Digital and intelligent liver surgery in the new era: Prospects and dilemmas

Spitzer, 1998, The visible human dataset: the anatomical platform for human simulation, Anat Rec, 253, 49, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0185(199804)253:2<49::AID-AR8>3.0.CO;2-9 Hohne, 2001, A realistic model of human structure from the visible human data, Methods Inf Med, 40, 83, 10.1055/s-0038-1634481 Chung, 2000, Three-dimensional image and virtual dissection program of the brain made of Korean cadaver, Yonsei Med J, 41, 299, 10.3349/ymj.2000.41.3.299 Yuan, 2008, The reconstruction and application of virtual Chinese human female, Comput Methods Programs Biomed, 92, 249, 10.1016/j.cmpb.2008.05.011 Fuchs, 2000, Technical advances in multi-slice spiral CT, Eur J Radiol, 36, 69, 10.1016/S0720-048X(00)00269-2 Vaquerizo, 2016, Three-dimensional echocardiography vs. computed tomography for transcatheter aortic valve replacement sizing, Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging, 17, 15 Rydberg, 2000, Multisection CT: scanning techniques and clinical applications, Radiographics, 20, 1787, 10.1148/radiographics.20.6.g00nv071787 Rosenthal, 2015, The status of contemporary image-guided modalities in oncologic surgery, Ann Surg, 261, 46, 10.1097/SLA.0000000000000622 Marescaux, 1998, Virtual reality applied to hepatic surgery simulation: the next revolution, Ann Surg, 228, 627, 10.1097/00000658-199811000-00001 Lamade, 2000, The impact of 3-dimensional reconstructions on operation planning in liver surgery, Arch Surg, 135, 1256, 10.1001/archsurg.135.11.1256 Fang, 2017, The present status and future prospects of application of digital medical technology in general surgery in China, Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi, 55, 11 Uchida, 2014, Recent advances in 3D computed tomography techniques for simulation and navigation in hepatobiliary pancreatic surgery, J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci, 21, 239, 10.1002/jhbp.82 Cai, 2017, Postoperative liver volume was accurately predicted by a medical image three dimensional visualization system in hepatectomy for liver cancer, Surg Oncol, 26, 188, 10.1016/j.suronc.2017.03.006 Mutter, 2009, 3D virtual reality and selective vascular control for laparoscopic left hepatic lobectomy, Surg Endosc, 23, 432, 10.1007/s00464-008-9931-y Fang, 2015, Impact of three-dimensional reconstruction technique in the operation planning of centrally located hepatocellular carcinoma, J Am Coll Surg, 220, 28, 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2014.09.023 Fang, 2013, Outcomes of hepatectomy for hepatolithiasis based on 3-dimensional reconstruction technique, J Am Coll Surg, 217, 280, 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2013.03.017 Xiang, 2015, Application of hepatic segment resection combined with rigid choledochoscope in the treatment of complex hepatolithiasis guided by three-dimensional visualization technology, Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi, 53, 335 Xie, 2013, Application of three-dimensional reconstruction and visible simulation technique in reoperation of hepatolithiasis, J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 28, 248, 10.1111/jgh.12066 Li, 2014, A comparative study of the diagnostic accuracy of the medical image three-dimensional visualization system, MRCP, CT and US in hepatolithiasis, Hepatogastroenterology, 61, 1901 Zhang, 2018, Application of three-dimensional visualization technique in preoperative planning of progressive hilar cholangiocarcinoma, Am J Transl Res, 10, 1730 Okuda, 2015, Usefulness of operative planning based on 3-dimensional CT cholangiography for biliary malignancies, Surgery, 158, 1261, 10.1016/j.surg.2015.04.021 Hirano, 2007, Treatment strategy for hilar cholangiocarcinoma, with special reference to the limits of ductal resection in right-sided hepatectomies, J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg, 14, 429, 10.1007/s00534-006-1190-5 Zeng, 2016, Individualized preoperative planning using three-dimensional modeling for Bismuth and Corlette type III hilar cholangiocarcinoma, World J Surg Oncol, 14, 44, 10.1186/s12957-016-0794-8 Qi, 2015, Virtual portal pressure gradient from anatomic CT angiography, Gut, 64, 1004, 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308543 Chengxi, 2018, Progress in non-invasive detection of liver fibrosis, Cancer Biol Med, 15, 124, 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2018.0018 Qi, 2018, Emerging non-invasive approaches for diagnosis