Các nghiên cứu về chế độ ăn uống của chim biển: một bài tổng quan và khuyến nghị

ICES Journal of Marine Science - Tập 64 Số 9 - Trang 1675-1691 - 2007
Robert T. Barrett1, Kees Camphuysen2, Tycho Anker‐Nilssen3, John W. Chardine4, Robert W. Furness5, Stefan Garthe6, Ommo Hüppop7, M.F. Leopold8, William A. Montevecchi9, Richard R. Veit10
1Department of Natural Science, Tromsø University Museum, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
2Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, NL-1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands
3Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, NO-7485 Trondheim, Norway
4Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment Canada, PO Box 6227, Sackville, NB, CanadaE4L 1G6
5Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
6FTZ, University of Kiel, Hafentörn 1, D-25761 Büsum, Germany
7Institute of Avian Research ‘Vogelwarte Helgoland’, Field Station Helgoland, PO Box 1220, D-27494 Helgoland, Germany
8Wageningen-IMARES, PO Box 167, NL-1790 AD Den Burg (Texel), The Netherlands
9Cognitive and Behavioural Ecology Programme, Departments of Biology and Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, CanadaA1B 3X9
10Biology Department, College of Staten Island, 2800 Victory Boulevard, Staten Island, NY, 10314, USA

Tóm tắt

Tóm tắt

Barrett, R. T., Camphuysen, C. J., Anker-Nilssen, T., Chardine, J. W., Furness, R. W., Garthe, S., Hüppop, O., Leopold, M. F., Montevecchi, W. A., và Veit, R. R. 2007. Các nghiên cứu về chế độ ăn uống của chim biển: một bài tổng quan và khuyến nghị. – Tạp chí Khoa học Biển ICES, 64. Chúng tôi tổng quan các phương pháp khác nhau được sử dụng để thu thập dữ liệu chế độ ăn uống từ các loài chim biển. Chúng tôi xem xét các hạn chế và tính khả thi của chúng và nhấn mạnh những khoảng trống dữ liệu quan trọng trong hiểu biết của chúng tôi về sinh thái ăn uống của chim biển (cụ thể là chế độ ăn ngoài mùa sinh sản). Để tăng cường khả năng so sánh các phát hiện giữa các nghiên cứu, loài, và các vùng đại dương, chúng tôi đưa ra các khuyến nghị về tiêu chuẩn báo cáo kết quả trong tài liệu.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Aebischer, 1986, Retrospective investigation of an ecological disaster in the shag, Phalacrocorax aristotelis: a general method based on long-term marking, Journal of Animal Ecology, 55, 613, 10.2307/4743

Ainley, 1996, Temporal and spatial patterns in the diet of the common murre in California waters, Condor, 98, 691, 10.2307/1369852

Ambrose, 1986, Estimates of removal rate of Nereis virens (Polychaeta: Nereidae) from an intertidal mudflat by gulls (Larus spp.), Marine Biology, 90, 243, 10.1007/BF00569134

Ancel, 1997, Prey ingestion revealed by oesophagus and stomach temperature recordings in cormorants, Journal of Experimental Biology, 200, 149, 10.1242/jeb.200.1.149

Andersen, 2004, Autumn diet of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) at Prins Karls Forland, Svalbard, assessed via scat and fatty-acid analyses, Canadian Journal of Zoology, 82, 1230, 10.1139/z04-093

Andersson, 1980, Social organisation and foraging ecology in the Arctic skua Stercorarius parasiticus: a test of the food defendability hypothesis, Oikos, 35, 63, 10.2307/3544727

Anker-Nilssen, 1987, Notes on the food choice of adult and young guillemots Uria aalge during post-breeding migration in central Norway, Fauna Norvegica Series C, Cinclus, 10, 53

Arnett, 2001, Comparing the diet of cod (Gadus morhua) and grey seals (Halichoerus grypus): an investigation of secondary ingestion, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK, 81, 365, 10.1017/S0025315401003952

Atwood, 1984, Fish dropped on breeding colonies as indicators of least tern food habits, Wilson Bulletin, 96, 34

Baars, 1990, The ecology of the Frisian Front

Baltz, 1977, Food habits and niche overlap of seabirds wintering on Monterey Bay, California, Auk, 94, 526

Barrett, 1991, Shags (Phalacrocorax aristotelis) as potential samplers of juvenile saithe (Pollachius virens (L.)) stocks in northern Norway, Sarsia, 76, 153, 10.1080/00364827.1991.10413470

Barrett, 2002, Atlantic puffin Fratercula arctica and common guillemot Uria aalge chick diet and growth as indicators of fish stocks in the Barents Sea, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 230, 275, 10.3354/meps230275

Barrett, 1987, The food, growth and fledging success of Norwegian puffin chicks Fratercula arctica in 1980–1983, Ornis Scandinavica, 18, 73, 10.2307/3676842

Barrett, 1990, The prey and diving depths of seabirds on Hornoy, north Norway after a decrease in the Barents Sea capelin stocks, Ornis Scandinavica, 21, 179, 10.2307/3676777

Barrett, 1990, Diets of shags Phalacrocorax aristotelis and cormorants P. carbo in Norway and implications for gadoid stock recruitment, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 66, 205, 10.3354/meps066205

Bearhop, 2001, Annual variation in great skua diets: the importance of commercial fisheries and predation on seabirds revealed by combining dietary analyses, Condor, 103, 802, 10.1650/0010-5422(2001)103[0802:AVIGSD]2.0.CO;2

