Distribution System Planning and Innovation for Distributed Energy Futures
Tóm tắt
In the future, electric power distribution utilities will need to plan, operate and innovate in a variety of new ways to contend with the changing nature of electricity system resources and opportunities. A distributed energy future leads to changing paradigms, changing needs in planning and innovation by distribution utilities, and changing regulatory directions. The changing paradigm encompasses two-way power flows, local integration and balancing, functional control of distributed resources, the changing nature of the boundary between transmission and distribution systems, the changing nature of resources and customers, and new business models. Changing needs in planning and innovation include handling two-way reversible power flows; interconnecting storage and electric vehicles; controlling flexible-demand resources; distribution system monitoring, analysis and modeling; renewable energy output forecasting; smart inverters; and data networks, analysis, and storage. Examples of changing regulatory directions are seen in New York, California, and Australia.
Tài liệu tham khảo
NREL. “Power systems of the future.” NREL/TP-6A20-62611. Golden, CO.; 2015.
NREL. “Flexibility in 21st century power systems.” NREL Report 61721. Golden, CO.; 2014.
Volk D. Electricity networks: infrastructure and operations. IEA Insight Paper, OECD/IEA, Paris; 2013.
International Energy Agency, Renewable Energy Technology Deployment (RETD). 2014. “RE-integration: integration of variable renewable electricity sources in electricity systems—lessons learnt and guidelines.” Paris: OECD, forthcoming.
International Energy Agency. The power of transformation—wind, sun and the economics of flexible power systems. Paris: OECD; 2014.
International Energy Agency. Energy technology perspectives 2014. Paris: OECD/IEA; 2014.
Jones L. Renewable energy integration: practical management of variability, uncertainty, and flexibility in power grids. London: Elsevier; 2014.
Denholm P, Jorgenson J, Hummon M, Jenkin T, Palchak D, Kirby B, Ma O, O'Malley M. The value of energy storage for grid applications. Golden, CO: NREL.; 2013, 45 pp.
Wikler G, Martin P, Shen B, Ghatikar G, Chun CN, Dudley JH. Addressing energy demand through demand response: international experiences and practices. Berkeley: LBNL; 2012. 38 pp.
Watson DS, Matson NE, Page J, Kiliccote S, Piette MA, Corfee K, et al. Fast automated demand response to enable the integration of renewable resources. Berkeley: LBNL; 2012. 43 pp.
Gómez T. “Electricity distribution”, in Regulation of the power sector, Pérez-Arriaga, ed., pp. 199–250. London: Springer; 2013.
Willis HL. Power distribution planning reference book. New York: Marcel Dekker; 2004.
Borbely AM, JF Kreider, eds. Distributed generation: the power paradigm for the new millennium. CRC Press; 2001, 400 pp.
DeMartini P. “More than smart: a framework to make the distribution grid more open, efficient, and resilient.” Pasadena: Resnick Institute, California Institute of Technology; 2014, 28 pp.
Kristov L, DeMartini P. “21st century electric distribution system operations.” Folsom: California Independent System Operator; 2014, 11 pp.
Electric Power Research Institute. “The integrated grid: realizing the full value of central and distributed energy resources.” Palo Alto, CA; 2014. 44 pp.
Electric Power Research Institute. “Integrating smart distributed energy resources with distribution management systems.” Palo Alto, CA; 2012. 13 pp.
Union of the Electricity Industry. “Active distribution system management: a key tool for the smooth integration of distributed generation.” Brussels: Eurelectric; 2013, 53 pp.
PV GRID. “Prioritisation of technical solutions available for the integration of PV into the distribution grid.” Brussels; 2013.
Electric Power Research Institute. Distributed energy resources and management of future distribution. Palo Alto, CA; 2010, 142 pp.
Bollen MH, Hassen F. Integration of distributed generation in the power system. IEEE Press Series on Power Engineering; 2011. 524 pp.
Newcomb J, Lacy V, Hansen L, Bell M. “Distributed energy resources: policy implications of decentralization.” Electr J. 2013;26(8):65–87.
Wiedman J, Beach T. “Distributed generation policy: encouraging generation on both sides of the meter.” Electr J. 2013;26(8):88–108.
