Disposition kinetics and metabolism of nicotine and cotinine in African American smokers

Haiman, 2006, Ethnic and racial differences in the smoking-related risk of lung cancer, N Engl J Med, 354, 333, 10.1056/NEJMoa033250

Trinidad, 2009, Intermittent and light daily smoking across racial/ethnic groups in the United States, Nicotine Tob Res, 11, 203, 10.1093/ntr/ntn018

Siahpush, 2010, Racial/ethnic and socioeconomic variations in duration of smoking: results from 2003, 2006 and 2007 tobacco use supplement of the current population survey, J Public Health (Oxf, 32, 210, 10.1093/pubmed/fdp104

Pérez-Stable, 1998, Nicotine metabolism and intake in Black and White smokers, JAMA, 280, 152, 10.1001/jama.280.2.152

Malaiyandi, 2005, Implications of CYP2A6 genetic variation for smoking behaviors and nicotine dependence, Clin Pharmacol Ther, 77, 145, 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.10.011

Wassenaar, 2011, Relationship between CYP2A6 and CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 variation and smoking behaviors and lung cancer risk, J Natl Cancer Inst, 103, 1342, 10.1093/jnci/djr237

Hukkanen, 2005, Metabolism and disposition kinetics of nicotine, Pharmacol Rev, 57, 79, 10.1124/pr.57.1.3

St Helen, 2012, Reproducibility of the nicotine metabolite ratio in cigarette smokers, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 21, 1105, 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-12-0236

Dempsey, 2004, Nicotine metabolite ratio as an index of cytochrome P450 2A6 metabolic activity, Clin Pharmacol Ther, 76, 64, 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.02.011

Zhu, 2014, Association of CHRNA5-A3-B4 SNP rs2036527 with smoking cessation therapy response in African-American smokers, Clin Pharmacol Ther, 96, 256, 10.1038/clpt.2014.88

Chenoweth, 2013, CYP2A6 slow nicotine metabolism is associated with increased quitting by adolescent smokers, Pharmacogenet Genomics, 23, 232, 10.1097/FPC.0b013e32835f834d

McDonagh, 2012, PharmGKB summary: very important pharmacogene information for cytochrome P-450, family 2, subfamily A, polypeptide 6, Pharmacogenet Genomics, 22, 695, 10.1097/FPC.0b013e3283540217

Benowitz, 2006, CYP2A6 genotype and the metabolism and disposition kinetics of nicotine, Clin Pharmacol Ther, 80, 457, 10.1016/j.clpt.2006.08.011

Ho, 2009, Association of nicotine metabolite ratio and CYP2A6 genotype with smoking cessation treatment in African-American light smokers, Clin Pharmacol Ther, 85, 635, 10.1038/clpt.2009.19

Mwenifumbo, 2007, Genetic variability in CYP2A6 and the pharmacokinetics of nicotine, Pharmacogenomics, 8, 1385, 10.2217/14622416.8.10.1385

Mwenifumbo, 2008, Novel and established CYP2A6 alleles impair in vivo nicotine metabolism in a population of Black African descent, Hum Mutat, 29, 679, 10.1002/humu.20698

Lerman, 2006, Nicotine metabolite ratio predicts efficacy of transdermal nicotine for smoking cessation, Clin Pharmacol Ther, 79, 600, 10.1016/j.clpt.2006.02.006

Patterson, 2008, Toward personalized therapy for smoking cessation: a randomized placebo-controlled trial of bupropion, Clin Pharmacol Ther, 84, 320, 10.1038/clpt.2008.57

Lerman, 2015, Use of the nicotine metabolite ratio as a genetically informed biomarker of response to nicotine patch or varenicline for smoking cessation: a randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled trial, Lancet Respir Med, 3, 131, 10.1016/S2213-2600(14)70294-2

Schnoll, 2009, Nicotine metabolic rate predicts successful smoking cessation with transdermal nicotine: a validation study, Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 92, 6, 10.1016/j.pbb.2008.10.016

Benowitz, 1994, Metabolism of nicotine to cotinine studied by a dual stable isotope method, Clin Pharmacol Ther, 56, 483, 10.1038/clpt.1994.169

Piliguian, 2014, Novel CYP2A6 variants identified in African Americans are associated with slow nicotine metabolism in vitro and in vivo, Pharmacogenet Genomics, 24, 118, 10.1097/FPC.0000000000000026

Tang, 2012, Genetic variation in CYP2A6 predicts neural reactivity to smoking cues as measured using fMRI, Neuroimage, 60, 2136, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.01.119

Lerman, 2010, Genetic variation in nicotine metabolism predicts the efficacy of extended-duration transdermal nicotine therapy, Clin Pharmacol Ther, 87, 553, 10.1038/clpt.2010.3

Wassenaar, 2015, UGT1A and UGT2B genetic variation alters nicotine and nitrosamine glucuronidation in European and African American smokers, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 24, 94, 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-14-0804

Wassenaar, 2016, CYP2A6 genotyping methods and strategies using real-time and end point PCR platforms, Pharmacogenomics, 17, 147, 10.2217/pgs.15.156

Jacob, 1991, Selected ion monitoring method for determination of nicotine, cotinine and deuterium-labeled analogs: absence of an isotope effect in the clearance of (S)-nicotine-3′,3′-d2 in humans, Biol Mass Spectrom, 20, 247, 10.1002/bms.1200200503

Benowitz, 1994, Nicotine metabolic profile in man: comparison of cigarette smoking and transdermal nicotine, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 268, 296

Levi, 2007, Prediction methods for nicotine clearance using cotinine and 3-hydroxy-cotinine spot saliva samples II. Model application, J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn, 34, 23, 10.1007/s10928-006-9026-0

Zhu, 2013, The ability of plasma cotinine to predict nicotine and carcinogen exposure is altered by differences in CYP2A6: the influence of genetics, race, and sex, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 22, 708, 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-12-1234-T

Ho, 2008, A novel CYP2A6 allele, CYP2A6*23, impairs enzyme function in vitro and in vivo and decreases smoking in a population of Black-African descent, Pharmacogenet Genomics, 18, 67, 10.1097/FPC.0b013e3282f3606e

Fukami, 2004, A novel polymorphism of human CYP2A6 gene CYP2A6*17 has an amino acid substitution (V365M) that decreases enzymatic activity in vitro and in vivo, Clin Pharmacol Ther, 76, 519, 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.08.014

Al Koudsi, 2009, A novel CYP2A6 allele (CYP2A6*35) resulting in an amino-acid substitution (Asn438Tyr) is associated with lower CYP2A6 activity in vivo, Pharmacogenomics J, 9, 274, 10.1038/tpj.2009.11

Patel, 2015, The contribution of common genetic variation to nicotine and cotinine glucuronidation in multiple ethnic/racial populations, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 24, 119, 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-14-0815

Murphy, 2014, Nicotine N-glucuronidation relative to N-oxidation and C-oxidation and UGT2B10 genotype in five ethnic/racial groups, Carcinogenesis, 35, 2526, 10.1093/carcin/bgu191