Bearhop, 1999, Stable isotopes indicate the extent of freshwater feeding by cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo shot at inland fisheries in England, Journal of Applied Ecology, 36, 75, 10.1046/j.1365-2664.1999.00378.x

Bearhop, 2002, Factors that influence assimilation rates and fractionation of nitrogen and carbon stable isotopes in avian blood and feathers, Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 75, 451, 10.1086/342800

Becker, 2006, Centennial decline in the trophic level of an endangered seabird after fisheries decline, Conservation Biology, 20, 470, 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00379.x

Bevan, 1995, The energy expenditure of free-ranging black-browed albatrosses, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B – Biological Sciences, 350, 119, 10.1098/rstb.1995.0146

Bigg, 1990, An enclosed elutriator for processing marine mammal scats, Marine Mammal Science, 6, 350, 10.1111/j.1748-7692.1990.tb00365.x

Bigg, 1985, Modified volume: a frequency-volume method to assess marine mammal food habits, Marine Mammals and Fisheries, 277

Birkhead, 1987, Ecological relationships between common murre, Uria aalge, and thick-billed murre, Uria lomvia, at Gannet Islands, Labrador. 3. Feeding ecology of the young, Canadian Journal of Zoology, 65, 1638, 10.1139/z87-253

Birt, 1987, Ashmole's halo: direct evidence for prey depletion by a seabird, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 40, 205, 10.3354/meps040205

Blake, 1983, A comparative study of the diet of auks killed during an oil incident in the Skagerrak in January 1981, Journal of Zoology (London), 201, 1, 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1983.tb04257.x

Bradley, 2000, Intermittent breeding in the short-tailed shearwater Puffinus tenuirostris, Journal of Animal Ecology, 69, 639, 10.1046/j.1365-2656.2000.00422.x

Bradstreet, 1985, Feeding ecology of the Atlantic Alcidae, The Atlantic Alcidae, pp. 264–318, 574

Brown, 1996, Technique-dependent biases in determination of diet composition: an example with ring-billed gulls, Condor, 98, 34, 10.2307/1369505

Brown, 1981, The foods of great and sooty shearwaters Pufffinus gravis and P. griseus in eastern Canadian waters, Ibis, 123, 19, 10.1111/j.1474-919X.1981.tb00169.x

Brugger, 1993, Digestibility of three fish species by double-crested cormorants, Condor, 95, 25, 10.2307/1369383

Bugoni, 2004, Feeding ecology of the common tern Sterna hirundo in a wintering area in southern Brazil, Ibis, 146, 438, 10.1111/j.1474-919X.2004.00277.x

Bull, 2007, Reducing seabird bycatch in longline, trawl and gillnet fisheries, Fish and Fisheries, 8, 31, 10.1111/j.1467-2979.2007.00234.x

Burger, 1991, The Common Tern – Its Breeding Biology and Social Behavior, 413

Cairns, 1987, Seabirds as indicators of marine food supplies, Biological Oceanography, 5, 261

Cairns, 1998, Diet of cormorants, mergansers and kingfishers in northeastern North America, Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 2225, 29

Cairns, 1992, Bridging the gap between ornithology and fisheries science: use of seabird data in stock assessment models, Condor, 94, 811, 10.2307/1369279

Calladine, 1997, Intermittent breeding in the herring gull Larus argentatus and the lesser black-backed gull Larus fuscus, Ibis, 139, 259, 10.1111/j.1474-919X.1997.tb04623.x

Cam, 1998, Are adult non-breeders prudent parents? The kittiwake model, Ecology, 79, 2917, 10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[2917:AANPPT]2.0.CO;2

Camphuysen, 1999, Diurnal activity patterns and nocturnal group formation of wintering common murres in the central North Sea, Colonial Waterbirds, 21, 406, 10.2307/1521652

Camphuysen, 2005, De Drieteenmeeuw als broedvogel in Nederland, Limosa, 78, 65

Camphuysen, 2004, Recording foraging seabirds at sea: standardised recording and coding of foraging behaviour and multi-species foraging associations, Atlantic Seabirds, 6, 1

Carss, 1997, Techniques for assessing cormorant diet and food intake: towards a consensus review, Supplemento alle Ricerche di Biologia della Selvaggina, 26, 197

Carter, 2003, The 1986 Apex Houston oil spill in central California: seabird injury assessments and litigation process, Marine Ornithology, 31, 9

Casaux, 1999, Feeding trial on an imperial cormorant Phalacrocorax atriceps: preliminary results on fish intake and otolith digestion, Marine Ornithology, 23, 101

Casaux, 1997, Diet of the imperial cormorant Phalacrocorax atriceps: comparison of pellets and stomach contents, Marine Ornithology, 25, 1

Charrassin, 2000, Feeding behaviour of free-ranging penguins determined by oesophageal temperature, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B – Biological Series, 268, 151, 10.1098/rspb.2000.1343

Cherel, 2002, Food and feeding ecology of the sympatric thin-billed Pachyptila belcheri and Antarctic P. desolota prions at Iles Kerguelen, southern Indian Ocean, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 228, 263, 10.3354/meps228263

Cherel, 2000, Using stable isotope analysis of feathers to distinguish moulting and breeding origins of seabirds, Oecologia, 122, 155, 10.1007/PL00008843

Colwell, 1971, On the measurement of niche breadth and overlap, Ecology, 52, 567, 10.2307/1934144