Institute for Electric Innovation. Innovations across the grid: partnerships transforming the power sector. Washington DC: Edison Foundation; 2014, 275 pp.
Palensky P, Kupzog F. “Smart grids.” Annu Rev Environ Resour. 2013;38:201–36.
International Energy Agency. Technology roadmap: smart grids. Paris; 2011, 52 pp.
Fox-Penner P. Smart power: climate change, the smart grid and the future of electric utilities. Washington DC: Island Press; 2010.
Komor P, Hoke A, Kempener R. “Seven steps to a smarter grid.” Electr J. 2014;27(2):61–7.
Kempener R, Komor P, Hoke A. Smart grids and renewables: a guide for effective deployment. Bonn: International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA); 2013. 44pp.
North American Electricity Reliability Corporation. IVGTF task team 1–8, potential bulk system reliability impacts of distributed resources. Atlanta; 2011.
Lazar J. “Teaching the duck to fly.” Montpellier, VT: Regulatory Assistance Project; 2014. 25 pp.
Dissemination strategy on electricity balancing for large scale integration of renewable energy (DESIRE). Project Summary and Achievements; 2015. http://desire.iwes.fraunhofer.de/results.htm
Agora Energiewende. “Electricity storage in the german energy transition.” Berlin; 2014. 26 pp. [Has section on thermal energy storage.]
Agora Energiewende. “12 insights on Germany’s energiewende.” Berlin; 2013. 36 pp.
Lehr RL. “New utility business models: utility and regulatory models for the modern era.” Electr J. 2013;26(8):35–53.
Sioshansi FP. “Why the time has arrived to rethink the electric business model.” Electr J. 2012;25(7):65–74.
California Public Utilities Commission. “Interconnection (Rule 21)”; 2015. http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/PUC/energy/rule21.htm
Elliott, R. “The integration of distribution level generation and storage into the grid: problems and solutions; grid planning and reliability policy paper.” San Francisco, CA: California Public Utilities Commission, Energy Division; 2014. http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/NR/rdonlyres/DD76B018-7203-4864-B391-7DE680BA9E68/0/ReportLatestAugust2014Version.pdf
Electric Power Research Institute. “Common functions for smart inverters, Version 2,” Palo Alto, CA; 2012. Report 1026809.
Electric Power Research Institute. “Grid impacts of distributed generation with advanced inverter functions: hosting capacity of large-scale PV using smart inverters,” Palo Alto, CA; 2013. Report 3002001246.
California Public Utilities Commission. 2014. “Order instituting rulemaking on the commission’s own motion to improve distribution level interconnection rules and regulations for certain classes of electric generators and electric storage resources.” Rulemaking R. 11-09-011, Decision 14-12-035 December 18, 2014, “Interim decision adopting revisions to electric tariff Rule 21…to require ‘smart’ inverters.”
Markus Merkel, personal communication, June 30, 2014.
EWE AG. “eTelligence final report.” Oldenburg, Germany; 2013.
New York Department of Public Service. “Reforming the energy vision (REV).” Staff paper. Albany, NY; 2014.
New York Department of Public Service. “Developing the REV market in New York: DPS staff straw proposal on track one issues.” Albany, NY; 2014.
Electricity Currents, “New York state embarks on bold new vision.” Electricity J 27(6): 1-3.
California Public Utilities Commission. 2014. “Order instituting rulemaking regarding policies, procedures and rules for development of distribution resources plans persuant to public utilities code Section 769.” Rulemaking R. 14-08-013 adopted August 14, 2014.
Electricity Currents, “California confronts changing role of distribution.” The Electricity Journal 27(8): 1;4-7.
California Assembly. Assembly Bill 327, Electricity: natural gas: rates: net energy metering: California renewables portfolio standard program. Sacramento, CA; 2013.
Australian Energy Regulator. Regulatory investment test for distribution (RIT-D) and application guidelines; 2013. http://www.aer.gov.au/node/19146
SA Power Network. “Future operating model 2013–2028”; 2013. http://talkingpower.com.au/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/SA-Power-Networks-Future-Operating-Model-2013%E2%80%932028.pdf