Differentiating aversive conditioning in bistable perception: Avoidance of a percept vs. salience of a stimulus

Alpers, 2007, Here is looking at you: Emotional faces predominate in binocular rivalry, Emotion, 7, 495, 10.1037/1528-3542.7.3.495 Alpers, 2005, Binocular rivalry between emotional and neutral stimuli: A validation using fear conditioning and EEG, International Journal of Psychophysiology, 57, 25, 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.01.008 Anderson, 2017, Counterintuitive effects of negative social feedback on attention, Cognition and Emotion, 31, 590, 10.1080/02699931.2015.1122576 Anderson, 2011, What you feel influences what you see: The role of affective feelings in resolving binocular rivalry, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 856, 10.1016/j.jesp.2011.02.009 Balcetis, 2010, Wishful seeing: More desired objects are seen as closer, Psychological Science, 21, 147, 10.1177/0956797609356283 Balcetis, 2012, Subjective value determines initial dominance in binocular rivalry, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 122, 10.1016/j.jesp.2011.08.009 Beck, 2010, Primary and secondary rewards differentially modulate neural activity dynamics during working memory, PloS One, 5, e9251, 10.1371/journal.pone.0009251 Blake, 2002, Visual competition, Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 3, 13, 10.1038/nrn701 Brascamp, J., Sterzer, P., Blake, R., & Knapen, T. (2018). Multistable perception and the role of frontoparietal cortex in perceptual inference. Annual Review of Psychology, 69. Brascamp, 2006, The time course of binocular rivalry reveals a fundamental role of noise, Journal of Vision, 6, 1244, 10.1167/6.11.8 Breese, 1909, Binocular rivalry, Psychological Review, 16, 410, 10.1037/h0075805 Carlson, 2008, Masked fearful faces modulate the orienting of covert spatial attention, Emotion, 8, 522, 10.1037/a0012653 Chong, 2005, Endogenous attention prolongs dominance durations in binocular rivalry, Journal of Vision, 5, 1004, 10.1167/5.11.6 Coren, S., & Russell, J. A. (1992). The relative dominance of different facial expressions of emotion under conditions of perceptual ambiguity. Cognition and Emotion, 6(5), 339–356. Delgado, 2009, Avoiding negative outcomes: Tracking the mechanisms of avoidance learning in humans during fear conditioning, Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 3, 33, 10.3389/neuro.08.033.2009 Delgado, 2011, Neural systems underlying aversive conditioning in humans with primary and secondary reinforcers, Frontiers in Neuroscience, 5, 71, 10.3389/fnins.2011.00071 Delgado, 2006, Fear of losing money? Aversive conditioning with secondary reinforcers, Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 1, 250, 10.1093/scan/nsl025 Denison, 2011, Predictive context influences perceptual selection during binocular rivalry, Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 5, 166, 10.3389/fnhum.2011.00166 Domjan, M. (2005). Pavlovian Conditioning: A Functional Perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 56(1), 179–206 http://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141409. Erdelyi, 1974, A new look at the new look: Perceptual defense and vigilance, Psychological Review, 81, 1, 10.1037/h0035852 Fahle, 1982, Binocular rivalry: Suppression depends on orientation and spatial frequency, Vision Research, 22, 787, 10.1016/0042-6989(82)90010-4 Firestone, 2015, Cognition does not affect perception: Evaluating the evidence for 'top-down' effects, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1 Friston, 2005, A theory of cortical responses, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 360, 815, 10.1098/rstb.2005.1622 Gayet, 2016, Visual input signaling threat gains preferential access to awareness in a breaking continuous flash suppression paradigm, Cognition, 149, 77, 10.1016/j.cognition.2016.01.009 Gigante, 2009, Bistable perception modeled as competing stochastic integrations at two levels, PLoS Computational Biology, 5, e1000430, 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000430 Gray, 2009, The influence of anxiety on the initial selection of emotional faces presented in binocular rivalry, Cognition, 113, 105, 10.1016/j.cognition.2009.06.009 Gray, 2013, Faces and awareness: Low-level, not emotional factors determine perceptual dominance, Emotion, 13, 537, 10.1037/a0031403 Haijiang, 2006, Demonstration of cue recruitment: Change in visual appearance by means of Pavlovian conditioning, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103, 483, 10.1073/pnas.0506728103 Haynes, 2005, Predicting the stream of consciousness from activity in human visual cortex, Current Biology, 15, 1301, 10.1016/j.cub.2005.06.026 Hohwy, 2017, Priors in perception: Top-down modulation, Bayesian perceptual learning rate, and prediction error