid-molecule fragments of human parathyroid hormone-related protein, J. Exp. Physiol., 75, 605, 10.1113/expphysiol.1990.sp003437 Carney, 1991, Synthetic human parathyroid hormone-related protein and rat renal electrolyte transport, Min. Electr. Metab., 17, 41 Caulfield, 1990, The bovine renal parathyroid hormone (PTH) receptor has equal affinity for two different amino acid sequences: The receptor binding domains of PTH and PTH-related protein are located within the 14–34 region, Endocrinology, 127, 83, 10.1210/endo-127-1-83 Chen, 1993, Expression cloning of a human corticotropin-releasing-factor receptor, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90, 8967, 10.1073/pnas.90.19.8967 Cheshire, 1991, Production of parathyroid-hormone-related protein by cholesteatoma cells in culture, Lancet, 338, 1041, 10.1016/0140-6736(91)91902-7 Clark, 1995, Parathyroid hormone-related protein antigen localization distinguishes between mesothelioma and adenocarcinoma of the lung, J. Pathol., 176, 161, 10.1002/path.1711760209 Cortelyou, 1960, Blood and urine calcium changes in totally parathyroidectomized Rana pipiens, Endocrinology, 66, 441, 10.1210/endo-66-3-441 Crass, 1993, Vasoactive properties of a parathyroid hormone-related protein in the rat aorta, Peptides, 14, 179, 10.1016/0196-9781(93)90027-E Cserr, 1971, Physiology of the choroid plexus, Physiol. Rev., 51, 273, 10.1152/physrev.1971.51.2.273 Dacke, 1987, Studies of the rapid effects of parathyroid hormone and prostaglandins on 45Ca++ uptake into chick and rat bone in vivo, J. Endocrinol., 115, 369, 10.1677/joe.0.1150369 Danks, 1995, Parathyroid hormone-related protein in the urophysis of the flounder (Platichthys fiesus), J. Endocrinol., 147, P61 Danks, 1993, Parathyroid hormone-related protein is a factor in normal fish pituitary, Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 92, 201, 10.1006/gcen.1993.1156 Danks, 1989, Parathyroid hormone-related protein: Immunohistochemical localization in cancers and in normal skin, J. Bone Min. Res., 4, 273, 10.1002/jbmr.5650040221 Danks, 1990, Immunohistochemical localization of parathyroid hormone-related protein in parathyroid adenoma and hyperplasia, J. Pathol., 161, 27, 10.1002/path.1711610106 Danks, 1995, In situ hybridization of parathyroid hormone-related protein in normal skin, skin tumors, and gynecological cancers using digoxigenin-labeled probes and antibody enhancement, J. Histochem. Cytochem., 43, 5, 10.1177/43.1.7822764 Danks, 1994, Parathyroid hormone-related protein in emerging frog (Rana temporaria) tissues: Immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridisation, J. Endocrinol., 143, P25 Davicco, 1993, Parathyroid hormone-related protein might increase mammary blood flow, J. Bone Min. Res., 8, 1519, 10.1002/jbmr.5650081215 Devlin, 1996, Immunochemical detection of parathyroid hormone-related protein in the saccus vasculosus of a teleost fish, Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 10.1006/gcen.1996.0010 Dingwall, 1991, Nuclear targetting sequences–a consensus?, TIBS, 16, 478 Drucker, 1989, The parathyroid hormone-like peptide gene is expressed in normal and human neoplastic endocrine pancreas, Mol. Endocrinol., 3, 1589, 10.1210/mend-3-10-1589 Dunne, 1993, Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) gene expression in solid tumours associated with normocalcemia and hypercalcemia, J. Pathol., 171, 215, 10.1002/path.1711710310 Dunne, 1994, Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) gene expression in fetal and extra-embryonic tissues of early pregnancy, Human Reprod., 9, 149, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a138306 Dunne, 1994, Parathyroid hormone-related protein gene expression in invasive cervical tumors, Cancer, 74, 83, 10.1002/1097-0142(19940701)74:1<83::AID-CNCR2820740115>3.0.CO;2-W Ebeling, 1989, Actions of synthetic parathyroid hormone-related protein(1–34) on isolated rat kidney, J. Endocrinol., 120, 45, 10.1677/joe.0.1200045 Edwards, 1995, Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) in breast cancer and benign breast tissue, Eur. J. Cancer, 31A, 334, 10.1016/0959-8049(94)00451-A