Diagnosis of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: International MOGAD Panel proposed criteria

The Lancet Neurology - Tập 22 - Trang 268-282 - 2023
Brenda Banwell1, Jeffrey L Bennett2, Romain Marignier3,4,5, Ho Jin Kim6, Fabienne Brilot7,8, Eoin P Flanagan9, Sudarshini Ramanathan10,11, Patrick Waters12, Silvia Tenembaum13, Jennifer S Graves14, Tanuja Chitnis15,16, Alexander U Brandt17, Cheryl Hemingway18,19, Rinze Neuteboom20, Lekha Pandit21, Markus Reindl22, Albert Saiz23,24, Douglas Kazutoshi Sato25, Kevin Rostasy26, Friedemann Paul27
1Division of Child Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Neurology and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
2Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Programs in Neuroscience and Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
3Service de neurologie, sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation, and Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
4Centre de recherche en neurosciences de Lyon, Lyon, France
5Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Lyon, France
6Department of Neurology, Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea
7Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
8School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
9Departments of Neurology, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and Center MS and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
10Department of Neurology, Concord Hospital, Translational Neuroimmunology Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
11Brain and Mind Centre and Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
12Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
13Paediatric Neuroimmunology Clinic, Department of Neurology, National Paediatric Hospital Dr J P Garrahan, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
14Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
15Department of Pediatric Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
16Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
17Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
18Department of Paediatric Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
19Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, UK
20Department of Neurology, MS Center ErasMS, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
21Center for Advanced Neurological Research, Nitte University Mangalore, Mangalore, India
22Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
23Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
24Facultat de Medicina i Ciencies de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
25School of Medicine and Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
26Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children'sHospital Datteln, University Witten and Herdecke, Datteln, Germany
27Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

Tài liệu tham khảo

Reindl, 2020, International multicenter examination of MOG antibody assays, Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm, 7, e674, 10.1212/NXI.0000000000000674 Reindl, 2019, Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies in neurological disease, Nat Rev Neurol, 15, 89, 10.1038/s41582-018-0112-x Cobo-Calvo, 2018, Clinical spectrum and prognostic value of CNS MOG autoimmunity in adults: the MOGADOR study, Neurology, 90, e1858, 10.1212/WNL.0000000000005560 Jurynczyk, 2017, Clinical presentation and prognosis in MOG-antibody disease: a UK study, Brain, 140, 3128, 10.1093/brain/awx276 Waters, 2020, Serial anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody analyses and outcomes in children with demyelinating syndromes, JAMA Neurol, 77, 82, 10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.2940 Armangue, 2020, Associations of paediatric demyelinating and encephalitic syndromes with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies: a multicentre observational study, Lancet Neurol, 19, 234, 10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30488-0 Höftberger, 2020, The pathology of central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating disease accompanying myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein autoantibody, Acta Neuropathol, 139, 875, 10.1007/s00401-020-02132-y Takai, 2020, Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: an immunopathological study, Brain, 143, 1431, 10.1093/brain/awaa102 de Mol, 2020, The clinical spectrum and incidence of anti-MOG-associated acquired demyelinating syndromes in children and adults, Mult Scler, 26, 806, 10.1177/1352458519845112 O'Connell, 2020, Prevalence and incidence of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, aquaporin-4 antibody-positive NMOSD and MOG antibody-positive disease in Oxfordshire, UK, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 91, 1126, 10.1136/jnnp-2020-323158 Thompson, 2018, Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria, Lancet Neurol, 17, 162, 