Cottrell, 1996, Assessing the use of hard parts in faeces to identify harbour seal prey: results of captive-feeding trials, Canadian Journal of Zoology, 74, 875, 10.1139/z96-101

Davis, 2005, Food availability affects adult survival as well as breeding success of parasitic jaegers, Ecology, 86, 1047, 10.1890/04-0989

Davoren, 1999, Difference in prey selection and behaviour during self-feeding and chick provisioning in rhinoceros auklets, Animal Behaviour, 58, 853, 10.1006/anbe.1999.1209

Davoren, 2003, Signals from seabirds indicate changing biology of capelin biology, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 258, 253, 10.3354/meps258253

Day, 1989, Food habits of the whiskered auklet at Buldir Island, Alaska, Condor, 91, 65, 10.2307/1368149

Deagle, 2007, Quantitative analysis of prey DNA in pinniped faeces: potential to estimate diet composition?, Conservation Genetics, 8, 743, 10.1007/s10592-006-9197-7

Deagle, 2005, Molecular scatology as a tool to study diet: analysis of prey DNA in scats from captive Steller sea lions, Molecular Ecology, 14, 1831, 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02531.x

Degraer, 1999, The macrozoobenthos of an important wintering area of the common scoter Melanitta nigra, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK, 79, 243, 10.1017/S0025315498000277

Dekinga, 1993, Reconstructing diet composition on the basis of faeces in a mollusc-eating wader, the knot Calidris canutus, Bird Study, 40, 144, 10.1080/00063659309477140

Dellinger, 1988, Estimating diet composition from scat analysis in otariid seals (Otariidae): is it reliable?, Canadian Journal of Zoology, 66, 1865, 10.1139/z88-269

Derby, 1997, Comparison of pellets versus collected birds for sampling diets of double-crested cormorants, Condor, 99, 549, 10.2307/1369966

Dierschke, 2003, Langfristige Veränderungen in der Ernährung von Silbermöwen (Larus argentatus) auf Helgoland unter dem Einfluss der Fischerei mit Vergleichen zur Heringsmöwe (Larus fuscus), Seevögel, 24, 3

Duffy, 1986, Diet studies of seabirds: a review of methods, Colonial Waterbirds, 9, 1, 10.2307/1521138

Emslie, 1998, Abandoned penguin colonies and environmental change in the Palmer Station area, Anvers Island, Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctic Science, 10, 257, 10.1017/S0954102098000352

Erikstad, 1998, On the cost of reproduction in long-lived birds; the influence of environmental variability, Ecology, 79, 1781, 10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[1781:OTCORI]2.0.CO;2

Favero, 2000, Diet of royal (Thalasseus maximus) and sandwich (T. sandvicensis) terns during the austral winter in the Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, Ornithologia Neotropical, 11, 259

Field, 2007, Population dynamics of an unexploited rockfish (Sebastes jordani) in the California Current, Biology, Assessment, and Management of North Pacific Rockfishes, 451, 10.4027/bamnpr.2007.25

Finney, 2001, The impact of gulls on puffin reproductive performance: an experimental test of two management strategies, Biological Conservation, 98, 159, 10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00150-6

Frederiksen, 2004, The role of industrial fisheries and environmental change in the decline of North Sea black-legged kittiwakes, Journal of Applied Ecology, 41, 1129, 10.1111/j.0021-8901.2004.00966.x

Freeman, 1998, Iso-electric focusing and the identification of fisheries’ waste in the diet of Westland petrels (Procellaria westlandica), New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 32, 177, 10.1080/00288330.1998.9516817

Frengen, 2002, Mass occurrence of sandeels (Ammodytes spp.) causing aggregations of diving ducks, Fauna Norvegica, 22, 32

Furness, 1978, Kleptoparasitism by great skuas (Catharacta skua Brünn) and Arctic skuas (Stercorarius parasiticus L.) at a Shetland seabird colony, Animal Behaviour, 26, 1167, 10.1016/0003-3472(78)90107-0

Furness, 2002, Management implications of interactions between fisheries and sandeel-dependent seabirds and seals in the North Sea, ICES Journal of Marine Science, 59, 261, 10.1006/jmsc.2001.1155

Furness, 2003, Impacts of fisheries on seabird communities, Scientia Marina, 67, 33, 10.3989/scimar.2003.67s233

Furness, 1997, Seabirds as monitors of the marine environment, ICES Journal of Marine Science, 54, 726, 10.1006/jmsc.1997.0243

Furness, 2006, Techniques to link individual migration patterns of seabirds with diet specialization, condition and breeding performance, Ardea, 94, 631

Furness, Influence of management practices and of scavenging seabirds on availability of fisheries discards to benthic scavengers, Marine Ecology Progress Series,

Furness, 1987, Seabird Ecology, 164

Furness, 1984, Diets and feeding of fulmars Fulmarus glacialis during the breeding season: a comparison between St Kilda and Shetland colonies, Ibis, 126, 379, 10.1111/j.1474-919X.1984.tb00259.x

Gagliardi, 2003, A floating platform: a solution to collecting pellets when cormorants roost over water, Waterbirds, 26, 54, 10.1675/1524-4695(2003)026[0054:AFPAST]2.0.CO;2

Garthe, 1999, At-sea-activity and foraging efficiency in chick-rearing northern gannets (Sula bassana): a case study in Shetland, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 185, 93, 10.3354/meps185093