Emly, 1994, Expression and secretion of parathyroid hormone-related protein by a human cancer cell line, Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 120, 193, 10.1016/0167-4889(94)90135-X Endlich, 1995, Vascular effects of parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related protein in the split hydronephrotic rat kidney, J. Physiol., 483, 481, 10.1113/jphysiol.1995.sp020599 Evely, 1991, Structural requirements for the action of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) on bone resorption by isolated osteoclasts, J. Bone Min. Res., 6, 85, 10.1002/jbmr.5650060114 Fenton, 1991, A potent inhibitor of osteoclast bone resorption within a highly conserved pentapeptide region of parathyroid-hormone related protein: PTHrP(107–111), Endocrinology, 129, 3424, 10.1210/endo-129-6-3424 Fenton, 1991, A carboxy terminal peptide from the parathyroid hormone-related protein inhibits bone resorption by osteoclasts, Endocrinology, 129, 1762, 10.1210/endo-129-4-1762 Fenton, 1993, Long-term culture of disaggregated rat osteoclasts: Inhibition of bone resorption and reduction of osteoclast-like cell number by calcitonin and PTHrP[107–139], J. Cell. Physiol., 155, 1, 10.1002/jcp.1041550102 Fenton, 1994, Carboxy-terminal parathyroid hormone-related protein inhibits bone resorption by isolated chicken osteoclasts, J. Bone Min. Res., 9, 515, 10.1002/jbmr.5650090411 Ferguson, 1992, Abundant expression of parathyroid hormone-related protein in human amnion and its association with labor, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89, 8384, 10.1073/pnas.89.17.8384 Ferguson, 1994, Expression of parathyroid hormone-related protein and its receptor in human umbilical cord: Evidence for a paracrine system involving umbilical vessels, Am. J. Obstet. Gyn., 170, 1018, 10.1016/S0002-9378(94)70095-8 Ferrari, 1992, Parathyroid hormone-related protein production by primary cultures of mammary epithelial cells, J. Cell. Physiol., 150, 304, 10.1002/jcp.1041500213 Ferrari, 1994, Effects of epidermal growth factor on parathyroid hormone-related protein production by mammary epithelial cells, J. Bone Min. Res., 9, 639, 10.1002/jbmr.5650090508 Folkman, 1992, Angiogenesis, J. Biol. Chem., 267, 10931, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)49853-0 Forrest, 1985, Characterization of an osteoblast-like clonal cell line which responds to both parathyroid hormone and calcitonin, Calcif. Tiss. Int., 37, 51, 10.1007/BF02557679 Fraser, 1991, Hypo- and hypercalcaemeic peptides in fish pituitary glands, Am. J. Physiol., 260, R622 Fraser, 1993, Clinical and laboratory studies of a new immunoradiometric assay of parathyroid hormone-related protein, Clin. Chem., 39, 414, 10.1093/clinchem/39.3.414 Funk, 1993, Endotoxin increases parathyroid hormone-related protein levels in mouse spleen, J. Clin. Invest., 92, 2546, 10.1172/JCI116864 Funk, 1994, Cytokine regulation of parathyroid hormone-related protein messenger ribonucleic acid levels in mouse spleen: Paradoxical effects of interferon-gamma and interleukin-4, Endocrinology, 135, 351, 10.1210/en.135.1.351 Gay, 1988, Avian bone resorption at the cellular level, CRC Crit. Rev. Poultry Biol., 1, 197 Gelbert, 1994, Chromosomal localization and the parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related protein receptor gene to human chromosome 3p21.1-p24.2, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 79, 1046, 10.1210/jc.79.4.1046 Goff, 1991, Parathyroid hormone-related peptide content of bovine milk and calf blood assessed by radioimmunoassay and bioassay, Endocrinology, 129, 2815, 10.1210/endo-129-6-2815 Gotoh, 1993, Common expression of parathyroid hormone-related protein and no correlation of calcium level in renal cell carcinomas, Cancer, 17, 2803, 10.1002/1097-0142(19930501)71:9<2803::AID-CNCR2820710919>3.0.CO;2-S Grill, 1992, Parathyroid hormone-related protein: A possible endocrine function in lactation, Clin. Endocrinol. Oxf., 37, 405, 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1992.tb02350.x Grill, 1991, Parathyroid hormone-related protein: Elevated levels in both humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy and hypercalcemia complicating metastatic breast cancer, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 73, 1309, 10.1210/jcem-73-6-1309 Grone, 1994, Parathyroid hormone-related protein in normal and neoplastic canine tissues: Immunohistochemical localization and biochemical extraction, Vet. Pathol., 31, 308, 10.1177/030098589403100303 Grosvenor, 1974, Neural and hormonal control of milk secretion and milk ejection, 1, 227 Gutman, 1993, Human granulosa-luteal cells secrete parathyroid hormone-related portein in vivo and in vitro, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 76, 1314, 10.1210/jc.76.5.1314 Hayden, 1979, Ontogeny and control of prolactin receptors in the mammary gland and liver of virgin, pregnant and lactating rats, J. Endocrinol., 80, 259, 10.1677/joe.0.0800259 Hayman, 1989, Expression of parathyroid hormone related protein in normal skin and in tumours of skin and skin appendages, J. Pathol., 158, 293, 10.1002/path.1711580405 Heath, 1990, Parathyroid-hormone-related protein in tumours associated with hypercalcemia, Lancet, 335, 66, 10.1016/0140-6736(90)90537-F Hellman, 1992, Parathyroid-like regulation of parathyroid hormone-related protein release and cytoplasmic calcium in cytotrophoblast cells of human placenta, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 293, 174, 10.1016/0003-9861(92)90381-6 Henderson, 1990, Circulating concentrations of parathyroid hormone-like peptide in malignancy and in hyperparathyroidism, J. Bone Min. Res., 5, 105, 10.1002/jbmr.5650050203 Hickey, 1981, Hypercalcemia in patients with breast cancer: Osseus metastases, hyperplastic parathyroid tissue or pseudohyperparathyroidism?, Arch. Surg., 116, 545, 10.1001/archsurg.1981.01380170035006 Hino, 1994, Parathyroid hormone analogues inhibit calcium mobilization in cultured vascular cells, Hypertension, 23, 402, 10.1161/01.HYP.23.3.402 Holt, 1993, Region-specific methylation of the parathyroid hormone-related peptide determines its expression in human renal carcinoma cell lines, J. Biol. Chem., 268, 20639, 10.1016/S0021-9258(20)80772-8 Honda, 1988, Expression of parathyroid hormone-related protein mRNA in tumors obtained from patients with humoral hypercalcaemia of malignancy, Jpn. J. Cancer Res. (GANN), 79, 677, 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1988.tb02221.x Hongo, 1991, Abundant expression of parathyroid hormone-related protein in primary rat aortic smooth muscle cells accompanies serum-induced proliferation, J. Clin. Invest., 88, 1841, 10.1172/JCI115505 Ichinose, 1993, Establishment of lung cancer cell line producing parathyroid hormone-related protein, Cancer Lett., 74, 119, 10.1016/0304-3835(93)90053-C Ikeda, 1988, Identification of transcripts encoding a parathyroid hormone-like peptide in messenger RNAs from a variety of human tumors associated with humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy, J. Clin. Invest., 81, 2010, 10.1172/JCI113551 Ikeda, 1988, Expression of messenger ribonucleic acids encoding a parathyroid hormone-like peptide in normal human and animal tissues with abnormal expression in human parathyroid adenomas, Mol. Endocrinol., 2, 1230, 10.1210/mend-2-12-1230 Imagawa, 1990, Regulation of mammary epithelial growth in mice and rats, Endocrinol. Rev., 11, 494, 10.1210/edrv-11-4-494 Imamura, 1991, Urinary excretion of parathyroid hormone-related protein fragments in patients with humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy and hypercalcemic tumorbearing nude mice, J. Bone Min. Res., 6, 77, 10.1002/jbmr.5650060113 Ingleton, 1996, Parathyroid hormone-related protein in the saccus vasculosus of fishes Ingleton, 1995, Immunodetection of parathyroid hormone-related protein in plasma and tissues of an elasmobranch (Scyliorhinus canicula), Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 98, 211, 10.1006/gcen.1995.1062 Insogna, 1989, Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. The role of parathyroid hormone-related protein, Endocrinol. Metab. Clinics N. Am., 18, 779, 10.1016/S0889-8529(18)30366-9 Insogna, 1988, Characterization of a parathyroid hormone-like peptide