10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30470-2 Wingerchuk, 2015, International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, Neurology, 85, 177, 10.1212/WNL.0000000000001729 López-Chiriboga, 2018, Association of MOG-IgG Serostatus With Relapse After Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis and Proposed Diagnostic Criteria for MOG-IgG-Associated Disorders, JAMA Neurol, 75, 1355, 10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.1814 Jarius, 2018, MOG encephalomyelitis: international recommendations on diagnosis and antibody testing, J Neuroinflammation, 15, 134, 10.1186/s12974-018-1144-2 Marignier, 2021, Myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease, Lancet Neurol, 20, 762, 10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00218-0 Cobo-Calvo, 2020, Clinical features and risk of relapse in children and adults with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease, Ann Neurol, 89, 30, 10.1002/ana.25909 Senanayake, 2019, Seroprevalence and clinical phenotype of MOG-IgG-associated disorders in Sri Lanka, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 90, 1381 Tea, 2019, Characterization of the human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody response in demyelination, Acta Neuropathol Commun, 7, 145, 10.1186/s40478-019-0786-3 Kaneko, 2017, Clinical, MRI and laboratory features of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-antibody-associated neurologic disease: a study of 259 cases, Mult Scler J, 23, 100 Jarius, 2016, MOG-IgG in NMO and related disorders: a multicenter study of 50 patients. Part 2: epidemiology, clinical presentation, radiological and laboratory features, treatment responses, and long-term outcome, J Neuroinflammation, 13, 280, 10.1186/s12974-016-0718-0 Chen, 2018, Different features between pediatric-onset and adult-onset patients who are seropositive for MOG-IgG: a multicenter study in South China, J Neuroimmunol, 321, 83, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.05.014 Asseyer, 2020, Prodromal headache in MOG-antibody positive optic neuritis, Mult Scler Relat Disord, 40, 10.1016/j.msard.2020.101965 Bennett, 2022, Optic neuritis and autoimmune optic neuropathies: advances in diagnosis and treatment, Lancet Neurol Ramanathan, 2018, Clinical course, therapeutic responses and outcomes in relapsing MOG antibody-associated demyelination, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 89, 127, 10.1136/jnnp-2017-316880 Chen, 2018, Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-positive optic neuritis: clinical characteristics, radiologic clues, and outcome, Am J Ophthalmol, 195, 8, 10.1016/j.ajo.2018.07.020 Ramanathan, 2014, Antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in bilateral and recurrent optic neuritis, Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm, 1, e40, 10.1212/NXI.0000000000000040 Rempe, 2021, Anti-MOG associated disorder-clinical and radiological characteristics compared to AQP4-IgG+ NMOSD-A single-center experience, Mult Scler Relat Disord, 48, 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102718 Huppke, 2013, Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis followed by recurrent or monophasic optic neuritis in pediatric patients, Mult Scler, 19, 941, 10.1177/1352458512466317 Lechner, 2016, Antibodies to MOG and AQP4 in children with neuromyelitis optica and limited forms of the disease, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 87, 897, 10.1136/jnnp-2015-311743 Mariano, 2019, Comparison of clinical outcomes of transverse myelitis among adults with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody vs aquaporin-4 antibody disease, JAMA Netw Open, 2, 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.12732 Havla, 2021, Age-dependent favorable visual recovery despite significant retinal atrophy in pediatric MOGAD: how much retina do you really need to see well?, J Neuroinflammation, 18, 121, 10.1186/s12974-021-02160-9 Ramanathan, 2019, Uveitis and optic perineuritis in the context of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody seropositivity, Eur J Neurol, 26, 1137, 10.1111/ene.13932 Dubey, 2019, Clinical, radiologic, and prognostic features of myelitis associated with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein autoantibody, JAMA Neurol, 76, 301, 10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.4053 Ciron, 2020, Frequency and characteristics of short versus longitudinally extensive myelitis in adults with MOG antibodies: a retrospective multicentric study, Mult Scler, 26, 936, 10.1177/1352458519849511 Mariano, 2020, Quantitative spinal cord MRI in MOG-antibody disease, neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis, Brain, 144, 198, 10.1093/brain/awaa347 Jitprapaikulsan, 2018, Novel glial targets and recurrent longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis, JAMA Neurol, 75, 892, 10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.0805 Sechi, 2020, Frequency and characteristics of MRI-negative