minimization, Consciousness and Cognition, 47, 75, 10.1016/j.concog.2016.09.004 Hohwy, 2008, Predictive coding explains binocular rivalry: An epistemological review, Cognition, 108, 687, 10.1016/j.cognition.2008.05.010 Lack, 1974, Selective attention and control of binocular rivalry, Perception and Psychophysics, 15, 193, 10.3758/BF03205846 LeDoux, 2000, Emotion circuits in the brain, Annual Review of Neuroscience, 23, 155, 10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.155 Levelt, 1968 Marx, S., & Einhauser, W. (2015). Reward modulates perception in binocular rivalry. Journal of Vision, 15(1), 11. McNally, 1987, Preparedness and phobias: A review, Psychological Bulletin, 101, 283, 10.1037/0033-2909.101.2.283 Milders, 2006, Awareness of faces is modulated by their emotional meaning, Emotion, 6, 10, 10.1037/1528-3542.6.1.10 Mueller, 1989, A fresh look at the temporal dynamics of binocular rivalry, Biological Cybernetics, 61, 223, 10.1007/BF00198769 Nguyen, 2001, The depth and selectivity of suppression in binocular rivalry, Perception and Psychophysics, 63, 348, 10.3758/BF03194475 O'Doherty, J. P., Cockburn, J., & Pauli, W. M. (2017). Learning, reward, and decision making. Annual Review of Psychology, 68(1), 73–100 doi: http://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010416-044216. Ohman, 2001, Fears, phobias, and preparedness: Toward an evolved module of fear and fear learning, Psychological Review, 108, 483, 10.1037/0033-295X.108.3.483 Ooi, 1999, Binocular rivalry and visual awareness: The role of attention, Perception, 28, 551, 10.1068/p2923 Paffen, 2011, Attentional modulation of binocular rivalry, Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 5, 105, 10.3389/fnhum.2011.00105 Paffen, 2010, Shifting spatial attention makes you flip: Exogenous visual attention triggers perceptual alternations during binocular rivalry, Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 72, 1237, 10.3758/APP.72.5.1237 Pourtois, 2004, Electrophysiological correlates of rapid spatial orienting towards fearful faces, Cerebral Cortex, 14, 619, 10.1093/cercor/bhh023 Radel, 2012, Evidence of motivational influences in early visual perception: Hunger modulates conscious access, Psychological Science, 23, 232, 10.1177/0956797611427920 Rao, 1999, Predictive coding in the visual cortex: A functional interpretation of some extra-classical receptive-field effects, Nature Neuroscience, 2, 79, 10.1038/4580 Rood, 1893, On a photometric method which is independent of color, American Journal of Science, 46, 173, 10.2475/ajs.s3-46.273.173 Sanford, 1936, The effects of abstinence from food upon imaginal processes: A further experiment, The Journal of Psychology, 3, 145, 10.1080/00223980.1937.9917485 Schmack, 2013, Delusions and the role of beliefs in perceptual inference, Journal of Neuroscience, 33, 13701, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1778-13.2013 Scocchia, 2014, Top-down influences on ambiguous perception: The role of stable and transient states of the observer, Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 979, 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00979 Stefanucci, 2008, Skating down a steeper slope: Fear influences the perception of geographical slant, Perception, 37, 321, 10.1068/p5796 Stein, 2014, Rapid fear detection relies on high spatial frequencies, Psychological Science, 25, 566, 10.1177/0956797613512509 Sterzer, 2008, Believing is seeing: Expectations alter visual awareness, Current Biology, 18, R697, 10.1016/j.cub.2008.06.021 Sterzer, 2011, Access of emotional information to visual awareness in patients with major depressive disorder, Psychological Medicine, 41, 1615, 10.1017/S0033291710002540 Thorndike, 1907 van Ee, 2005, Voluntary control and the dynamics of perceptual bi-stability, Vision Research, 45, 41, 10.1016/j.visres.2004.07.030 Walter, 1978, Binocular rivalry: Central or peripheral selective processes?, Psychological Bulletin, 85, 376, 10.1037/0033-2909.85.2.376 Wilbertz, G., van Kemenade, B. M., Schmack, K., & Sterzer, P. (2017). fMRI-based decoding of reward effects in binocular rivalry. Neuroscience of Consciousness, 3(1), nix013–nix013 http://doi.org/10.1093/nc/nix013. Wilbertz, 2014, Reinforcement of perceptual inference: Reward and punishment alter conscious visual perception during binocular rivalry, Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1377, 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01377 Yang, 2012, Deconstructing continuous flash suppression, Journal of Vision, 12, 8, 10.1167/12.3.8 Yang, 2007, Fearful expressions gain preferential access to awareness during continuous flash suppression, Emotion, 7, 882, 10.1037/1528-3542.7.4.882 Yu, 1992, Do recognizable figures enjoy an advantage in binocular rivalry?, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 18, 1158