Phelan JC, Link BG. Is racism a fundamental cause of inequalities in health? Annu Rev Sociol. 2015;41(1):311–30. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112305.
Do DP, Frank R, Finch BK. Does SES explain more of the Black/White health gap than we thought? Revisiting our approach toward understanding racial disparities in health. Soc Sci Med. 2012;74(9):1385–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.12.048.
Williams DR, Collins C. US socioeconomic and racial differences in health: patterns and explanations. Annu Rev Sociol. 1995;21(1):349–86. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.21.080195.002025.
Stewart AL, Dean ML, Gregorich SE, Brawarsky P, Haas JS. Race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status and the health of pregnant women. J Health Psychol. 2007;12(2):285–300. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105307074259.
Williams DR. Race, socioeconomic status, and health: the added effects of racism and discrimination. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1999;896(1):173–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08114.x.
Adler NE, Rehkopf DH. US disparities in health: descriptions, causes, and mechanisms. Annu Rev Public Health. 2008;29(1):235–52. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090852.
Rosenbaum PR, Rubin DB. The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika. 1983;70(1):41–55. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/70.1.41.
Meyer PA, Yoon PW, Kaufman RB. CDC health disparities and inequalities report-United States, 2013. CDC Morbidity Mortal W Report Supplement. 2013;62(3):1–186. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/other/su6203.pdf
McGuire TG, Miranda J. New evidence regarding racial and ethnic disparities in mental health: policy implications. Health Aff (Millwood). 2008;27(2):393–403. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.27.2.393.
Breslau J, Kendler KS, Su M, Gaxiola-Aguilar S. Lifetime risk and persistence of psychiatric disorders across ethnic groups in the United States. Psychol Med. 2005;35(3):317–27. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291704003514.
Phelan JC, Link BG, Tehranifar P. Social conditions as fundamental causes of health inequalities: theory, evidence, and policy implications. J Health Soc Behav. 2010;51(Suppl):S28–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146510383498.
Hayward MD, Miles TP, Crimmins EM, Yang Y. The significance of socioeconomic status in explaining the racial gap in chronic health conditions. Am Sociol Rev. 2000;65(6):910–30. https://doi.org/10.2307/2657519.
Clark R, Anderson NB, Clark VR, Williams DR. Racism as a stressor for African Americans: a biopsychosocial model. Am Psychol. 1999;54(10):805–16. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.54.10.805.
Jackson JS, Knight KM, Rafferty JA. Race and unhealthy behaviors: chronic stress, the HPA Axis, and physical and mental health disparities over the life course. Am J Public Health. 2010;100(5):933–9. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2008.143446.
Pascoe EA, Smart Richman L. Perceived discrimination and health: a meta-analytic review. Psychol Bull. 2009;135(4):531–54. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016059.
Hill LBK, Hoggard LS, Richmond AS, Gray DLL, Williams DP, Thayer JF. Examining the association between perceived discrimination and heart rate variability in African Americans. Cul Div and Eth Min Psych. 2017;23(1):5–14. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000076.
Williams DR, Sternthal M. Understanding racial-ethnic disparities in health: sociological contributions. J Health Soc Behav. 2010;51(Suppl):S15–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146510383838.
Farmer MM, Ferraro KF. Are racial disparities in health conditional on socioeconomic status? Soc Sci Med. 2005;60(1):191–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.04.026.
Gorber SC, Tremblay M, Moher D, Gorber B. A comparison of direct vs. self-report measures for assessing height, weight and body mass index: a systematic review. Obes Rev. 2007;8(4):307–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2007.00347.x.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Behavioral risk factor surveillance system survey questionnaire. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2008.
Ware JE, Kosinski M, Keller SD. A 12-item short-form health survey: construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability and validity. Med Care. 1996;34(3):220–233. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3766749. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005650-199603000-00003.
Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16(9):606–13. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x.
Bjelland I, Dahl AA, Haug TT, Neckelmann D. The validity of the hospital anxiety and depression scale an updated literature review. J Psychosom Res. 2002;52(2):69–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999(01)00296-3.
Frisch MB, Cornell J, Villanueva M, Retzlaff PJ. Clinical validation of the quality of life inventory. A measure of life satisfaction for use in treatment planning and outcome assessment. Psychol Assess. 1992;4(1):92–101. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.4.1.92.
Abadie A, Drukker D, Herr JL, Imbens GW. Implementing matching estimators for average treatment effects in Stata. Stata J. 2004;4(3):290–311. http://www.stata-journal.com/sjpdf.html?articlenum=st0072
Becker SO, Inchino A. Estimation of average treatment effects based on propensity scores. Stata J. 2002;2(4):358–77. http://www.stata-journal.com/sjpdf.html?articlenum=st0026
d’Agostino RB. Tutorial in biostatistics: propensity score methods for bias reduction in the comparison of a treatment to a non-randomized control group. Stat Med. 1998;17(19):2265–81. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19981015)17:19<2265::AID-SIM918>3.0.CO;2-B.
Austin PC. An introduction to propensity score methods for reducing the effects of confounding in observational studies. Multivariate Behav Res. 2011;46(3):399–424. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2011.568786.
Rosenbaum PR, Rubin DB. Constructing a control group using multivariate matched sampling methods that incorporate the propensity score. Am Stat. 1985;39(1):33–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.1985.10479383.
Leuven E, Sianesi B. PSMATCH2: Stata module to perform full malahanobis and propensity score matching, common support graphing, and covariate imbalance testing. London: University of Amsterdam and Institute for Fisc Stud; 2003.
General Commission on the Status and Role of Women: The United Methodist Church. Clergy diversity proportional to membership. Retrieved from: http://www.gcsrw.org/Portals/13/SIte%20Migration/WBTN%20Link%20Fix/2014/WBN%20Feb%202014.pdf. Accessed 15 Sept 2017.
Becher H, Palm F, Aigner A, Safer A, Urbanek C, Buggle F, et al. Socioeconomic conditions in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood and the risk of ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2015;47(1):173–9. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.011523.
Berenson GS. Childhood risk factors predict adult risk associated with subclinical cardiovascular disease: the Bogalusa heart study. Am J Cardiol. 2002;90(10C):3L–7L. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(02)02953-3.
Nesbitt S, Victor RG. Pathogenesis of hypertension in African Americans. Congest Heart Fail. 2004;10(1):24–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-5299.2004.02021.x.
Brondolo E, Love EE, Pencille M, Schoenthaler A, Ogedegbe A. Racism and hypertension: a review of the empirical evidence and implications for clinical practice. Am J Hypertens. 2011;24(5):518–29. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajh.2011.9.
Wohl M, Lesser IR, Smith M. Clinical presentations of depression in African American and white outpatients. Cult Divers Ment Health. 1997;3(4):279–84. https://doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.3.4.279.
Watson NN, Hunter CD. “I Had To Be Strong”: tensions in the strong black woman schema. J Black Psychol. 2016;42(5):424–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798415597093.
Bennett GG, Wolin KY, James SA. Lifecourse socioeconomic position and weight change among Blacks: the Pitt County study. Obesity. 2007;15(1):172–81. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2007.522.
Ferraro KF, Koch JR. Religion and health among black and white adults: examining social support and consolation. J Sci Study Relig. 1994;33(4):362–75. https://doi.org/10.2307/1386495.
Bierman A. Does religion buffer the effects of discrimination on mental health? Differing effects by race. J Sci Study Relig. 2006;45(4):551–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2006.00327.x.