Dietary determinants of post-menopausal bone loss at the lumbar spine: a possible beneficial effect of iron

O’Neill TW, Felsenberg D, Varlow J, Cooper C, Kanis JA, Silman AJ, et al (1996) The prevalence of vertebral deformity in European men and women: the European vertebral osteoporosis study. J Bone Miner Res 11:1010–1017

Lunt M, Felsenberg D, Reeve J, Benevolenskaya L, Cannata J, Dequeker J, et al (1997) Bone density variation and its effects on risk of vertebral deformity in men and women studied in 13 European centres: the EVOS study. J Bone Miner Res 12:1883–1894

Black DM, Cummings SR, Melton LJ III (1992) Appendicular bone mineral and a woman’s lifetime risk of hip fracture. J Bone Miner Res 7:639–646

Falch J, Sandvik L (1990) Perimenopausal appendicular bone loss: a 10-year prospective study. Bone 11:425–428

Johnston C Jr, Hui S, Wiske P, Norton J Jr, Epstein S (1980) Bone mass at maturity and subsequent rates of loss as determinants of osteoporosis. In: DeLuca HF, Frost H, Jee W, Johnston Jr CC, Parfitt AM (eds) Osteoporosis: recent advances in pathogenesis and treatment. Baltimore: University Park Press, pp 285–291

Hansen MA, Overgaard K, Christiansen C (1995) Spontaneous postmenopausal bone loss in different skeletal areas – followed up for 15 years. J Bone Miner Res 10:205–210

Krölner B, Nielsen S (1980) Measurement of bone mineral content (BMC) of the lumbar spine. I. Theory and application of a new two-dimensional dual-photon attenuation method. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 40:653–663

Reeve J, Pearson J, Mitchell A, Green JR, Nicholls A, Justice J, et al. (1995) Evolution of spinal bone loss and biochemical markers of bone remodelling after menopause in normal women. Calcif Tissue Int 57:105–110

Pouilles J, Tremollieres F, Ribot C (1993) The effects of menopause on longitudinal bone loss from the spine. Calcif Tissue Int 52:40–43

Reeve J, Walton J, Russell LJ, Lunt M, Wolman R, Abraham R, et al (1999) Determinants of the first decade of bone loss after menopause at spine, hip and radius: the Harrow post-menopausal bone loss study. Q J Med 92:261–273

Abraham R, Pearson J, Reeve J, (1991) Calcium intake:important in early menopause? In: Heaney R, Burckhart P (eds) Nutritional aspects of osteoporosis. Raven Press, New York, pp 191–204

Hudson E, Klenerman L, Hesp R, Justice J, Nicholls A, Charlett A, et al. (1990) Vaginal cell cytology is a poor predictor of rates of bone loss in early postmenopause. In: Christiansen C, Overgaard K (eds) Osteoporosis 1990, vol 2. Osteopress ApS, Copenhagen, pp 582–584

Lowell JP, Mechie JR (1983) Computerised dietary calculations: an interactive approach updated. Hum Nutr Appl Nutr 37:36–40

Paul AA, Southgate DA (1978) McCance and Widdowson’s: The composition of foods. Elsevier/North Holland, Amsterdam

Paul AA, Southgate DA, Buss DH (1986) McCance and Widdowson’s ‘The composition of foods’: supplementary information and review of new compositional data. Hum Nutr Appl Nutr 40:287–299

Reeve J, Abraham R, Walton J, Russell LJ, Wardley-Smith B, Mitchell A (2004) Increasing “bone” mineral density after menopause in individual lumbar vertebrae as a marker for degenerative disease: a pilot study for the effects of body composition and diet. J Rheumatol 31:1986–1993

Genant HK, Steiger P, Block JE, Glueer CC, Hinger B, Harris ST (1987) Quantitative computed tomography: update 1987. Calcif Tissue Int 41:179–186

Doyle F, Brown J, Lachance C (1970) Relation between bone mass and muscle weight. Lancet 21:391–393