Garthe, 1999, Zur Ernährungsökologie von Herings-, Silber- und Sturmmöwe (Larus fuscus, L. argentatus und L. canus) auf der Nordseeinsel Amrum während der Brutzeit, Seevögel, 20, 52

Garthe, 2007, Contrasting foraging tactics of seabirds breeding in different oceanographic domains, Marine Biology, 151, 687, 10.1007/s00227-006-0523-x

Goericke, 1994, Variations of marine plankton δ13C with latitude, temperature and dissolved CO2 in the world ocean, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 8, 85, 10.1029/93GB03272

González-Solís, 1997, Bias associated with diet samples in Audouin's gulls, Condor, 99, 773, 10.2307/1370488

Granadeiro, 2002, Diet of common terns in the Azores, Northeast Atlantic, Waterbirds, 25, 149, 10.1675/1524-4695(2002)025[0149:DOCTIT]2.0.CO;2

Grémillet, 1998, Cormorans et pêcheries autour des Iles Chausey, Le Cormoran, 10, 196

Grémillet, 1994, The use of stomach temperature records for the calculation of daily food intake in cormorants, Journal of Experimental Biology, 189, 105, 10.1242/jeb.189.1.105

Grover, 1983, The role of the rhinoceros auklet (Cerorhinca monocerata) in mixed-species feeding assemblages of seabirds in the Strait of Juan de Fuca, Washington, Auk, 100, 979, 10.1093/auk/100.4.979

Grunsky-Schöneberg, 1998, Brutbiologie und Nahrungsökologie der Trottellumme (Uria aalge Pont.) auf Helgoland, Ökologie der Vögel (Ecology of Birds), 20, 217

Hald-Mortensen, 1995, Danske skarvers (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) fødevalg i 1992–1994 baseret på analyser af gylp fra 23 forskjellige kolonier samt 2 overnattingspladser, Report from Skov og Naturstyrelsen, Miljøministeriet., 418

Halley, 1995, Seasonal and geographical variations in the diet of common guillemots Uria aalge off western Scotland, Seabird, 17, 12

Harding, 2002, Reduction of provisioning effort in response to experimental manipulation of chick nutritional status in the horned puffin, Condor, 104, 842, 10.1650/0010-5422(2002)104[0842:ROPEIR]2.0.CO;2

Härkönen, 1986, Guide to the Otoliths of the Bony Fishes of the Northeast Atlantic, Danbiu ApS., Hellerup., 256

Harris, 1985, Fish fed to young guillemots, Uria aalge, and used in displays on the Isle of May, Scotland, Journal of Zoology, London, 441

Harris, 1993, The diet of shags Phalacrocorax aristotelis during the chick-rearing period assessed by three methods, Bird Study, 40, 135, 10.1080/00063659309477138

Harris, 1995, The food consumption of young common murres (Uria aalge) in the wild, Colonial Waterbirds, 18, 209, 10.2307/1521482

Hatch, 1992, Puffins as predators on juvenile pollack and other forage fish in the Gulf of Alaska, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 80, 1, 10.3354/meps080001

Hedd, 2006, Diet and trophic position of Leach's storm-petrel during breeding and molt, inferred from stable isotope analysis of feathers, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 322, 291, 10.3354/meps322291

Hilton, 2006, A stable isotopic investigation into the causes of decline in a sub-Antarctic predator, the rockhopper penguin Eudyptes chrysocome, Global Change Biology, 12, 611, 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01130.x

Hislop, 1985, Recent changes in the food of young puffins Fratercula arctica on the Isle of May in relation to fish stocks, Ibis, 127, 234, 10.1111/j.1474-919X.1985.tb05057.x

Hislop, 1991, Variation in the calorific value and total energy content of the lesser sandeel (Ammodytes marinus) and other fish preyed on by seabirds, Journal of Zoology (London), 224, 501, 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb06039.x

Hobson, 1993, Trophic relationships among high Arctic seabirds: insights from tissue-dependent stable-isotope models, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 95, 7, 10.3354/meps095007

Hobson, 1991, Stable isotopic determination of the trophic relationships of great auks, Oecologia, 87, 528, 10.1007/BF00320416

Hobson, 1994, Using stable isotopes to determine seabird trophic level relationships, Journal of Animal Ecology, 63, 786, 10.2307/5256

Hobson, 1992, Determination of trophic relationships within a high Arctic marine food web using δ13C and δ15N analysis, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 84, 9, 10.3354/meps084009

Hüppop, 2002, Zur Speiballen-Produktion freilebender Kormorane (Phalacrocorax carbo) im Winter, Jahresbericht des Instituts für Vogelforschung, 5, 11

Iverson, 2004, Quantitative fatty acid signature analysis: a new method of estimating predator diets, Ecological Monographs, 74, 211, 10.1890/02-4105

Iverson, Seabirds as indicators of food web structure and ecosystem variability: qualitative and quantitative diet analyses using fatty acids, Marine Ecology Progress Series

Jackson, 1986, Differential digestion rates of prey by white-chinned petrels (Procellaria aequinoctialis), Auk, 103, 617

Jobling, 1986, The use and abuse of fish otoliths in studies of feeding habits of marine piscivores, Sarsia, 71, 265, 10.1080/00364827.1986.10419696

Johansen, 2001, Foraging strategies of great cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo carbo wintering north of the Arctic Circle, Bird Study, 48, 59, 10.1080/00063650109461203

Johnson, 1997, Evidence of secondary consumption of invertebrate prey by double-crested cormorants, Colonial Waterbirds, 20, 547, 10.2307/1521608