and monitoring of portal hypertension, Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol, 3, 708, 10.1016/S2468-1253(18)30232-2 Mise, 2018, How has virtual hepatectomy changed the practice of liver surgery?, Ann Surg, 1 Oshiro, 2017, Three-dimensional liver surgery simulation: computer-assisted surgical planning with three-dimensional simulation software and three-dimensional printing, Tissue Eng Part A, 23, 474, 10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0528 Mise, 2013, Virtual liver resection: computer-assisted operation planning using a three-dimensional liver representation, J Hepato-Biliary-Pancreat Sci, 20, 157, 10.1007/s00534-012-0574-y Nakayama, 2017, The effect of three-dimensional preoperative simulation on liver surgery, World J Surg, 41, 1840, 10.1007/s00268-017-3933-7 Hu, 2018, The safety and feasibility of three-dimensional visualization technology assisted right posterior lobe allied with Part of V and VIII sectionectomy for right hepatic malignancy therapy, J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A, 28, 586, 10.1089/lap.2017.0479 Yang, 2018, Accuracy of actual resected liver volume in anatomical liver resections guided by 3-dimensional parenchymal staining using fusion indocyanine green fluorescence imaging, J Surg Oncol, 118, 1081, 10.1002/jso.25258 Zhang, 2018, The virtual hepatectomy changed the practice of liver surgery, Ann Surg, 1 Fang, 2014, Three-dimensional reconstruction of the peripancreatic vascular system based on computed tomographic angiography images and its clinical application in the surgical management of pancreatic tumors, Pancreas, 43, 389, 10.1097/MPA.0000000000000035 Fang, 2012, A new approach for evaluating the resectability of pancreatic and periampullary neoplasms, Pancreatology, 12, 364, 10.1016/j.pan.2012.05.006 Miyamoto, 2017, Three-dimensional simulation of pancreatic surgery showing the size and location of the main pancreatic duct, Surg Today, 47, 357, 10.1007/s00595-016-1377-6 Torres, 2017, A simulator for training in endovascular aneurysm repair: the use of three dimensional printers, Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 54, 247, 10.1016/j.ejvs.2017.05.011 Luo, 2017, Real-Time 3D CT image guidance for transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt creation using preoperative CT: a prospective feasibility study of 20 patients, Am J Roentgenol, 208, W11, 10.2214/AJR.15.15210 Liu, 2018, The anatomy features and variations of the point where right gastroepiploic VEIN flows into superior mesenteric vein/portal vein: anatomical study of catheterization of portal vein infusion chemotherapy, J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A, 28, 794, 10.1089/lap.2017.0655 Zhang, 2016, Application of digital 3D technique combined with nanocarbon-aided navigation in endoscopic sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer, Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao, 36, 1129 Xie, 2018, Three-dimensional printing assisted ORIF versus conventional ORIF for tibial plateau fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Int J Surg, 57, 35, 10.1016/j.ijsu.2018.07.012 Yang, 2018, Treatment of unstable pelvic fractures by cannulated screw internal fixation with the assistance of three-dimensional printing insertion template, Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi, 32, 145 Wei, 2017, Research progress of three-dimensional printing technique in foot and ankle surgery, Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi, 31, 880 Chavoin, 2018, Correcting poland syndrome with a custom-made silicone implant: contribution of three-dimensional computer-aided design reconstruction, Plast Reconstr Surg, 142, 109e, 10.1097/PRS.0000000000004605 Shenaq, 2018, Virtual planning and navigational technology in reconstructive surgery, J Surg Oncol, 118, 845, 10.1002/jso.25255 Zein, 2013, Three-dimensional print of a liver for preoperative planning in living donor liver transplantation, Liver Transpl, 19, 1304, 10.1002/lt.23729 Fang, 2015, Application of 3D visualization, 3D printing and 3D laparoscopy in the diagnosis and surgical treatment of hepatic tumors, Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao, 35, 639 Soejima, 2016, Three-dimensional printing and biotexture modeling for preoperative simulation in living donor liver transplantation for small infants, Liver Transpl, 22, 1610, 10.1002/lt.24516 Igami, 2014, Application of a three-dimensional print of a liver in hepatectomy for small tumors invisible by intraoperative