Chẩn đoán và điều trị rối loạn hình thể ở thanh thiếu niên

American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, edn 4. Washington, DC: APA; 1994. Albertini RS, Phillips KA: Thirty-three cases of body dysmorphic disorder in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1999, 38:453–459. Hollander E, Aronowitz B: Comorbid social anxiety and body dysmorphic disorder: managing the complicated patient. J Clin Psychiatry 1999, 60:27–31. Mayville S, Katz R, Gipson M, Cabral K: Assessing the prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder in an ethnically diverse group of adolescents. J Child Fam Stud 1999, 8:357–362. Phillips KA: Body dysmorphic disorder: the distress of imagined ugliness. Am J Psychiatry 1991, 148:1138–1149. Sobanski E, Schmidt M: Body dysmorphic disorder: a review of current knowledge. Child Psychol Psychiatry Rev 2000, 5:17–24. Phillips KA, Atala KD, Pope HG Jr.: Diagnostic instruments for body dysmorphic disorder. Presented at the New Research Program and Abstracts of the 148th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; May 24, 1995; Miami, FL. Phillips KA, Hollander E, Rasmussen SA, et al.: A severity rating scale for body dysmorphic disorder: development, reliability, and validity of a modified version of the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. Psychopharmacol Bull 1997, 33:17–22. Phillips KA, Atala KD, Albertini RS: Body dysmorphic disorder in adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995, 34:1216–1220. Hollander E, Cohen L, Simeon D: Body dysmorphic disorder. Psychiatr Ann 1993, 23:359–364. Phillips KA, Gunderson CG, Mallya G, et al.: A comparison study of body dysmorphic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1998, 59:568–575. Phillips KA: Body dysmorphic disorder: diagnostic controversies and treatment challenges. Bull Menninger Clin 2000, 64:18–35. This paper provides critical information on recognizing, diagnosing, and treating BDD, and the problems and controversies surrounding these issues. Phillips draws attention to common comorbid disorders and the importance of, and strategies for, treating BDD as a distinct disorder. Phillips KA, McElroy SL, Keck PE Jr., et al.: Body dysmorphic disorder: thirty cases of imagined ugliness. Am J Psychiatry 1993, 150:302–308. Phillips KA, McElroy SL, Keck PE Jr., et al.: A comparison of delusional and nondelusional body dysmorphic disorder in 100 cases. Psychopharmacol Bull 1994, 30:179–186. Phillips KA, Diaz S: Gender differences in body dysmorphic disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 1997, 185:570–577. Rosen JC, Ramirez E: A comparison of eating disorders and body dysmorphic disorder on body image and psychological adjustment. J Psychosom Res 1998, 44:441–449. Rosen and Ramirez examine in detail the distinctions in body image between eating disorders and BDD patients. This paper provides similarities and differences between the two disorders, and provides further insight into BDD as a distinct disorder. Rabe-Jablonska JJ, Sobow TM: The links between body dysmorphic disorder and eating disorders. Eur Psychiatry 2000, 15:302–305. Phillips KA, Dufresne RG Jr., Wilkel CS, Vittorio CC: Rate of body dysmorphic disorder in dermatology patients. J Am Acad Dermatology 2000, 42:436–441. Andreasen N, Bardach J: Dysmorphophobia: symptom or disease? Am J Psychiatry 1977, 134:673–675. Grant JE, Kim SW, Crow SJ: Prevalence and clinical features of body dysmorphic disorder in adolescent and adult psychiatric inpatients. J Clin Psychiatry 2001, 62:517–522. The authors evaluate the rate of BDD in inpatient psychiatric settings by screening patients specifically for BDD. The authors provide information regarding current problems in diagnosing BDD and implications for treatment of the disorder. Neziroglu F, McKay D, Todaro J, et al.: Effect of cognitive behavioral therapy on persons with body dysmorphic disorder and comorbid Axis II diagnosis. Behav Ther 1996, 27:67–77. Neziroglu F, Hsia C, Yaryura-Tobias J: Behavioral, cognitive and family therapy for obsessive-compulsive and related disorders. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2000, 23:657–670. Neziroglu FA, Yaryrya-Tobias JA: Exposure, response prevention and cognitive therapy in the treatment of body dysmorphic disorder. Behav Ther 1993, 24:431–438. Wilhelm S, Otto MW, Lohr B, Deckersbach T: Cognitive behavioral therapy for body dysmorphic disorder: a case series. Behav Res Ther 1999, 37:71–75. McKay D: Two year follow-up of behavioral treatment and maintenance for body dysmorphic disorder. Behav Modif 1999, 23:620–629. Hollander E, Allen A, Kwon J, et al.: Clomipramine vs. desipramine crossover trial in body dysmorphic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999, 56:1033–1039. This paper provides information on effective pharmacological treatment for both delusional and nondelusional BDD. The authors examine the efficacy of an SRI versus a serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) in the treatment of BDD. Perugi G, Giannotti D, Di Vaio S, et al.: Fluvoxamine in the treatment of body dysmorphic disorder (dysmorphophobia). Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1996, 11:247–254. Phillips KA, Dwight MM, McElroy SL: Efficacy and safety of fluvoxamine in body dysmorphic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1998, 59:165–171. Phillips KA, Albertini M, Siniscalchi MS, et al.: Effectiveness of pharmacotherapy for body dysmorphic disorder: a chart-review study. J Clin Psychiatry 2001, 62:721–726. A review of the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy in the treatment of BDD. The authors critically review the charts of adult and adolescent patients followed for 2 to 8 years in order to determine the efficacy of SRIs in treating BDD. Hollander E, Cohen L, Simeon D, et al.: Fluvoxamine treatment of body dysmorphic disorder [letter]. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1994, 14:75–77. El-Khatib H, Dickey T: Sertraline for body dysmorphic disorder [letter]. J Am Acad Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1995, 34:1404–1405. Hollander E, Liebowitz MR, Winchel R, et al.: Treatment of body-dysmorphic disorder with serotonin reuptake blockers. Am J Psychiatry 1989, 146:768–770. Phillips KA: Pharmacologic treatment of BDD. Psychopharmacol Bull 1996, 32:597–605. Phillips KA: Pharmacologic treatment of body dysmorphic disorder: a review of empirical data and a proposed treatment algorithm. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2000, 7:59–82. Hollander E, Liebowitz M, Winchel R, et al.: Treatment of BDD with serotonin reuptake blockers. Am J Psychiatry 1989, 146:768–770.