Johnstone, 1990, The usefulness of pellets for assessing the diet of adult shags Phalacrocorax aristotelis, Bird Study, 37, 5, 10.1080/00063659009477030

Jost, 1975, Fisch-Otolithen in Speiballen der Wasseramsel, Natur und Museum, 105, 283

Käkelä, 2006, Fatty acid signatures as indicators of diet in great skuas Stercorarius skua, Shetland, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 319, 297, 10.3354/meps319297

Käkelä, 2007, Fatty acid signatures and stable isotopes as dietary indicators in North Sea seabirds, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 342, 291, 10.3354/meps342291

Käkelä, 2005, Fatty acid signatures in plasma of captive herring gulls as indicators of demersal or pelagic fish diet, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 293, 191, 10.3354/meps293191

Karpouzi, 2007, Modelling and mapping resource overlap between seabirds and fisheries on a global scale: a preliminary assessment, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 343, 87, 10.3354/meps06860

Keijl, 1986, Voedselecologie van de Stormmeeuw (Larus canus) te Schoorl 1986: Voedselkeuze en fourageerritme in de periode dat de jongen worden grootgebracht. Instituut lerarenopleiding, Hogeschool Holland, sektie biologie,, Diemen., 64

Kennedy, 1988, Predation by cormorants, Phalacrocorax carbo L., on the salmonid populations of an Irish river, Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, 19, 159

Kingston, 1999, Diet of otters Lutra lutra on Inishmore, Aran Islands, west coast of Ireland, Biological Environment Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 99B, 173

Kube, 1996, The ecology of macrozoobenthos and seaducks in the Pomeranian Bay, Meereswissenschaftliche Berichte, 18, 128

Kubetzki, 2003, Distribution, diet and habitat selection by four sympatrically breeding gull species in the south-eastern North Sea, Marine Biology, 143, 199, 10.1007/s00227-003-1036-5

Kubetzki, 1999, The diet of common gulls Larus canus breeding on the German North Sea coast, Atlantic Seabirds, 1, 57

Larson, 2006, Digiscoping vouchers for diet studies in bill-load holding birds, Waterbirds, 29, 198, 10.1675/1524-4695(2006)29[198:DVFDSI]2.0.CO;2

Lawson, 1998, Selective foraging by harp seals Phoca groenlandica in nearshore and offshore waters of Newfoundland, 1993 and 1994, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 163, 1, 10.3354/meps163001

Leopold, 1995, De Zwarte Zeeëend Melanitta nigra in Nederland, Limosa, 68, 49

Leopold, 2007, Identification and size estimation of Spisula subtruncata and Ensis americanus from shell fragments in stomachs and faeces of common eiders Somateria mollissima and common scoters Melanitta nigra., Common Eiders Somateria mollissima in the Netherlands. The Rise and Fall of Breeding and Wintering Populations in Relation to the Stocks of Shellfish, 63

Leopold, 2003, Great cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo and polychaetes: can worms sometimes be a major prey of a piscivorous seabird?, Marine Ornithology, 31, 75

Leopold, 2001, Otoliths of North Sea fish: interactive guide of identification of fish from the SE North Sea, Wadden Sea and adjacent fresh waters by means of otoliths and other hard parts, CD-ROM, ETI

Leopold, 1998, Diet of cormorants and the impact of cormorant predation on juvenile flatfish in the Dutch Wadden Sea, Journal of Sea Research, 40, 93, 10.1016/S1385-1101(98)00028-8

Leopold, 1996, Central place foraging in oystercatchers Haematopus ostralegus: can parents that transport mussels Mytilus edulis to their young profit from size selection?, Ardea, 84A, 311

Leopold, 1992, Food of young and colony-attendance of adult guillemots Uria aalge on Helgoland, Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen, 46, 237, 10.1007/BF02366056

Lewis, 2001, Diet and breeding performance of black-legged kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla at a North Sea colony, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 221, 277, 10.3354/meps221277

Litzow, 2000, Monitoring temporal and spatial variability in sandeel (Ammodytes hexapterus) abundance with pigeon guillemot (Cepphus columba) diets, ICES Journal of Marine Science, 57, 976, 10.1006/jmsc.2000.0583

Lønne, 1992, Summer diet of seabirds feeding in sea-ice-covered waters near Svalbard, Polar Biology, 12, 685, 10.1007/BF00238868

Lorentsen, 1999, Diet of common murres wintering in northern Skagerrak during 1988–1990: variation with sex, age and season, Waterbirds, 22, 80, 10.2307/1521996

Ludynia, 2005, Seasonal and regional variation in the diet of the kelp gull in northern Chile, Waterbirds, 28, 359, 10.1675/1524-4695(2005)028[0359:SARVIT]2.0.CO;2

Madureira, 1993, Differences in backscattering strength determined at 120 and 38 kHz for three species of Antarctic macroplankton, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 93, 17, 10.3354/meps093017

Martini, 1993, Ungewöhnlicher Eintrag von Fisch-Otolithen in rezente Sedimente bei Helgoland durch Silbermöwen (Larus argentatus), Zitteliana, 20, 379

Mauco, 2005, The food and feeding biology of common terns wintering in Argentina: influence of environmental conditions, Waterbirds, 28, 450, 10.1675/1524-4695(2005)28[450:TFAFBO]2.0.CO;2

