Chẩn đoán thuyên tắc phổi tại khoa cấp cứu

Giuntini C, Di Ricco G, Marini C, et al (1995) Pulmonary embolism: epidemiology. Chest 107:3S–9S Tapson VF (2011) Acute pulmonary embolism: comment on “time trends in pulmonary embolism in the United States.” Arch Intern Med 171:837–839 Wiener RS, Schwartz LM, Woloshin S (2013) When a test is too good: how CT pulmonary angiograms find pulmonary emboli that do not need to be found. BMJ 347:f3368 Calder KK, Herbert M, Henderson SO (2005) The mortality of untreated pulmonary embolism in emergency department patients. Ann Emerg Med 45:302–310 Heit JA, Silverstein MD, Mohr DN, et al (2000) Risk factors for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a populationbased case-control study. Arch Intern Med 160:809–815 Darze ES, Latado AL, Guimarães AG, et al (2005) Incidence and clinical predictors of pulmonary embolism in severe heart failure patients admitted to a coronary care unit. Chest 128:2576–2580 Zöller B, Li X, Sundquist J, Sundquist K (2012) Risk of pulmonary embolism in patients with autoimmune disorders: a nationwide follow-up study from Sweden. Lancet 379:244–249 Goldhaber SZ, Grodstein F, Stampfer MJ, et al (1997) A prospective study of risk factors for pulmonary embolism in women. JAMA 277:642–645 Stein PD, Beemath A, Matta F, et al (2007) Clinical characteristics of patients with acute pulmonary embolism: data from PIOPED II. Am J Med 120:871–879 Lucassen W, Geersing G-J, Erkens PM, et al (2011) Clinical decision rules for excluding pulmonary embolism: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 155:448–460 Wells PS, Anderson DR, Rodger M, et al (2000) Derivation of a simple clinical model to categorize patients probability of pulmonary embolism: increasing the models utility with the SimpliRED D-dimer. Thromb Haemost 83:416–420 Le Gal G, Righini M, Roy PM, et al (2006) Prediction of pulmonary embolism in the emergency department: the revised Geneva score. Ann Intern Med 144:165–171 Douma RA, Gibson NS, Gerdes VE, et al (2009) Validity and clinical utility of the simplified Wells rule for assessing clinical probability for the exclusion of pulmonary embolism. Thromb Haemost 101:197–200 Klok FA, Mos ICM, Nijkeuter M, et al (2008) Simplification of the revised Geneva score for assessing clinical probability of pulmonary embolism. Arch Intern Med 168:2131–2136 Ceriani E, Combescure C, Le Gal G, et al (2010) Clinical prediction rules for pulmonary embolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thromb Haemost 8:957–990 Penaloza A, Mélot C, Motte S (2011) Comparison of the Wells score with the simplified revised Geneva score for assessing pretest probability of pulmonary embolism. Thromb Res 127:81–84 Bahia A, Albert RK (2011) The modified Wells score accurately excludes pulmonary embolus in hospitalized patients receiving heparin prophylaxis. J Hosp Med 6:190–194 Kline JA, Mitchell AM, Kabrhel C, et al (2004) Clinical criteria to prevent unnecessary diagnostic testing in emergency department patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. J Thromb Haemost 2:1247–1255 Singh B, Parsaik AK, Agarwal D, et al (2012) Diagnostic accuracy of pulmonary embolism rule-out criteria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Emerg Med 59:517–520 Hugli O, Righini M, Le Gal G, et al (2011) The pulmonary embolism rule-out criteria (PERC) rule does not safely exclude pulmonary embolism. J Thromb Haemost 9:300–304 Penaloza A, Verschuren F, Dambrine S, et al (2012) Performance of the Pulmonary Embolism Rule-out Criteria (the PERC rule) combined with low clinical probability in high prevalence population. Thromb Res 129:e189–193 Penaloza A, Verschuren F, Meyer G, et al (2013) Comparison of the unstructured clinician gestalt, the wells score, and the revised Geneva score to estimate pretest probability for suspected pulmonary embolism. Ann Emerg Med 62:117–124 Righini M, Perrier A, De Moerloose P, et al (2008) D-Dimer for venous thromboembolism diagnosis: 20 years later. J Thromb Haemost 6:1059–1071 Di Nisio M, Squizzato A, Rutjes AW, et al (2007) Diagnostic accuracy of D-dimer test for exclusion of venous thromboembolism: a systematic review. J Thromb Haemost 5:296–304 Roy PM, Colombet I, Durieux P, et al (2005) Systematic review and meta-analysis of strategies for the diagnosis of suspected pulmonary embolism. BMJ 331:259 Raimondi P, Bongard O, de Moerloose P, et al (1993) D-dimer plasma concentration in various clinical conditions: implication for the use of this test in the diagnostic approach of venous thromboembolism. Thromb Res 69:125–130 Sodeck G, Domanovits H, Schillinger M, et al (2007) D-dimer in ruling out acute aortic dissection: a systematic review and prospective cohort study. Eur Heart J 28:3067–3075 Miron MJ, Perrier A, Bounameaux H, et al (1999) Contribution of noninvasive evaluation to the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism in hospitalized patients. Eur Respir J 13:1365–1370 Hager K, Platt D (1995) Fibrin degeneration product concentrations (D-dimers) in the course of ageing. Gerontology 41:159–165 Righini M, Goehring C, Bounameaux H, et al (2000) Effects of age on the performance of common diagnostic tests for pulmonary embolism. Am J Med 109:357–361 Douma RA, le Gal G, Söhne M, et al (2010) Potential of an age adjusted D-dimer cut-off value to improve the exclusion of pulmonary