secreted by human keratinocytes, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 548, 146, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb18801.x Ishihara, 1991, Molecular cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding the secretin receptor, EMBO J., 10, 1635, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1991.tb07686.x Ishihara, 1992, Functional expression and tissue distribution of a novel receptor for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, Neuron, 8, 811, 10.1016/0896-6273(92)90101-I Ishikawa, 1994, Immunocytochemical detection of parathyroid hormone-related protein in vascular endothelial cells, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 199, 547, 10.1006/bbrc.1994.1263 Iwamura, 1993, Immunohistochemical localization of parathyroid hormone-related protein in human prostate cancer, Cancer Res., 53, 1724 Iwamura, 1994, Parathyroid hormone-related protein is expressed by prostatic neuroendocrine cells, Urology, 43, 667, 10.1016/0090-4295(94)90182-1 Jahn, 1991, Prolactin receptor gene expression in rat mammary gland and liver during pregnancy and lactation, Endocrinology, 128, 2976, 10.1210/endo-128-6-2976 Jelinek, 1993, Expression, cloning and signaling properties of the rat glucagon receptor, Science, 259, 1614, 10.1126/science.8384375 Jüppner, 1991, A G-proteinlinked receptor for parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related protein, Science, 254, 1024, 10.1126/science.1658941 Kaiser, 1992, Enhanced growth of a human keratinocyte cell line induced by antisense RNA for parathyroid hormone-related peptide, J. Biol. Chem., 267, 13623, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)42258-2 Kaji, 1995, Carboxyl-terminal peptides from parathyroid hormone-related protein stimulate osteoclast-like cell formation, Endocrinology, 136, 842, 10.1210/en.136.3.842 Kaneko, 1987, Immunocytochemical detection of parathyroid hormone-like substance in the goldfish brain and pituitary gland, Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 68, 147, 10.1016/0016-6480(87)90070-0 Kao, 1990, Parathyroid hormone-related protein in plasma of patients with hypercalcemia and malignant lesions, Mayo Clin. Proc., 65, 1399, 10.1016/S0025-6196(12)62163-6 Karaplis, 1994, Lethal skeletal dysplasia from targeted disruption of the parathyroid hormone-related peptide gene, Genes Develop., 8, 277, 10.1101/gad.8.3.277 Karaplis, 1990, Gene encoding parathyroid hormone-like peptide: Nucleotide sequence of the gene and comparison with the human homologue, Mol. Endocrinol., 4, 441, 10.1210/mend-4-3-441 Kemp, 1987, Parathyroid hormone-related protein of malignancy: Active synthetic fragments, Science, 238, 1568, 10.1126/science.3685995 Kenny, 1974, The hypercalcaemic responses to parathyroid hormone in Japanese quail, J. Endocrinol., 62, 15, 10.1677/joe.0.0620015 Kitazawa, 1991, Immunohistologic evaluation of parathyroid hormone-related protein in human lung cancer and normal tissue with newly developed monclonal antibody, Cancer, 67, 984, 10.1002/1097-0142(19910215)67:4<984::AID-CNCR2820670421>3.0.CO;2-0 Kitazawa, 1992, The expression of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) in normal parathyroid: Histochemistry and in situ hybridization, Histochemistry, 98, 211, 10.1007/BF00271034 Kitazawa, 1992, Immunohistochemical evaluation of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) in the uterine cervix, Int. J. Cancer, 50, 731, 10.1002/ijc.2910500511 Kobayashi, 1979, Innervation of the caudal neurosecretory system of the teleost, Gamma Symp. Endocrinol., 16, 81 Kohno, 1994, The expression of parathyroid hormone-related protein in human breast cancer with skeletal metastases, Surg. Today, 24, 215, 10.1007/BF02032890 Kramer, 1991, Immunological identification and distribution of parathyroid hormone-like protein polypeptides in normal and malignant tissues, Endocrinology, 128, 1927, 10.1210/endo-128-4-1927 Kriebel, 1985, Innervation of caudal neurosecretory cells, 457 Kukreja, 1990, Tumor resection and antibodies to parathyroid hormone-related protein cause similar changes on bone histomorphometry in hypercalcemia of