myelitis associated with MOG autoantibodies, Mult Scler, 20 Asnafi, 2020, The frequency of longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis in MS: a population-based study, Mult Scler Relat Disord, 37, 10.1016/j.msard.2019.101487 Etemadifar, 2021, Conus medullaris involvement in demyelinating disorders of the CNS: a comparative study, Mult Scler Relat Disord, 54, 10.1016/j.msard.2021.103127 Rinaldi, 2020, Overlapping central and peripheral nervous system syndromes in MOG antibody-associated disorders, Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm, 8, e924, 10.1212/NXI.0000000000000924 Fadda, 2021, Comparison of spinal cord magnetic resonance imaging features among children with acquired demyelinating syndromes, JAMA Netw Open, 4, 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.28871 ZhangBao, 2020, Myelitis in inflammatory disorders associated with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody and aquaporin-4 antibody: a comparative study in Chinese Han patients, Eur J Neurol, 28, 1308, 10.1111/ene.14654 Sechi, 2021, Comparison of MRI lesion evolution in different central nervous system demyelinating disorders, Neurology, 97, e1097, 10.1212/WNL.0000000000012467 Cobo-Calvo, 2016, Antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in aquaporin 4 antibody seronegative longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis: clinical and prognostic implications, Mult Scler, 22, 312, 10.1177/1352458515591071 Chien, 2019, Spinal cord lesions and atrophy in NMOSD with AQP4-IgG and MOG-IgG associated autoimmunity, Mult Scler, 25, 1926, 10.1177/1352458518815596 Camera, 2021, Frequency of new silent MRI lesions in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease and aquaporin-4 antibody neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, JAMA Netw Open, 4, 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.37833 Ramanathan, 2016, Radiological differentiation of optic neuritis with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies, aquaporin-4 antibodies, and multiple sclerosis, Mult Scler, 22, 470, 10.1177/1352458515593406 Jurynczyk, 2017, Distinct brain imaging characteristics of autoantibody-mediated CNS conditions and multiple sclerosis, Brain, 140, 617, 10.1093/brain/aww350 Banks, 2020, Brainstem and cerebellar involvement in MOG-IgG-associated disorder versus aquaporin-4-IgG and MS, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry Jarius, 2016, MOG-IgG in NMO and related disorders: a multicenter study of 50 patients. Part 3: brainstem involvement–frequency, presentation and outcome, J Neuroinflammation, 13, 281, 10.1186/s12974-016-0719-z Hyun, 2020, Value of area postrema syndrome in differentiating adults with AQP4 vs MOG antibodies, Front Neurol, 11, 396, 10.3389/fneur.2020.00396 Kunchok, 2020, Does area postrema syndrome occur in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-IgG-associated disorders (MOGAD)?, Neurology, 94, 85, 10.1212/WNL.0000000000008786 Sinha, 2021, Hemicraniectomy and externalized ventricular drain placement in a pediatric patient with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-associated tumefactive demyelinating disease, Childs Nerv Syst, 38, 185, 10.1007/s00381-021-05139-2 Hacohen, 2015, Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies are associated with a non-MS course in children, Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm, 2, e81, 10.1212/NXI.0000000000000081 Krupp, 2013, International Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Study Group criteria for pediatric multiple sclerosis and immune-mediated central nervous system demyelinating disorders: revisions to the 2007 definitions, Mult Scler, 19, 1261, 10.1177/1352458513484547 Cobo-Calvo, 2017, MOG antibody-related disorders: common features and uncommon presentations, J Neurol, 264, 1945, 10.1007/s00415-017-8583-z Netravathi, 2021, Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-antibody-associated disorder: a new inflammatory CNS demyelinating disorder, J Neurol, 268, 1419, 10.1007/s00415-020-10300-z Baumann, 2015, Clinical and neuroradiological differences of paediatric acute disseminating encephalomyelitis with and without antibodies to the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 86, 265, 10.1136/jnnp-2014-308346 Hacohen, 2018, ‘Leukodystrophy-like’ phenotype in children with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease, Dev Med Child Neurol, 60, 417, 10.1111/dmcn.13649 Baumann, 2018, MRI of the first event in pediatric acquired demyelinating syndromes with antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, J Neurol, 265, 845, 10.1007/s00415-018-8781-3 Konuskan, 2018, Retrospective analysis of children with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-related disorders, Mult Scler Relat Disord, 26, 1, 10.1016/j.msard.2018.07.022 Wong, 2018, Paediatric acute disseminated encephalomyelitis followed by optic neuritis: disease course, treatment response and outcome, Eur J