embolism in older patients: a retrospective analysis of three large cohorts. BMJ 340:c1475 Van Es J, Mos I, Douma R, et al (2012) The combination of four different clinical decision rules and an age-adjusted D-dimer cutoff increases the number of patients in whom acute pulmonary embolism can safely be excluded. Thromb Haemost 107:167–171 Age-adjusted D-dimer Cut-off Levels to Rule Out Pulmonary Embolism (ADJUST) — NCT01134068. www.ClinicalTrials.gov, consulté le 30 août 2013. The PIOPED Investigators (1990) Value of the ventilation/perfusion scan in acute pulmonary embolism. Results of the prospective investigation of pulmonary embolism diagnosis (PIOPED). JAMA 263:2753–279 Anderson DR, Kahn SR, Rodger MA, et al (2007) Computed tomographic pulmonary angiography vs ventilation-perfusion lung scanning in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 298:2743–2753 Hall WB, Truitt SG, Scheunemann LP, et al (2009) The prevalence of clinically relevant incidental findings on chest computed tomographic angiograms ordered to diagnose pulmonary embolism. Arch Intern Med 169:1961–1965 Masuda EM, Kistner RL, Musikasinthorn C, et al (2012) The controversy of managing calf vein thrombosis. J Vasc Surg 55: 550–561 Sheiman RG, McArdle CR (1999) Clinically suspected pulmonary embolism: use of bilateral lower extremity US as the initial examination—a prospective study. Radiology 212:75–78 Kearon C, Ginsberg JS, Hirsh J (1998) The role of venous ultrasonography in the diagnosis of suspected deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Ann Intern Med 129:1044–1049 Righini M, Le Gal G, Aujesky D, et al (2008) Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism by multidetector CT alone or combined with venous ultrasonography of the leg: a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet 371:1343–1352 Stein PD, Fowler SE, Goodman LR, et al (2006) Multidetector computed tomography for acute pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 354:2317–2327 Brunot S, Corneloup O, Latrabe V, Montaudon M, Laurent F (2005) Reproducibility of multi-detector spiral computed tomography in detection of sub-segmental acute pulmonary embolism. Eur Radiol 15:2057–2063 Ginsberg MS, King V, Panicek DM (2004) Comparison of interpretations of CT angiograms in the evaluation of suspected pulmonary embolism by on-call radiology fellows and subsequently by radiology faculty. Am J Roentgenol 182:61–66 Stein PD, Terrin ML, Hales CA, et al (1991) Clinical, laboratory, roentgenographic, and electrocardiographic findings in patients with acute pulmonary embolism and no pre-existing cardiac or pulmonary disease. Chest 100:598–603 Rodger MA, Carrier M, Jones GN, et al (2000) Diagnostic value of arterial blood gas measurement in suspected pulmonary embolism. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162:2105–2108 Rodger M, Makropoulos D, Turek M, et al (2000) Diagnostic value of the electrocardiogram in suspected pulmonary embolism. Am J Cardiol 86:807–809 Douketis JD, Crowther MA, Stanton EB, et al (2002) Elevated cardiac troponin levels in patients with submassive pulmonary embolism. Arch Intern Med 162:79–81. Sanchez O, Trinquart L, Caille V, et al (2010) Prognostic factors for pulmonary embolism: the prep study, a prospective multicenter cohort study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 181:168–173 Green SM, Yealy DM (2012) Right-sizing testing for pulmonary embolism: recognizing the risks of detecting any clot. Ann Emerg Med 59:524–526 Perrier A, Roy P-M, Sanchez O, et al (2005) Multidetector-row computed tomography in suspected pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 352:1760–1768 Van Belle A, Büller HR, Huisman MV, et al (2006) Effectiveness of managing suspected pulmonary embolism using an algorithm combining clinical probability, D-dimer testing, and computed tomography. JAMA 295:172–179 Roy P-M, Durieux P, Gillaizeau F, et al (2009) A computerized handheld decision-support system to improve pulmonary embolism diagnosis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 151:677–686 Drescher FS, Chandrika S, Weir ID, et al (2011) Effectiveness and acceptability of a computerized decision support system using modified Wells criteria for evaluation of suspected pulmonary embolism. Ann Emerg Med 57:613–621 Kyrle PA, Eichinger S (2008) New diagnostic strategies for pulmonary embolism. Lancet 371:1312–1315. Kline JA, Williams GW, Hernandez-Nino J (2005) D-dimer concentrations in normal pregnancy: new diagnostic thresholds are needed. Clin Chem 51:825–859 To MS, Hunt BJ, Nelson-Piercy C (2008) A negative D-dimer does not exclude venous thromboembolism (VTE) in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol 28:222–223 Cook JV, Kyriou J (2005) Radiation from CT and perfusion scanning in pregnancy. BMJ 331:350 Leung AN, Bull TM, Jaeschke R, et al (2012) American Thoracic Society documents: an official American Thoracic Society/Society of Thoracic Radiology Clinical Practice Guideline—Evaluation of Suspected Pulmonary Embolism in Pregnancy. Radiology 262: 635–646 Kearon C, Akl EA, Comerota AJ, et al (2012) Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 141(2 Suppl):e419S–e494S. Bates SM, Greer IA, Middeldorp S, et al (2012) VTE, thrombophilia, antithrombotic therapy, and pregnancy: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 141(2 Suppl):e691S–e736S.