cancer, Endocrinology, 127, 305, 10.1210/endo-127-1-305 Kukreja, 1988, Antibodies to parathyroid hormone-related protein lower serum calcium in athymic mouse models of malignancy-associated hypercalcemia due to human tumors, J. Clin. Invest., 82, 1798, 10.1172/JCI113794 Lederis, 1984, 8, 247 Lee, 1993, In situ localization of PTH/PTHrP receptor mRNA in the bone of fetal and young rats, Bone, 14, 341, 10.1016/8756-3282(93)90162-4 Lee, 1995, Expression of parathyroid hormone-related peptide and its receptor messenger ribonucleic acids during fetal development of rats, Endocrinology, 136, 435, 10.1210/en.136.2.453 Lee, 1994, Role of the extracellular regions of the parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related peptide receptor in hormone binding, Endocrinology, 135, 1488, 10.1210/en.135.4.1488 Lehnert, 1988, Embryonic expression pattern of TGF β type-1 RNA suggests both paracrine and autocrine mechanisms of action, Development, 104, 263, 10.1242/dev.104.2.263 Liapis, 1993, Expression of parathyroidlike protein in normal, proliferative and neoplastic human breast tissues, Am. J. Pathol., 143, 1169 Liapis, 1993, In situ localization of parathyroid hormone-like protein and mRNA in intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix, Hum. Pathol., 24, 1058, 10.1016/0046-8177(93)90184-I Lin, 1991, Expression cloning of an adenylate cyclase-coupled calcitonin receptor, Science, 254, 1022, 10.1126/science.1658940 McAuley, 1990, Parathyroid hormone-like peptide in normal and neoplastic mesothelial cells, Cancer, 66, 1975, 10.1002/1097-0142(19901101)66:9<1975::AID-CNCR2820660921>3.0.CO;2-3 Mackenzie, 1994, Parathyroid hormone-related protein and human papillomavirus in gynecological malignancies, Int. J. Cancer, 56, 324, 10.1002/ijc.2910560305 Mangin, 1990, Structure of the mouse gene encoding parathyroid hormone-related peptide, Gene, 95, 195, 10.1016/0378-1119(90)90362-U Mangin, 1989, Isolation and characterization of the human parathyroid hormone-like peptide gene, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 86, 2408, 10.1073/pnas.86.7.2408 Martin, 1990, Properties of parathyroid hormone-related protein and its role in malignant hypercalcaemia, Q. J. Med. (Series 76), 280, 771 Martin, 1991, Parathyroid hormone-related protein: Biochemistry and molecular biology, Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol., 26, 377, 10.3109/10409239109114073 Martin, 1987, 171 Matias-Guiu, 1994, Human parathyroid hormone-related protein in ovarian small cell carcinoma: An immunohistochemical study, Cancer, 73, 1878, 10.1002/1097-0142(19940401)73:7<1878::AID-CNCR2820730717>3.0.CO;2-D Mayo, 1992, Molecular cloning and expression of a pituitary specific receptor for growth hormone-releasing hormone, Mol. Endocrinol., 6, 1734, 10.1210/me.6.10.1734 Melton, 1990, Parathyroid hormone-related protein and calcium homeostasis in lactating mice, Am. J. Physiol., 259 1990, Endocr. Metab., 22, E792 Merendino, 1986, Parathyroid hormone-like protein from cultured human keratinocytes, Science, 231, 388, 10.1126/science.2417317 Moseley, 1991, Immunocytochemical demonstration of PTHrP protein in neoplastic tissue of HTLV-1 positive human adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma: Implications for the mechanism of hypercalcaemia, Br. J. Cancer, 64, 745, 10.1038/bjc.1991.391 Moseley, 1987, Parathyroid hormone-related protein purified from a human lung cancer cell line, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 84, 5048, 10.1073/pnas.84.14.5048 Motokura, 1989, Parathyroid hormone-related protein in adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma, Ann. Intern. Med., 111, 484, 10.7326/0003-4819-111-6-484 Motokura, 1988, Expression of parathyroid hormone-related protein in human T cell lymphotrophic virus type I-infected T cell line, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 154, 1182, 10.1016/0006-291X(88)90265-3 Mundy, 1982, Thy hypercalcemia of malignancy: Pathogenesis and treatment, Metabolism, 31, 1247, 10.1016/0026-0495(82)90012-9 Mune, 1993, Production and secretion of parathyroid hormone-related protein in pheochromocytoma: Participation of alpha-adrenergic mechanism, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 76, 757, 10.1210/jc.76.3.757 Musso, 1989, Renal vasodilatation and microvessel adenylate cyclase stimulation by synthetic parathyroid hormone-like protein fragments, Europ. J. Pharmacol., 174, 139, 10.1016/0014-2999(89)90306-3 Nickols, 1989, Hypotension and cardiac stimulation due to the parathyroid hormone-related protein, humoral hypercalcaemia of malignany factor, Endocrinology, 125, 834, 10.1210/endo-125-2-834 Nickols, 1990, Binding of parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related protein to vascular smooth muscle of rabbit renal microvessels, Endocrinology, 126, 721, 10.1210/endo-126-2-721 Okano, 1995, Involvement of the cell cycle and mitogen-activated pathways in induction of parathyroid hormone-related protein gene expression in rat aortic smooth muscle cells, Endocrinology, 136, 1782, 10.1210/en.136.4.1782 Orloff, 1992, Analysis of PTHRP binding and signal transduction mechanisms in benign and malignant squamous cells, Am. J. Physiol., 262 1992, Endocrinol Metab., 25, E599 Orloff, 1993, Accumulation of carboxy terminal fragments of parathyroid hormone-related protein in renal failure, Kidney Int., 43, 1371, 10.1038/ki.1993.193 Orloff, 1989, Receptors for parathyroid hormone-like peptide in vascular smooth muscle, Clin. Res., 37, 457A Pandian, 1992, Modified immunoradiometric assay of parathyroid hormone-related protein: Clinical application in the differential diagnosis of hypercalcaemia, Clin. Chem., 38, 282, 10.1093/clinchem/38.2.282 Pang, 1980, Evolution of the endocrine control of vertebrate hypercalcemic regulation, 103 Parsons, 1979, Evidence for a hypercalcaemic factor in the fish pituitary immunologically related to mammalian parathyroid hormone, 111 Paspaliaris, 1992, Oestrogen enhancement of the myometrial response to exogenous parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) and its mRNA in the virgin rat uterus, J. Endocrinol., 134, 415, 10.1677/joe.0.1340415 Pirola, 1993, Angiotensin II regulates parathyroid hormone-related protein expression in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells through transcriptional and posttranslational mechanisms, J. Biol. Chem., 268, 1987, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)53952-1 Powell, 1991, Localization of parathyroid-hormone-related protein in breast cancer metastases: Increased incidence in bone compared with other sites, Cancer Res., 51, 3059 Prosser, 1994, Increased blood flow in the lactating goat induced by parathyroid hormone-related protein, J. Exptl. Physiol., 79, 565, 10.1113/expphysiol.1994.sp003789 Rakopoulos, 1992, Production of parathyroid hormone-related protein by the rat mammary gland in pregnancy and lactation, Am. J. Physiol., 263, E1077 Ratcliffe, 1994, Expression and processing of parathyroid hormone-related protein in a pancreatic endocrine cell tumour associated with hypercalcaemia, Clin. Endocrinol. Oxf., 40, 679, 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1994.tb03021.x Ratcliffe, 1991, Immunore-activity of plasma parathyrin-related peptide: Three region-specific radioimmunoassays and a two-site immunoradiometric assay compared, Clin. Chem., 37, 1781, 10.1093/clinchem/37.10.1781 Ratcliffe, 1991, Development and validation of an immunoradiometric assay of parathyroid hormone-related protein in unextracted plasma, Clin. Chem., 37, 678, 10.1093/clinchem/37.5.678 Rian, 1994, Parathyroid hormone-related protein is produced by cultured endothelial cells, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 198, 740, 10.1006/bbrc.1994.1107 Rizzoli, 1994, Cyclic AMP increases the release of parathyroid hormone-related protein from a lung cancer cell line, Int. J. Cancer, 56, 422, 10.1002/ijc.2910560323 Rodda, 1988, Evidence for a novel parathyroid hormone-related protein in fetal lamb parathyroid glands and sheep placenta: Comparisons with a similar protein implicated in humoral hypercalcaemia of malignancy, J. Endocrinol., 117, 261, 10.1677/joe.0.1170261 Roskams, 1993, Parathyroid hormone-related peptide expression in primary and metastatic