Mayr, 2004, A partial skeleton of a new fossil loon (Aves, Gaviiformes) from the early Oligocene of Germany with preserved stomach content, Journal of Ornithology, 145, 281, 10.1007/s10336-004-0050-9

McCleery, 1986, Feeding specialization and preference in herring gulls, Journal of Animal Ecology, 55, 245, 10.2307/4705

Mehlum, 2001, Crustaceans in the diet of adult common and Brünnich's guillemots Uria aalge and U. lomvia in the Barents Sea during the breeding period, Marine Ornithology, 29, 19

Meijering, 1954, Zur Frage der Variationen in der Ernährung der Silbermöwe, Larus argentatus Pont, Ardea, 42, 163

Montevecchi, 1993, Birds as indicators of change in marine prey stocks, Birds as Monitors of Environmental Change, 219, 10.1007/978-94-015-1322-7_6

Montevecchi, Binary dietary responses of northern gannets (Sula bassana) indicate changing food web and oceanographic conditions, Marine Ecology Progress Series,

Montevecchi, 1992, Reproductive energetics and prey harvest by Leach's storm-petrels in the northwest Atlantic, Ecology, 73, 823, 10.2307/1940160

Montevecchi, 1984, Composition and energy contents of mature inshore spawning capelin (Mallotus villosus): implications for seabird predators, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A, 67, 15, 10.1016/0300-9629(84)90084-7

Montevecchi, 1987, Dehydration effects on the energy determinations of seabird prey, Canadian Journal of Zoology, 65, 2822, 10.1139/z87-427

Mühlenberg, 1989, Freilandökologie, 430

Naves, 2006, Diet of black skimmers in southern Brazil, Waterbirds, 29, 335, 10.1675/1524-4695(2006)29[335:DOBSIS]2.0.CO;2

Nehls, 1989, Occurrence and food consumption of the common eider, Somateria mollissima, in the Wadden Sea of Schleswig Holstein, Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen, 43, 385, 10.1007/BF02365898

Nehls, 2002, Do eiders, Somateria mollissima, exhaust their food resources? A study on natural mussel Mytilus edulis beds in the Wadden Sea, Danish Review of Game Biology, 16, 47

Neves, 2006, Validation of the water offloading technique for diet assessment: an experimental study with Cory's shearwaters (Calonectris diomedea), Journal of Ornithology, 147, 474, 10.1007/s10336-005-0040-6

Niebuhr, 1983, Feeding strategies and incubation behavior of wild herring gulls: an experiment using operant feeding boxes, Animal Behaviour, 31, 708, 10.1016/S0003-3472(83)80226-7

Noordhuis, 1992, Interspecific competition for food between herring Larus argentatus and lesser black-backed gulls L. fuscus in the Dutch Wadden Sea area, Ardea, 80, 115

Ojowski, 2001, Diet and nest attendance of incubating and chick-rearing northern fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) in Shetland, Marine Biology, 139, 1193, 10.1007/s002270100655

Olmos, 2000, Composición de la dieta e impacto del Cormorán grande (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) durante la invernada en las Salinas de Santa Pola, Alicante, este de España, Ardeola, 47, 227

Orians, 1979, On the theory of central place foraging, Analysis of Ecological Systems, 154

Ormerod, 1991, Exploitation of prey by a river bird, the dipper Cinclus cinclus (L.), along acidic and circumneutral streams in upland Wales (UK), Freshwater Biology, 25, 105, 10.1111/j.1365-2427.1991.tb00477.x

Ouwehand, 2004, A comparative study of the diet of guillemots Uria aalge and razorbills Alca torda killed during the Tricolor oil incident in the south-eastern North Sea in January 2003, Atlantic Seabirds (Special issue), 6, 147

Pauly, 1998, Fishing down marine food webs, Science, 279, 860, 10.1126/science.279.5352.860

Pauly, 2005, Global trends in world fisheries: impacts on marine ecosystems and food security, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B – Biological Sciences, 360, 5, 10.1098/rstb.2004.1574

Phillips, 2006, Year-round distribution of white-chinned petrels from South Georgia: relationships with oceanography and fisheries, Biological Conservation, 129, 336, 10.1016/j.biocon.2005.10.046

Piatt, 1990, The aggregative response of common murres and Atlantic puffins to schools of capelin, Studies in Avian Biology, 14, 36

Pierce, 1991, Identification of fish otoliths and bones in faeces and digestive tracks of seals, Journal of Zoology London, 224, 320, 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb04810.x

Pierce, 1990, Application of serological methods to identification of fish prey in diets of seals and dolphins, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 137, 123, 10.1016/0022-0981(90)90065-K

Pierotti, 1987, Reproductive consequences of dietary specialization and switching in an ecological generalist, Foraging Behavior, 417, 10.1007/978-1-4613-1839-2_13

Pierotti, 1991, Diet choice in the herring gull: constraints imposed by reproductive and ecological factors, Ecology, 72, 319, 10.2307/1938925

Pinkas, 1971, Food habits study, Food Habits of Albacore, Bluefin Tuna and Bonito in California Waters, 5

Pitcher, 1980, Stomach contents and faeces as indicators of harbor seal, Phoca vitulina, diets in the Gulf of Alaska, Fishery Bulletin US, 78, 797

Pons, 1994, Feeding strategies of male and female herring gulls during the breeding season under various feeding conditions, Ethology, Ecology and Evolution, 6, 1, 10.1080/08927014.1994.9523003