Neurol, 25, 782, 10.1111/ene.13602 Hacohen, 2018, Disease course and treatment responses in children with relapsing myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease, JAMA Neurol, 75, 478, 10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.4601 Baumann, 2016, Children with multiphasic disseminated encephalomyelitis and antibodies to the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG): extending the spectrum of MOG antibody positive diseases, Mult Scler, 22, 1821, 10.1177/1352458516631038 Wegener-Panzer, 2020, Clinical and imaging features of children with autoimmune encephalitis and MOG antibodies, Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm, 7, e731, 10.1212/NXI.0000000000000731 Hamid, 2018, Seizures and encephalitis in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein IgG disease vs aquaporin 4 IgG disease, JAMA Neurol, 75, 65, 10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.3196 Ogawa, 2017, MOG antibody-positive, benign, unilateral, cerebral cortical encephalitis with epilepsy, Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm, 4, e322, 10.1212/NXI.0000000000000322 Mao, 2019, Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody diseases in children in central south China: clinical features, treatments, influencing factors, and outcomes, Front Neurol, 10, 868, 10.3389/fneur.2019.00868 Ramanathan, 2019, Isolated seizures during the first episode of relapsing myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated demyelination in children, Dev Med Child Neurol, 61, 610, 10.1111/dmcn.14032 Martinez-Hernandez, 2020, Clinical significance of anti-NMDAR concurrent with glial or neuronal surface antibodies, Neurology, 94, e2302, 10.1212/WNL.0000000000009239 Lopez-Chiriboga, 2020, Long-term outcomes in patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein immunoglobulin G-associated disorder, JAMA Neurol, 77, 1575, 10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.3115 Deschamps, 2021, The long-term outcome of MOGAD: an observational national cohort study of 61 patients, Eur J Neurol, 28, 1659, 10.1111/ene.14746 Satukijchai, 2022, Factors associated with relapse and treatment of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease in the United Kingdom, JAMA Netw Open, 5, 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.42780 Akaishi, 2021, Relapse activity in the chronic phase of anti-myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease, J Neurol, 269, 3136, 10.1007/s00415-021-10914-x Fadda, 2021, Silent new brain MRI lesions in children with MOG-antibody associated disease, Ann Neurol, 89, 408, 10.1002/ana.25957 Akaishi, 2021, Progression pattern of neurological disability with respect to clinical attacks in anti-MOG antibody-associated disorders, J Neuroimmunol, 351, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577467 Kim, 2020, Refining cell-based assay to detect MOG-IgG in patients with central nervous system inflammatory diseases, Mult Scler Relat Disord, 40, 10.1016/j.msard.2020.101939 Gastaldi, 2020, Cell-based assays for the detection of MOG antibodies: a comparative study, J Neurol, 267, 3555, 10.1007/s00415-020-10024-0 Jarius, 2016, MOG-IgG in NMO and related disorders: a multicenter study of 50 patients. Part 1: frequency, syndrome specificity, influence of disease activity, long-term course, association with AQP4-IgG, and origin, J Neuroinflammation, 13, 279, 10.1186/s12974-016-0717-1 Mariotto, 2017, Clinical spectrum and IgG subclass analysis of anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated syndromes: a multicenter study, J Neurol, 264, 2420, 10.1007/s00415-017-8635-4 Pedreño, 2019, Frequency and relevance of IgM, and IgA antibodies against MOG in MOG-IgG-associated disease, Mult Scler Relat Disord, 28, 230, 10.1016/j.msard.2019.01.007 Waters, 2015, MOG cell-based assay detects non-MS patients with inflammatory neurologic disease, Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm, 2, e89, 10.1212/NXI.0000000000000089 Akaishi, 2019, Clinical spectrum of inflammatory central nervous system demyelinating disorders associated with antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, Neurochem Int, 130, 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.10.016 Waters, 2019, A multicenter comparison of MOG-IgG cell-based assays, Neurology, 92, e1250 Cross, 2021, Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody positive patients in a multi-ethnic Canadian chort, Front Neurol, 11, 10.3389/fneur.2020.525933 Macrini, 2021, Features of MOG required for recognition by patients with MOG antibody-associated disorders, Brain, 144, 2375, 10.1093/brain/awab105 Sechi, 2021, Positive predictive value of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein autoantibody testing, JAMA Neurol, 78, 741, 10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.0912 Held, 2021, Frequency of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies in a large cohort of neurological