ultrasonography: preliminary experience, World J Surg, 38, 3163, 10.1007/s00268-014-2740-7 Igami, 2018, Application of three-dimensional print in minor hepatectomy following liver partition between anterior and posterior sectors, ANZ J Surg, 88, 882, 10.1111/ans.14331 Xiang, 2015, Application of liver three-dimensional printing in hepatectomy for complex massive hepatocarcinoma with rare variations of portal vein: preliminary experience, Int J Clin Exp Med, 8, 18873 Ligon, 2017, Polymers for 3D printing and customized additive manufacturing, Chem Rev, 117, 10212, 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00074 Y. Oshiro, J. Mitani, T. Okada, N. Ohkohchi. A novel three-dimensional print of liver vessels and tumors in hepatectomy. Surg Today; 47:521–524. Dzobo, 2018, Advances in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering: innovation and transformation of medicine, Stem Cells Int, 2495848 Mazzocchi, 2018, Optimization of collagen type I-hyaluronan hybrid bioink for 3D bioprinted liver microenvironments, Biofabrication, 11, 10.1088/1758-5090/aae543 Sauer, 2017, Mixed reality in visceral surgery: development of a suitable workflow and evaluation of intraoperative use-cases, Ann Surg, 266, 706, 10.1097/SLA.0000000000002448 Draelos, 2018, Real-time visualization and interaction with static and live optical coherence tomography volumes in immersive virtual reality, Biomed Opt Express, 9, 2825, 10.1364/BOE.9.002825 Silverstein, 2002, Virtual reality: immersive hepatic surgery educational environment, Surgery, 132, 274, 10.1067/msy.2002.125723 Moro, 2017, The effectiveness of virtual and augmented reality in health sciences and medical anatomy, Anat Sci Educ, 10, 549, 10.1002/ase.1696 Kowalewski, 2018, LapTrain: multi-modality training curriculum for laparoscopic cholecystectomy-results of a randomized controlled trial, Surg Endosc, 32, 3830, 10.1007/s00464-018-6110-7 Tang, 2018, Augmented reality technology for preoperative planning and intraoperative navigation during hepatobiliary surgery: a review of current methods, Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int, 17, 101, 10.1016/j.hbpd.2018.02.002 Hallet, 2015, Trans-thoracic minimally invasive liver resection guided by augmented reality, J Am Coll Surg, 220, e55, 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2014.12.053 Phutane, 2018, Preliminary trial of augmented reality performed on a laparoscopic left hepatectomy, Surg Endosc, 32, 514, 10.1007/s00464-017-5733-4 Bichlmeier, 2009, The virtual mirror: a new interaction paradigm for augmented reality environments, IEEE Trans Med Imaging, 28, 1498, 10.1109/TMI.2009.2018622 Conrad, 2016, Augmented reality navigation surgery facilitates laparoscopic rescue of failed portal vein embolization, J Am Coll Surg, 223, e31, 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2016.06.392 Li, 2017, Application of virtual reality technology in clinical medicine, Am J Transl Res, 9, 3867 Zelken, 2015, Current trends and emerging future of indocyanine green usage in surgery and oncology: an update, Ann Surg Oncol, 22, 1271, 10.1245/s10434-015-4743-5 Fang, 2016, Application of indocyanine green-fluorescent imaging technique in planning resection line and real-time surgical navigation in small hepatocellular carcinoma, Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi, 54, 444 Ishizawa, 2009, Real-time identification of liver cancers by using indocyanine green fluorescent imaging, Cancer-Am Cancer Soc, 115, 2491 Lim, 2014, Indocyanine green fluorescence imaging in the surgical management of liver cancers: current facts and future implications, J Visc Surg, 151, 117, 10.1016/j.jviscsurg.2013.11.003 Satou, 2013, Indocyanine green fluorescent imaging for detecting extrahepatic metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma, J Gastroenterol, 48, 1136, 10.1007/s00535-012-0709-6 Yamamichi, 2015, Clinical application of indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescent imaging of hepatoblastoma, J Pediatr Surg, 50, 833, 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2015.01.014 Kitagawa, 2015, Navigation using indocyanine green fluorescence imaging for hepatoblastoma pulmonary metastases surgery, Pediatr Surg Int, 31, 407, 10.1007/s00383-015-3679-y Abo, 2015, Usefulness of intraoperative diagnosis of hepatic tumors located at the liver surface and hepatic segmental visualization using indocyanine green-photodynamic eye imaging, Eur J Surg Oncol, 41, 257, 10.1016/j.ejso.2014.09.008 Inoue, 2015, Anatomical liver