Pons, 1995, Life-history strategy of the herring gull: changes in survival and fecundity in a population subjected to various feeding conditions, Journal of Animal Ecology, 64, 592, 10.2307/5802

Prime, 1987, Quantitative assessment of gray seal diet from fecal analysis, Approaches to Marine Mammal Energetics, 165

Pütz, 1995, The post-moult diet of emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri) in the eastern Weddel Sea, Antarctica, Polar Biology, 15, 457, 10.1007/BF00237459

Rand, 1960, The biology of guano producing seabirds. The distribution, abundance and feeding habits of the Cape penguin, Spheniscus demersus, off the south-western coast of the Cape Province, Investigational Report Division of Fisheries South Africa, 41, 28

Ratcliffe, 1997, Host selection, attack rates and success rates for black-headed gull kleptoparasitism of terns, Colonial Waterbirds, 20, 227, 10.2307/1521688

Rau, 1982, Plankton 13C:12C ratio changes with latitude: differences between northern and southern oceans, Deep Sea Research, 29, 1035, 10.1016/0198-0149(82)90026-7

Reed, 1997, Molecular scatology: the use of molecular genetic analysis to assign species, sex and individual identity to seal faeces, Molecular Ecology, 6, 225, 10.1046/j.1365-294X.1997.00175.x

Rodway, 2002, Use of fecal analysis to determine seasonal changes in the diet of wintering harlequin ducks at a herring spawning site, Journal of Field Ornithology, 73, 363, 10.1648/0273-8570-73.4.363

Rodway, 1996, Sampling techniques for assessing the diets of Atlantic puffin chicks, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 144, 41, 10.3354/meps144041

Roth, 2007, Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) – seabird covariation off central California and possible forecasting applications, Canadian Journal of Fishery and Aquatic Sciences, 64, 1080, 10.1139/f07-081

Rowe, 2000, Recent changes in the winter diet of murres (Uria spp.) in coastal Newfoundland waters, Canadian Journal of Zoology, 78, 495, 10.1139/z99-221

Russell, 1995, Factors affecting the production of pellets by shags Phalacrocorax aristotelis, Seabird, 17, 44

Ryan, 1986, Stomach pumping: is killing seabirds necessary?, Auk, 103, 427

Sanger, 1987, Diets of nestling tufted puffins (Fratercula cirrhata) in the Gulf of Alaska and Eastern Aleutian Islands in 1986. Alaska Fish and Wildlife Research Center, Seabird Research Team Field Report, April 1987, 23

Scheiffarth, 2001, The diet of bar-tailed godwits Limosa lapponica in the Wadden Sea: combining visual observations and faeces analyses, Ardea, 89, 481

Schneider, 1982, Carbon flux to seabirds in waters with different mixing regimes in the southeastern Bering Sea, Marine Biology, 67, 337, 10.1007/BF00397674

Schwemmer, 2005, At-sea distribution and behaviour of a surface-feeding seabird, the lesser black-backed gull Larus fuscus, and its association with different prey, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 285, 245, 10.3354/meps285245

Schwemmer, 2006, Spatial patterns in at-sea behaviour during spring migration by little gulls (Larus minutus) in the south-eastern North Sea, Journal of Ornithology, 147, 354, 10.1007/s10336-005-0035-3

Shealer, 1998, Differences in diet and chick provisioning between adult roseate and sandwich terns in Puerto Rico, Condor, 100, 131, 10.2307/1369904

Skov, 1989, Sammenfaldende forekomst mellem søkonger Alle alle og glaskutling Aphya minuta i Flekkefjord, Sydnorge, november1988, Pelagicus, 4, 22

Sonntag, 2005, Snacks from the depth: summer and winter diet of common guillemots Uria aalge around the Island of Helgoland, Atlantic Seabirds, 7, 1

Spaans, 1971, On the feeding ecology of the herring gull Larus argentatus Pont. in the northern part of the Netherlands, Ardea, 59, 73

Stenhouse, 1996, Winter distribution and “wrecks” of dovekies in the Northwest Atlantic, Sula, 10, 219

Stienen, 2007, Population dynamics of gulls and terns, Higher Trophic Levels in the Southern North Sea (Trophos). 2, Global Change, Ecosystems and Biodiversity, 53

Suter, 1996, Pellet analysis in the assessment of great cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo diet: reducing biases from otolith wear when reconstructing fish length, Colonial Waterbirds, 19, 280, 10.2307/1521873

Swanson, 1974, Advantages in mathematically weighting waterfowl food habits data, Journal of Wildlife Management, 38, 302, 10.2307/3800737

Swennen, 1971, Het voedsel van de Groenpootruiter Tringa nebularia tijdens het verblijf in het Nederlandse Waddengebied, Limosa, 44, 71

Swennen, 1976, Populatiestructuur en voedsel van de Eidereend Somateria mollissima in de Nederlandse Waddenzee, Ardea, 64, 311

Sydeman, 1997, Trophic relationships among seabirds in central California: combined stable isotope and conventional dietary approach, Condor, 99, 327, 10.2307/1369938

Tasker, 2000, The impacts of fishing on marine birds, ICES Journal of Marine Science, 57, 531, 10.1006/jmsc.2000.0714

Taylor, 1997, The diet of the dipper Cinclus cinclus as represented by faecal and regurgitate pellets: a comparison, Bird Study, 44, 338, 10.1080/00063659709461069

Thompson, 1995, Diets and long-term changes in the δ15N and δ13C values in northern fulmars from two northeast Atlantic colonies, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 125, 3, 10.3354/meps125003