liver tumours, Histopathology, 23, 519, 10.1111/j.1365-2559.1993.tb01237.x Rosol, 1990, Identification of parathyroid hormone-related protein in canine apocrine adenocarcinoma of the anal sac, Vet. Pathol., 27, 89, 10.1177/030098589002700203 Schemer, 1991, Chicken parathyroid hormone-related protein and its expression during embryologic development, J. Bone Min. Res., 6, 149, 10.1002/jbmr.5650060208 Schneider, 1993, Cloning and functional expression of a human parathyroid hormone receptor, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 246, 149, 10.1016/0922-4106(93)90092-N Schipani, 1993, Identical complementary deoxyribonucleic acids encode a human renal and bone parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related peptide receptor, Endocrinology, 132, 2157, 10.1210/en.132.5.2157 Seidah, 1993, Mammalian paired basic amino acid convertases of prohormones and proteins, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 680, 135, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb19680.x Senior, 1991, Expression of parathyroid hormone-related protein mRNA in the rat before birth: Demonstration by hybridisation histochemistry, J. Mol. Endocrinol., 6, 281, 10.1677/jme.0.0060281 Soifer, 1992, Parathyroid hormone-related peptide: Evidence for secretion of a novel mid-region fragment by three different cell lines in culture, J. Biol. Chem., 267, 18236, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)37178-9 Southby, 1990, Immunohistochemical localization of parathyroid hormone-related protein in human breast cancer, Cancer Res., 50, 7710 Spengler, 1993, Differential signal transduction by five splice variants of the PACAP receptor, Nature (London), 365, 170, 10.1038/365170a0 Stewart, 1990, Biochemical evaluation of patients with cancer-associated hypercalcaemia, N. Engl. J. Med., 303, 1377, 10.1056/NEJM198012113032401 Strewler, 1987, Parathyroid hormone-like protein from human renal carcinoma cells. Structural and functional homology with parathyroid hormone, J. Clin. Invest., 80, 1803, 10.1172/JCI113275 Struckhoff, 1995, Demonstration of parathyroid hormone-related protein in meninges and its receptor in astrocytes: Evidence for a paracrine meningoastrocytic loop, Brain Res., 676, 1, 10.1016/0006-8993(95)00088-8 Suva, 1989, Structure of the 5′ flanking gene encoding human parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), Gene, 77, 95, 10.1016/0378-1119(89)90363-6 Suva, 1987, A parathyroid hormone-related protein implicated in malignant hypercalcaemia: Cloning and expression, Science, 237, 893, 10.1126/science.3616618 Takahashi, 1995, Parathyroid hormone-related peptide as a locally produced vasorelaxant: Regulation of its mRNA by hypertension in rats, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 208, 447, 10.1006/bbrc.1995.1358 Taylor, 1946, Stages in the normal development of Rana pipiens larvae, Anat. Rec., 94, 7, 10.1002/ar.1090940103 Thiede, 1989, The mRNA encoding a parathyroid hormone-like peptide is produced in mammary tissue in response to elevations in serum prolactin, Mol. Endocrinol., 3, 1443, 10.1210/mend-3-9-1443 Thiede, 1994, Parathyroid hormone-related protein: A regulated calcium-mobilizing product of the mammary gland, J. Dairy Sci., 77, 1952, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(94)77141-1 Thiede, 1990, Intra-uterine occupancy controls expression of the parathyroid hormone-related peptide gene in pre-term rat myometrium, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 87, 6969, 10.1073/pnas.87.18.6969 Thiede, 1992, Regulated expression of parathyroid hormone-related protein in mammary blood supply supports a role in mammary blood flow, Bone Min., 17, A8 Thiede, 1991, Expression of the parathyroid hormone-related protein gene in the avian oviduct: Potential role as a local modulator of vascular smooth muscle tension and shell gland motility during the egg-laying cycle, Endocrinology, 129, 1958, 10.1210/endo-129-4-1958 Thiede, 1988, Expression of a calcium mobilizing parathyroid hormone-like peptide in lactating mammary tissue, Science, 242, 278, 10.1126/science.3175653 Thiede, 1990, Nucleotide sequence