Distinguishing Ecotoxic Effects of Environmental Pollutants
Tóm tắt
Environmental fluctuations and biological variability affect the establishment of baseline data in studying the ecotoxic effects of pollutants. Since substantial fluctuations are recorded for various ecological indices, it becomes problematic to establish whether an observed change in some ecological parameters represents a variation caused by presence of a pollutant, or represents 'natural' fluctuations inherent in the ecosystem. Thus, ability to predict ecotoxic effect lies at the base of the diagnosis. Such diagnosis should employ characteristics that reflect the integrated response of component populations to perturbations and as well provide a comprehensive picture of ecosystem 'status'. Measurements become authentic and acceptable only when compared with normal values of the numerical parameter in question.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Baker, J.M. (1981) Impact of the petroleum industry on mangrove ecology. In Proceedings of an International Seminar on the Petroleum Industry and the Nigerian Environment. Thomopulos Environmental Pollution Consultants, pp. 71–79.
Borgman, U., Cove, R. and Loveridge, L. (1980) Effect of metals on the biomass production kinetics of freshwater copepods. Can. J. Fish Aquat. Sci. 37,567–75.
Cook, S.E.K. (1976) Quest for an index of community structure sensitive to water pollution.Environ. Pollut. 11,269–88.
Desaunay, Y., Bellois, P., Dorel, D. and Lemoine, M. (1979) Effect of pollution ensuing from the foundering of the 'Amoco-Cadiz.' State of salvegetable resources; Morlaix and Lennon bays.Rapport Inst. Peches Marit, Roneo, 32 pp.(in French).
Ezeonu, F.C. and Ilouno, E. (1992) The Nigerian oil industry and the biodiversity charter: The need for renewed environmental care.National Seminar on Petroleum: Towards Enhancing the Value of Nigeria's Petroleum Resources. Technical Papers 1,83–95.
Ezeonu, F.C. and Okaka, A.N.C. (1995) Effects of pollutants at the ecosystem level—a case study of AVOP waste effluent. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Natural and Man-made Hazards in Africa, held at Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria, pp. 300–09.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations) (1977) Impact of oil on the marine environment. Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution, Reports and Studies 6, 250 pp.
Hutchinson, G.E. (1944) Limnological studies in Connecticut; VII. A critical examination of the supposed relationship between periodicity and chemical changes in lake water. Ecology 25,3–26.
Krebs, C.T. and Burns, K.A. (1977) Long-term effects of an oil spill on populations of salt-marsh crab Usa pugnax.Science 197,484–87.
Miller, J.E., Hassett, J.J. and Koeppe, D.E. (1977) Interactions of Lead and Cadmium on metal uptake and growth of plant species.J. Environ. Qual. 6,18–20.
Sheehan, P.J. (1984) Effects on individual and populations. In Effects of Pollutants at the Ecosystem Level (P.J. Sheehan, D.R. Miller, G.C. Butler, and Ph. Baurdeau, eds.), SCOPE 22, pp. 23–50, Chichester: Wiley.
Sindermann, C.J. (1979) Pollution associated with disease and abnormalities of fish and shell fish: A review.Fish Bull. 76, 717–748.
Vouk, V.B. and Sheehan, P.J. (eds.) (1983) Methods for Assessing the Effects of Chemicals on Reproductive Functions, SCOPE 20, 541 pp., Chichester, New York, Brisbane, Toronto: Wiley.