Tollit, 2004, A method to improve size estimates of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) and Atka mackerel (Pleurogrammus monopterygius) consumed by pinnipeds: digestion correction factors applied to bones and otoliths recovered from scats, Fishery Bulletin US, 102, 498

Tollit, 1996, Seasonal and between-year variations in the diet of harbour seals in the Moray Firth, Scotland, Canadian Journal of Zoology, 74, 1110, 10.1139/z96-123

Trauttmansdorff, 1995, Number of pellets produced by immature cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis, Ardea, 83, 133

Van Heezik, 1989, Stomach sampling in the yellow-eyed penguin: erosion of otoliths and squid beaks, Journal of Field Ornithology, 60, 451

Veen, 1977, Functional and causal aspects of nest distribution in colonies of the sandwich tern (Sterna s. sandvicensis), Behaviour Supplement, 20., 193

Veen, 2003, Les oiseaux piscivores comme indicateurs de la qualité de l'environnement marin: suivi des effets de la pêche littorale en Afrique du Nord-Ouest, Alterra Report, 666., 190

Veit, 1999, Behavioral responses by foraging petrels to swarms of Antarctic krill. Ardea,, 87, 41

Veit, 1993, Aggregation patterns of pelagic predators and their principal prey, Antarctic krill, near South Georgia, Journal of Animal Ecology, 62, 551, 10.2307/5204

Votier, 2007, Seabird predation by great skuas Stercorarius skua – intra-specific competition for food?, Journal of Avian Biology, 38, 234, 10.1111/j.0908-8857.2007.03893.x

Votier, 2003, Assessing the diet of great skuas, Catharacta skua, using five different techniques, Polar Biology, 26, 20, 10.1007/s00300-002-0446-z

Votier, 2001, Pellets as indicators of diet in great skuas Catharacta skua, Bird Study, 48, 373, 10.1080/00063650109461237

Votier, 2007, Nocturnal foraging by great skuas Stercorarius skua: implications for conservation of storm-petrel populations, Journal of Ornithology, 147, 405, 10.1007/s10336-005-0021-9

Votier, 2004, Changes in fisheries discard rates and seabird communities, Nature, 427, 727, 10.1038/nature02315

Walter, 1986, Electrophoresis in the study of diets and digestive rates of seabirds, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 84A, 763, 10.1016/0300-9629(86)90402-0

Walter, 1986, “ELISA” as an aid in the identification of fish and molluscan prey of birds in marine ecosystems, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 96, 97, 10.1016/0022-0981(86)90015-8

Wanless, 2005, Setting the scene (4): seabirds in the Wee Bankie area, Understanding Marine Foodweb Processes: an Ecosystem Approach to Sustainable Sandeel Fisheries in the North Sea, pp. 88–134, 240

Wanless, 2007, Black-legged kittiwakes as indicators of environmental change in the North sea: evidence from long-term studies, Progress in Oceanography, 72, 30, 10.1016/j.pocean.2006.07.007

Wanless, 2005, Low energy values of fish as a probable cause of a major seabird breeding failure in the North Sea, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 294, 1, 10.3354/meps294001

Wanless, 2004, Evidence for decrease in size of lesser sandeels Ammodytes marinus in a North Sea aggregation over a 30-yr period, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 279, 237, 10.3354/meps279237

Warham, 1996, The Behaviour, Population Biology and Physiology of the Petrels., 613

Watanuki, 2007, Underwater images from bird-borne cameras provide clue to poor breeding success of shags in 2005, British Birds, 100, 466

Watt, 1997, Guide to the identification of North Sea fish using premaxillae and vertebrae, ICES Cooperative Research Report, 220, 231

Weimerskirch, 1998, How can a pelagic seabird provision its chick when relying on a distant food resource? Cyclic attendance at the colony, foraging decision and body condition in sooty shearwaters, Journal of Animal Ecology, 67, 99, 10.1046/j.1365-2656.1998.00180.x

Wietfeld, 1977, Untersuchungen an Speiballen der Silbermöwe (Larus argentatus) im Naturschutzgebiet Groβer Knechtsand (Elbe-Weser-Mündung), Vogelwelt, 98, 221

Wilson, 2004, Self-feeding and chick-provisioning diet differ in the common guillemot Uria aalge, Ardea, 92, 197

Wilson, 1984, An improved stomach pump for penguins and other seabirds, Journal of Field Ornithology, 55, 109

Wilson, 1992, Can we determine when marine endotherms feed: a case study with seabirds, Journal of Experimental Biology, 167, 267, 10.1242/jeb.167.1.267

Wilson, 1995, Reliability of stomach temperature changes in determining feeding characteristics of seabirds, Journal of Experimental Biology, 198, 1115, 10.1242/jeb.198.5.1115

Wilson, 2002, Lip-reading in remote subjects: an attempt to quantify and separate ingestion, breathing and vocalisation in free-living animals using penguins as a model, Marine Biology, 140, 17, 10.1007/s002270100659

Ydenberg, 1994, The behavioural ecology of provisioning in birds, Ecoscience, 1, 1, 10.1080/11956860.1994.11682222

Yoccoz, 2001, Monitoring biological diversity in space and time, Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 16, 446, 10.1016/S0169-5347(01)02205-4

Zijlstra, 1995, Pellet production and the use of otoliths in determining the diet of cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis: trials with captive birds, Ardea, 83, 123