resections guided by 3-dimensional parenchymal staining using fusion indocyanine green fluorescence imaging, Ann Surg, 262, 105, 10.1097/SLA.0000000000000775 Kobayashi, 2017, Portal vein territory identification using indocyanine green fluorescence imaging: technical details and short-term outcomes, J Surg Oncol, 116, 921, 10.1002/jso.24752 Mizuno, 2014, Biliary complications in 108 consecutive recipients with duct-to-duct biliary reconstruction in living-donor liver transplantation, Transplant Proc, 46, 850, 10.1016/j.transproceed.2013.11.035 Koch, 2016, Advancing Surgical Vision with Fluorescence Imaging, Annu Rev Med, 67, 153, 10.1146/annurev-med-051914-022043 Lambin, 2007, Radiomics: extracting more information from medical images using advanced feature analysis, Eur J Cancer, 43, 441 Simpson, 2015, Texture analysis of preoperative ct images for prediction of postoperative hepatic insufficiency: a preliminary study, J Am Coll Surg, 220, 339, 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2014.11.027 Liu, 2018, Development and validation of a radiomics signature for clinically significant portal hypertension in cirrhosis (CHESS1701): a prospective multicenter study, EBioMedicine, 36, 151, 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.09.023 Wang, 2018, Deep learning Radiomics of shear wave elastography significantly improved diagnostic performance for assessing liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B: a prospective multicentre study, Gut, 0, 1 Zhou, 2017, CT-based radiomics signature: a potential biomarker for preoperative prediction of early recurrence in hepatocellular carcinoma, Abdom Radiol, 42, 1695, 10.1007/s00261-017-1072-0 Gillies, 2016, Radiomics: images are more than pictures, they are data, Radiology, 278, 563, 10.1148/radiol.2015151169 Dilley, 2019, Perfect Registration Leads to Imperfect Performance: A Randomized Trial of Multimodal Intraoperative Image Guidance, Ann Surg, 269, 236, 10.1097/SLA.0000000000002793 Peterhans, 2011, A navigation system for open liver surgery: design, workflow and first clinical applications, Int J Med Robot Comp Assist Surg, 7, 7, 10.1002/rcs.360 Nishino, 2018, Real-time navigation for liver surgery using projection mapping with indocyanine green fluorescence, Ann Surg, 267, 1134, 10.1097/SLA.0000000000002172 Fernandes, 2015, Comparative assessment of liver tumor motion using cine-magnetic resonance imaging versus 4-dimensional computed tomography, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 91, 1034, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2014.12.048 Ntziachristos, 2018, Emerging technologies to image tissue metabolism, Cell Metab Knieling, 2017, Multispectral optoacoustic tomography for assessment of crohn's disease activity, N Engl J Med, 376, 1292, 10.1056/NEJMc1612455 Diot, 2017, Multispectral Optoacoustic Tomography (MSOT) of human breast cancer, Clin Cancer Res, 23, 6912, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-16-3200 Aguirre, 2017, Precision assessment of label-free psoriasis biomarkers with ultra-broadband optoacoustic mesoscopy, Nat Biomed Eng, 1, 0068, 10.1038/s41551-017-0068 Zeng, 2016, Cancer diagnosis and imaging-guided photothermal therapy using a dual-modality nanoparticle, ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 8, 29232, 10.1021/acsami.6b06883 Ai, 2018, Near infrared-emitting persistent luminescent nanoparticles for hepatocellular carcinoma imaging and luminescence-guided surgery, Biomaterials, 167, 216, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.01.031 Guan, 2017, From detection to resection: photoacoustic tomography and surgery Guidance with indocyanine green loaded gold Nanorod@liposome core–shell nanoparticles in liver Cancer, Bioconjug Chem, 28, 1221, 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00065 Song, 2018, Novel GPC3-binding WS2-Ga(3+)-PEG-peptide nanosheets for in vivo bimodal imaging-guided photothermal therapy, Nanomedicine, 10.2217/nnm-2017-0367 Fang, 2017, Ten years retrospective review of the application of digital medical technology in general surgery in China, Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi, 55, 887 Chinese Society of Digital Medicine, 2017, Expert consensus of precise diagnosis and treatment for pancreatic head cancer using three-dimensional visualization technology, Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi, 55, 881 Dong, 2018, Liver imaging in precision medicine, EBioMedicine, 32, 1, 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.05.017