Differences between retinal and choroidal microvascular endothelial cells (MVECs) under normal and hypoxic conditions

Aiello, 1995, Hypoxic regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor in retinal cells, Arch. Ophthalmol., 113, 1538, 10.1001/archopht.1995.01100120068012 Akhta, 2001, Extracellular matrix-derived angiogenic factor(s) inhibit endothelial cell proliferation, enhance differentiation, and stimulate angiogenesis in vivo, Endothelium, 8, 221, 10.3109/10623320109051567 Bauer, 1993, Identification of differentially expressed mRNA species by an improved display technique (DDRT-PCR), Nucleic Acids Res., 21, 4272, 10.1093/nar/21.18.4272 Berkowitz, 1997, Role of dissolved plasma oxygen in hyperoxia-induced contrast, Magn. Reson. Imaging, 15, 123, 10.1016/S0730-725X(96)00230-5 Blumenroder, 1997, The influence of intraocular pressure and systemic oxygen tension on the intravascular pO2 of the pig retina as measured with phosphorescence imaging, Surv. Ophthalmol., 42 Suppl 1, S118, 10.1016/S0039-6257(97)80034-3 Campochiaro, 2000, Retinal and choroidal neovascularization, J. Cell Physiol., 184, 301, 10.1002/1097-4652(200009)184:3<301::AID-JCP3>3.0.CO;2-H Celi, 1993, A rapid and versatile method to synthesize internal standards for competitive PCR, Nucleic Acids Res., 21, 1047, 10.1093/nar/21.4.1047 Delaey, 2002, Regulatory mechanisms in the retinal and choroidal circulation, Ophthalmic. Res., 32, 249, 10.1159/000055622 Dias, 2001, Inhibition of both paracrine and autocrine VEGF/VEGFR-2 signaling pathways is essential to induce long-term remission of xenotransplanted human leukemias, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci USA, 98, 10857, 10.1073/pnas.191117498 Duh, 2002, Pigment epithelium-derived factor suppresses ischemia-induced retinal neovascularization and VEGF-induced migration and growth, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 43, 821 Erichsen, 2001, Oxygen modulates the release of urokinase and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 by retinal pigment epithelial cells, Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., 33, 237, 10.1016/S1357-2725(01)00009-7 Gale, 1999, Growth factors acting via endothelial cell-specific receptor tyrosine kinases: VEGFs, angiopoietins, and ephrins in vascular development, Genes Dev., 13, 1055, 10.1101/gad.13.9.1055 Garlanda, 1997, Heterogeneity of endothelial cells. Specific markers, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 17, 1193, 10.1161/01.ATV.17.7.1193 Gerber, 1997, Differential transcriptional regulation of the two vascular endothelial growth factor receptor genes. Flt-1, but not Flk-1/KDR, is up-regulated by hypoxia, J. Biol. Chem., 272, 23659, 10.1074/jbc.272.38.23659 Grossniklaus, 2000, Correlation of histologic 2-dimensional reconstruction and confocal scanning laser microscopic imaging of choroidal neovascularization in eyes with age-related maculopathy, Arch. Ophthalmol., 118, 625, 10.1001/archopht.118.5.625 Kallio, 1999, Regulation of the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor 1alpha by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, J. Biol. Chem., 274, 6519, 10.1074/jbc.274.10.6519 Kayyali, 2002, Cytoskeletal changes in hypoxic pulmonary endothelial cells are dependent on MAPK-activated protein kinase MK2, J. Biol. Chem., 277, 42596, 10.1074/jbc.M205863200 Khaliq, 1995, Oxygen modulates production of bFGF and TGF-beta by retinal cells in vitro, Exp. Eye Res., 60, 415, 10.1016/S0014-4835(05)80098-3 Kimura, 1997, Hypericin inhibits choroidal endothelial cell proliferation and cord formation in vitro, Curr. Eye Res., 16, 967, 10.1076/ceyr.16.10.967.9019 King, 1985, Receptors and growth-promoting effects of insulin and insulinlike growth factors on cells from bovine retinal capillaries and aorta, J. Clin. Invest., 75, 1028, 10.1172/JCI111764 Kliche, 2001, VEGF receptor signaling and endothelial function, IUBMB Life, 52, 61, 10.1080/15216540252774784 Köhler, 1997, Calibration and storage of DNA competitors used for contamination-protected competitive PCR, Biotechniques, 23, 722, 10.2144/97234st07 Krishnaswamy, 1999, Human endothelium as a source of multifunctional cytokines: molecular regulation and possible role in human disease, J. Interferon Cytokine Res., 19, 91, 10.1089/107999099314234 Lehmann, 2000, Microvascular endothelial cells (MVEC) differ in their basal and TNF-a regulated expression of adhesion molecules and cytokines, J. Vasc. Res., 37, 408, 10.1159/000025757 Lenhoff, 1996, Cytokine regulation of GM-CSF and G-CSF secretion by human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), Cytokine, 8, 702, 10.1006/cyto.1996.0093 Li, 