patients, Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin, 7 Mariotto, 2019, Relevance of antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in CSF of seronegative cases, Neurology, 93, e1867, 10.1212/WNL.0000000000008479 Kwon, 2021, Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-immunoglobulin G in the CSF: clinical implication of testing and association with disability, Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm, 9 Pace, 2022, Frequency of MOG-IgG in cerebrospinal fluid versus serum, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 93, 334, 10.1136/jnnp-2021-326779 Jarius, 2008, Antibody to aquaporin-4 in the long-term course of neuromyelitis optica, Brain, 131, 3072, 10.1093/brain/awn240 Hyun, 2017, Longitudinal analysis of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies in CNS inflammatory diseases, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 88, 811, 10.1136/jnnp-2017-315998 Hennes, 2017, Prognostic relevance of MOG antibodies in children with an acquired demyelinating syndrome, Neurology, 89, 900, 10.1212/WNL.0000000000004312 Cobo-Calvo, 2019, Usefulness of MOG-antibody titres at first episode to predict the future clinical course in adults, J Neurol, 266, 806, 10.1007/s00415-018-9160-9 Jarius, 2020, Cerebrospinal fluid findings in patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibodies. Part 1: results from 163 lumbar punctures in 100 adult patients, J Neuroinflammation, 17, 261, 10.1186/s12974-020-01824-2 Kunchok, 2020, Coexistence of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein and aquaporin-4 antibodies in adult and pediatric patients, JAMA Neurol, 77, 257, 10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.3656 Fan, 2018, Comparison of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-antibody disease and AQP4-IgG-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) when they co-exist with anti-NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor encephalitis, Mult Scler Relat Disord, 20, 144, 10.1016/j.msard.2018.01.007 Hassan, 2020, Population-based incidence of optic neuritis in the era of aquaporin-4 and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies, Am J Ophthalmol, 220, 110, 10.1016/j.ajo.2020.07.014 Ducloyer, 2020, MOG-Ab prevalence in optic neuritis and clinical predictive factors for diagnosis, Br J Ophthalmol, 104, 842, 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314845 Stiebel-Kalish, 2017, Retinal nerve fiber layer may be better preserved in MOG-IgG versus AQP4-IgG optic neuritis: a cohort study, PloS One, 12, 10.1371/journal.pone.0170847 Yang, 2020, Clinical predictive factors for diagnosis of MOG-IgG and AQP4-IgG related paediatric optic neuritis: a Chinese cohort study, Br J Ophthalmol, 106, 262, 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-317524 Zhao, 2018, Clinical features of demyelinating optic neuritis with seropositive myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody in Chinese patients, Br J Ophthalmol, 102, 1372, 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-311177 Jarius, 2018, MOG-IgG in primary and secondary chronic progressive multiple sclerosis: a multicenter study of 200 patients and review of the literature, J Neuroinflammation, 15, 88, 10.1186/s12974-018-1108-6 Cobo-Calvo, 2019, Frequency of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody in multiple sclerosis: a multicenter cross-sectional study, Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm, 7, e649, 10.1212/NXI.0000000000000649 Leite, 2012, Myasthenia gravis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a multicenter study of 16 patients, Neurology, 78, 1601, 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31825644ff Kaneko, 2018, CSF cytokine profile in MOG-IgG+ neurological disease is similar to AQP4-IgG+ NMOSD but distinct from MS: a cross-sectional study and potential therapeutic implications, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 89, 927, 10.1136/jnnp-2018-317969 Kim, 2020, Serum biomarkers in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease, Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm, 7, e708, 10.1212/NXI.0000000000000708 Mariotto, 2019, Neurofilament light chain serum levels reflect disease severity in MOG-Ab associated disorders, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 90, 1293, 10.1136/jnnp-2018-320287 Saxena, 2020, Identification of TNFAIP3 as relapse biomarker and potential therapeutic target for MOG antibody associated diseases, Sci Rep, 10, 10.1038/s41598-020-69182-w Ciccarelli, 2019, Spinal cord involvement in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, Lancet Neurol, 18, 185, 10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30460-5 Graves, 2021, Leveraging visual outcome measures to advance therapy development in neuroimmunologic disorders, Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm, 9 2002, Proposed diagnostic criteria and nosology of acute transverse myelitis, Neurology, 59, 499, 10.1212/WNL.59.4.499