Prentice A, Parsons TJ, Cole TJ (1994) Uncritical use of bone mineral density in absorptiometry may lead to size-related artifacts in the identification of bone mineral determinants. Am J Clin Nutr 60:837–842

Huopio J, Kroger H, Honkanen R, Saarikoski S, Alhava E (2000) Risk factors for perimenopausal fractures: A prospective study. Osteoporos Int 11:219–227

Sellmeyer DE, Stone KL, Sebastian A, Cummings SR (2001) A high ratio of dietary animal to vegetable protein increases the rate of bone loss and the risk of fracture in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 73:118–122

Chan HHI, Lau EMC, Woo J, Lin F, Sham A, Leung PC (1996) Dietary calcium intake, physical activity and the risk of vertebral fracture in the Chinese. Osteoporos Int 6:228–232

Lunt M, Masaryk P, Nijs J, Scheidt-Nave C, Poor G, Pols HAP, et al. (2001) The effects of lifestyle and dietary dairy intake on bone density: the EVOS prevalence study. Osteoporosis Int 12:688–698

Arnett TR, Gibbons DC, Utting JC, Orriss IR, Hoebertz A, Rosendaal M (2003) Hypoxia is a major stimulator of osteoclast formation and bone resorption. J Cell Physiol 196:2–8

Arnett T (2003) Regulation of bone cell function by acid-base balance. Proc Nutr Soc 62:511–520

Cesari M, Pahor M, Lauretani F, Penninx BW, Bartali B, Russo R, et al. (2005) Bone density and hemoglobin levels in older persons: results from the InCHIANTI study. Osteoporos Int 16:691–699

Hunt JR, Gallagher S, Johnson LK, Lykken GI (1995) High- versus low-meat diets: effects on zinc absorption, iron status, and calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, nitrogen, phosphorus, and zinc balance in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 62:621–632

Bonjour J-P, Schurch M-A, Chevally T, Ammann P, Rizzoli R (1997) Protein intake, IGF-1 and Osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 7[Suppl 3]:36–42

Barzel US (1995) The skeleton as an ion exchange system: Implications for the role of acid-base imbalance in the genesis of osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 10:1431–1436

Sebastain A (2005) Isoflavones, protein, and bone. Am J Clin Nutr 81:733–735

Johnell O, O’Neill T, Felsenberg D, Kanis J, Cooper C, Silman A, et al. (1997) Anthropometric measurements and vertebral deformities. Am J Epidemiol 146:287–293

Wolman RL, Clark P, McNally E, Faulmann L, Harries M, Reeve J (1990) Menstrual status and exercise are important determinants of spinal trabecular bone density in female athletes. Br Med J 301:516–518

Bingham SA, Cassidy A, Cole TJ, Welch A, Runswick SA, Black AE, et al (1995) Validation of weighed records and other methods of dietary assessment using the 24 h urine nitrogen technique and other biological markers. Br J Nutr 73:531–550

Tremollieres F, Pouilles JM, Ribot C (1993) Vertebral post-menopausal bone loss is reduced in overweight women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 77:683–686

Reid IR, Ames RW, Evans MC, Gamble GD, Sharpe SJ (1993) Effect of calcium supplementation on bone loss in postmenopausal women. New Eng J Med 328:460–464

Eriksen EF (1986) Normal and pathological remodeling of human trabecular bone: three dimensional reconstruction of the remodeling sequence in normal and in metabolic bone disease. Endocr Rev 7:379–407

Gibson JH, Harries M, Mitchell A, Godfrey R, Lunt M, Reeve J (2000) Determinants of bone density and prevalence of osteopenia among female runners in their second to seventh decades of age. Bone 26:591–598

Dequeker J, Pearson J, Reeve J, Henley M, Bright J, Felsenberg D, et al (1995) Dual X-ray absorptiometry: cross-calibration and normative reference ranges for the spine: results of a European community concerted action. Bone 17:247–254

Ruston D, Hoare J, Henderson L, Gregory J, Bates CJ, Prentice A, et al. (2004) The national diet and nutrition survey: Adults aged 19 to 64 years, vol. 4. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London, p 156