2000, Receptor-selective variants of human vascular endothelial growth factor. Generation and characterization, J. Biol. Chem., 275, 29823, 10.1074/jbc.M002015200 Liang, 1998, Differential display. A general protocol, Mol. Biotechnol., 10, 261, 10.1007/BF02740847 Lu, 2001, Complete inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) activities with a bifunctional diabody directed against both VEGF kinase receptors, fms-like tyrosine kinase receptor and kinase insert domain-containing receptor, Cancer Res., 61, 7002 Lu, 2002, Identification of an additional hypoxia responsive element in the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene promoter, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1574, 152, 10.1016/S0167-4781(01)00359-1 Mandriota, 1998, Regulation of angiopoietin-2 mRNA levels in bovine microvascular endothelial cells by cytokines and hypoxia, Circ. Res., 83, 852, 10.1161/01.RES.83.8.852 McLean, 2002, Enhanced rate of nerve regeneration and directional errors after sciatic nerve injury in receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase sigma knock-out mice, J. Neurosci., 22, 5481, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-13-05481.2002 McLeod, 2002, Localization of VEGF receptor-2 (KDR/Flk-1) and effects of blocking it in oxygen-induced retinopathy, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 43, 474 Meindl, 1995, A gene (SRPX) encoding a sushi-repeat-containing protein is deleted in patients with X-linked retinitis pigmentosa, Hum. Mol. Genet., 4, 2339, 10.1093/hmg/4.12.2339 Oh, 1999, The potential angiogenic role of macrophages in the formation of choroidal neovascular membranes, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 40, 1891 Otani, 1999, Expressions of angiopoietins and Tie2 in human choroidal neovascular membranes, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 40, 1912 Pe'er, 1995, Hypoxia-induced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor by retinal cells is a common factor in neovascularizing ocular diseases, Lab. Invest., 72, 638 Serra-Pages, 1998, Liprins, a family of LAR transmembrane protein-tyrosine phosphatase-interacting proteins, J. Biol. Chem., 273, 15611, 10.1074/jbc.273.25.15611 Shahrara, 2002, Differential expression of the angiogenic Tie receptor family in arthritic and normal synovial tissue, Arthritis Res., 4, 201, 10.1186/ar407 Simorre-Pinatel, 1994, Vasculotropin-VEGF stimulates retinal capillary endothelial cells through an autocrine pathway, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 35, 3393 Spanel-Borowski, 1990, Different phenotypes of cultured microvessel endothelial cells obtained from bovine corpus luteum. Study by light microscopy and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Cell Tissue Res., 261, 35, 10.1007/BF00329436 Steinle, 2000, Regional regulation of choroidal blood flow by autonomic innervation in the rat, Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol., 279, 202, 10.1152/ajpregu.2000.279.1.R202 Takagi, 1996, Hypoxia regulates vascular endothelial growth factor receptor KDR/Flk gene expression through adenosine A2 receptors in retinal capillary endothelial cells, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 37, 1311 Thieme, 1995, Comparative analysis of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors on retinal and aortic vascular endothelial cells, Diabetes, 44, 98, 10.2337/diabetes.44.1.98 Tscheudschilsuren, 2002, Microvascular endothelial cells differ in basal and hypoxia-regulated expression of angiogenic factors and their receptors, Microvasc. Res., 63, 243, 10.1006/mvre.2001.2346 Waltenberger, 1996, Functional upregulation of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor KDR by hypoxia, Circulation, 94, 1647, 10.1161/01.CIR.94.7.1647 Wang, 1999, Extracellular matrix inhibits apoptosis and enhances endothelial cell differentiation by a NfkappaB-dependent mechanism, J. Cell Biochem., 73, 321, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4644(19990601)73:3<321::AID-JCB4>3.0.CO;2-0 Wangsa-Wirawan, 2003, Retinal oxygen: fundamental and clinical aspects, Arch. Ophthalmol., 121, 547, 10.1001/archopht.121.4.547 Yancopoulos, 2000, Vascular-specific growth factors and blood vessel formation, Nature, 407, 242, 10.1038/35025215 Yu, 2001, Oxygen distribution and consumption within the retina in vascularised and avascular retinas and in animal models of retinal disease, Prog. Retin. Eye Res., 20, 175, 10.1016/S1350-9462(00)00027-6 Zachary, 2001, Signaling transduction mechanisms mediating biological actions of the vascular endothelial growth factor family, Cardiovasc. Res., 49, 568, 10.1016/S0008-6363(00)00268-6