of a parathyroid hormone-related peptide expressed by the 10-day chicken embryo, Nucleic Acids Res., 18, 3062, 10.1093/nar/18.10.3062 Thiede, 1988, Human renal carcinoma expresses two messages encoding a parathyroid hormone like peptide: Evidence of a single copy gene, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 85, 4605, 10.1073/pnas.85.13.4605 Thorens, 1992, Expression cloning of the pancreatic β-cell receptor for the glucoincretin hormone glucagon-like peptide 1, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 89, 8641, 10.1073/pnas.89.18.8641 Trizna, 1991, Relaxation of renal arterioles by parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related protein, Pharmacology, 42, 91, 10.1159/000138778 Van der Stolpe, 1993, Parathyroid hormone-related peptide as an endogenous inducer of parietal endoderm differentiation, J. Cell Biol., 120, 235, 10.1083/jcb.120.1.235 Vargas, 1992, Localization of parathyroid hormone-related protein mRNA expression in breast cancer and metastatic lesions by in situ hybridization, J. Bone Min. Res., 7, 971, 10.1002/jbmr.5650070814 Walker, 1990, Effect of a parathyroid hormone-like peptide on 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1α-hydroxylase activity in rodents, Am. J. Physiol., 258, E297 Walsh, 1995, Expression and secretion of parathyroid hormone-related protein by human bone-derived cells in vitro: Effects of glucocorticoids, J. Bone Min. Res., 10, 17, 10.1002/jbmr.5650100106 Weaver, 1995, Localization of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) and PTH/PTHrP receptor mRNAs in rat brain, Mol. Brain Res., 28, 296, 10.1016/0169-328X(94)00222-Z Weir, 1990, Parathyroid hormone-related peptide gene is expressed in the mammalian central system, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA., 87, 108, 10.1073/pnas.87.1.108 Weir, 1994, Relative overexpression of the parathyroid hormone-related protein gene in human leiomyomas, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 78, 784, 10.1210/jc.78.3.784 White, 1989, Pharmacodynamic study of maturation and closure of human umbilical arteries, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 160, 229, 10.1016/0002-9378(89)90127-0 Whitfield, 1992, Parathyroid hormone stimulated protein kinase C but not adenylate cyclase in mouse epidermal keratinocytes, J. Cell. Physiol., 150, 299, 10.1002/jcp.1041500212 Whitfield, 1994, C-terminal fragments of parathyroid hormone-related protein, PTHrP-(107–111) and (107–139), and the N-terminal PTHrP(1–40) fragment stimulate membrane-associated protein kinase C activity in rat spleen lymphocytes, J. Cell Physiol., 158, 518, 10.1002/jcp.1041580317 Williams, 1994, Effect of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) on the contractility of the pregnant rat myometrium and its localization within the pregnant rat uterus, J. Reprod. Fertil., 102, 209, 10.1530/jrf.0.1020209 Yamamoto, 1991, Concentrations of parathyroid hormone-related protein in rat milk change with duration of lactation and interval from previous suckling, but not with milk calcium, Endocrinology, 130, 741, 10.1210/en.130.2.741 Yamamoto, 1992, Parathyroid hormone-related protein in the rat urinary bladder: A smooth muscle relaxant produced locally in response to mechanical stretch, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89, 5326, 10.1073/pnas.89.12.5326 Yasuda, 1989, Rat parathyroid hormone-like peptide: Comparison with the human homologue and expression in malignant and normal tissue, Mol. Endocrinol., 3, 518, 10.1210/mend-3-3-518 Yasuda, 1989, Characterization of the human parathyroid hormone-like peptide gene, J. Biol. Chem., 264, 7720, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)83294-X Yen, 1993, Hypercalcemia and parathyroid hormone-related protein in hepatocellular carcinoma, Liver, 13, 311, 10.1111/j.1600-0676.1993.tb00651.x Yoshikawa, 1994, Thymus carcinoid producing parathyroid hormone (PTH)-related protein: Report of a case, Surg. Today, 24, 544, 10.1007/BF01884576 Zhou, 1988, Actions of parathyroid hormone-related protein on the rat kidney in vivo, J. Endocrinol., 122, 229, 10.1677/joe.0.1220229